chapter 3 heridity and variation student's copy
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3.1 Understanding Cell Division
1
CHAPTER 3 HEREDITY AND VARIATION
3.1 Understanding Cell Division
3.2 Understanding te Prin!i"les and #e!anis$ o% Ineritan!e
3.3 Understanding &e' Deter$ination and te O!!(rren!e o% T)ins
in H($an *eings
3.+ Understanding #(tation
3., Eval(ating te E%%e!ts o% -eneti! Resear! on H($an i%e
3./ Anal0sing Variation a$ong iving Tings3. Realising te Need to Adere to a Code o% Eti!s in -eneti!
Resear!
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Cell Division All living organisms undergo growth and reproduction. All organisms are made up of ____________________. These ___________________ through ______________ and ___________________________ to new cells. There are two types of cell division,
_____________ and ____________.Cro$oso$e -enes and DNA
1. a) _______________ are the basic units of _________________ that determine the ____________________________________________
b) Genes carry _______________________ from one generation to another.! Genes are located in ___________________ known as __________________
__________________ 2. __________________ are located in the _______________, carrying information that
__________________________.3. ach chromosome is made up of long molecules known as __________________
___________________________.#itosis1. _____________ is a type of cell division which occurs in _________________ . ach
cell _______________________________________________________ !. "itosis only occurs in somatic cells but not in __________________________ #. The genetic content of the new cells is ____________ as that of the parent cell.$. The new cells have the _______________________________ as the parent cell.%. The importance of mitosis includes the following&
a) _____________________________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________________________ c) ______________________________________________________________
#eoisis1. __________ is the _____________________________ that produces _________ 2. Gametes contain ______________________________________________ found in
the _____________________________ #. ________________________ in reproductive cells i.e. in the ____________ and
___________ of animals and the ________________ and ____________ of plants.$. The importance of meiosis includes the following&
a) ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
c) ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
Pro!ess o% #itosis
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Proses o% #eiosis
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E'er!ise 3.2
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#. 'a) (tate four differences between cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
$ "arks*
The cell division that takes place in the body parts of a student is shown above. +plainhow you would build a concept based on the information above. our e+planation shouldinclude the following.
'i) -dentify two common features
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ 'ii) uild an initial concept
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ 'iii) Give one e+ample of body part that undergoes this cell division and one e+ample of
body part that does not undergo this cell division. Give reason for each e+ample.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ 'iv) +plain the actual concept
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
/ "arks*
3.2 Understanding te Prin!i"les and #e!anis$ o% Ineritan!e
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ach __________________ has ________________, i.e. _____________________
from the father and _________________________ from the mother. Therefore, we
____________ half of our traits from our fathers and the other half from our mothers.
Do$inant -enes and Re!essive -enes
1. _______________________ are controlled by genes that e+ist in ____________
!. __________________ are genes that ________________________ when paired
with genes that are __________________________________
#. __________________ are weaker genes which __________________________
________________________ when paired with dominant genes.
$. The table below shows some of _____________________________________
in humans.
Do$inant traits Re!essive traits
Te #e!anis$ O% Ineritan!e
1. _______________________ '10!!100$) was an Austrian scientist known as the
_________________ because he discovered the _________________________
!. ___________ refers to the ______________________ found in the genes of an
organism.
#. ____________ refers to the ______________________ which can be seen in an
organism.
$. The genotype of an organism ___________________________________ of the
organism.
%. The following illustration shows the _____________________________________
Assume that 2T 2 represents the dominant gene 'tall) and
2t 2 represents the recessive gene 'dwarf)
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E'er!ise 3.2 4 A!tivit0
Aim & To study genetically inherited traits.
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"aterial & Two plastic tokens and labeling paper.
&e!tion A
1. 3abel both sides of token 1 with letter T to represent dominant gene.
!. 3abel both sides of token ! with letter2t2 to represent recessive gene.
#. Toss the both tokens and observe combination of the letter at token surface after
falling on table and record in table below.
$. 4epeat step # as much as !% times.
&e!tion *
4epeat simulation by marking both tokens with letter T while the other side is labeled 2t2.
5iscussion:
1. 6omplete the percentage for simulation A and .
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!. 7ill in the blank with the term dominant genes and recessive genes.
'a) 4ecessive genes& Genes which only show their effects in the absence of dominant
genes .
'b) 5ominant genes& Genes which show their characteristics that they control whenpaired with a dominant gene or recessive genes
#. The mechanism of trait inheritance in "andel2s e+periment can be illustrated by using
the 8unnet s9uare. 6omplete the 8unnet (9uare for (imulation A and (imulation B.
6ombination& Genotype Tt 1:: ;
-f <T= represents gene for tall and <t= represents for dwarf,
4atio of phenotype tall to dwarf is # & 1
6onclusion & The characteristics of offspring depend on parent genes.
3.3 Understanding &e' Deter$ination and te O!!(rren!e o% T)ins in
H($an *eings
&e' Deter$ination and O!!(rren!e o% T)ins
>ho determines the _________________ ? -s it the mother or the father? -f you are a ____________ you have inherited the ________________ from your father. -f you are a
__________ you have inherited the ________________ from your father.
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&e' Cro$oso$es
1. @uman ___________ have __________________ or _____________________
!. __________________ of the chromosomes are _______________ while two are
____________________ #. __________ have ________________________________________________ the
_________________ and the ________________________
$. ________________ only have one type of se+ chromosomes& the __________
_________ . The ______________________ can be written as _______________
%.The __________________________ can be written as _________________
&e' Deter$ination #e!anis$
The ________________________ is determined by the _____________________
5uring the _ ________________________ the ___________________ is
_____________ by a 5555555555555 carrying the ____________________ then a
______________ will be born. -f the __________ is ___________ by a ____________
carrying the _____________________ then a ____________ will be born.
The _________________ of getting a son or a daughter is the same that is _______
&e' Deter$ination and O!!(rren!e o% T)ins
There are two types of twins, ______________________________________________
Identi!al t)ins non6identi!al t)ins
1. A woman usually produces ________
in one ___________________ >henthe ovum is __________________ by
__________ a _________ is _______
1. The ovaries produce _________ at the
same time and the ova are _______by _____________________
!. The __________ are ___________
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!. The ygote then _______________
_____________________ which start
to develop.
#. oth ygotes develop and become
identi!al t)ins.
$. The characteristics of identical twins
include the following&
7a they ______________________
'b) they are of the ______________
7! they have the ______________
__________________________
_____ on the________ with
___________________.
#. oth ygotes develop to form two
embryos and grow into two
_____________________________
$. The characteristics of nonidentical
twins include the following&
'a) they have __________________
'b) their ________ can be the ______
or ______________
'c) they have ___________________
___________________________
E'er!ises 3.3
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1.
2.
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3.+
Understanding #(tation
>e know that every human being has $/ chromosomes. 5uring the process of meiosis or
mitosis some chromosomes may _____________________ or there may be some changes
in the structure or number of chromosomes. This results in _______________
_________________________ or the ____________________ of the organism. 6hanges
that occur spontaneously in the structure of the genes or chromosomes of an organism are
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known as _________________ . There are two types of mutations, i.e.
__________________ and __________________________________
Cro$oso$e #(tation
1. 6hromosome mutation occurs ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
!. (tructural changes in chromosomes include&
'a
)
deletion
'b
)
inversion
'c) duplication
#. 6hanges in the number of chromosomes causes...
'a) __________________
- __________________________________
- __________________________________
mental defects and heart problems small sloping eye, protruding tongue, flat and
rounded face
also known as ______________________
'b) ____________________
-
-
-
-
'c) _____________________
-
-
-
-
-ene #(tation
1. Gene mutation refers to _______________________________________________
_______________________________________
!. Gene mutation is difficult to detect in the early stages because physical changes cannotbe seen clearly.
#. Gene mutation causes the following heredity traits.
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'a) 6olourblindness
'b) Albinism
'c) (ickle cell anaemia
'd) @aemophilia
$. "utations rarely occur naturally because the ______________________________ of
mutations can be __________________________________________________
7actors or agents which cause mutations are known as _______________
8a!tors tat Ca(se #(tation
1. "utagens that have been identified to cause mutations are ___________________
____________________
!. +amples of radioactive radiation _______________________________________
the higher the dose of radiation is. the higher the rate of mutation will be.
#. 6hemical mutagens include ___________________________________________
_________________________________________ These substances are capable of
changing the structure of genes and chromosomes.
Advantages and Disadvantages o% #(tations
1. "utations have caused changes in the structure of proteins in the chromosomes.
Therefore, the chromosomes may not function properly.
!. "utations can bring positive or negative effects to all living things.
#. The following are some positive effects of mutations&
a) ___________________________________
b) ___________________________________
c) ___________________________________ An e+ample of a new rice species is "41!#. This rice species is ______________
___________________ resulting in ____________________________________
$. The following are some negative effects of mutations&
a) ______________________________________
b) ______________________________________
c) ______________________________________
3., Eval(ating te E%%e!ts o% -eneti! Resear! on H($an i%e
___________________ is a ____________________ of genes, their functions, thecharacters that they control and the diseases brought by them. Genetic research has given
________________ to humans, in particular in the fields of ____________ and __________
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Contri9(tions o% -eneti! Resear!
1. -n "alaysia, agencies such as the
_____________________________________________ _________ '"A45-) have
conducted _____________________ to produce new varieties of paddy, chillies, papayasand durians which are of high 9uality.
!. The following are some successful genetic research results&
b) 8apaya ksotika "alaysia ____________________________________________
c) 8addy "40$ ____________________________________________________
d) 6hillies "6 11 dan 1! _______________________________________
e) 5urian 5!$, 5BB. 51:: _________________________________
-eneti! Resear! in #edi!ine1. -n medicine, genetic research can help humans ___________________________ and
_____________________________________ 2. __________________ has led to the ____________________________________
such as 5own2s syndrome, haemophilia and albinism, and the_________ of genetic
diseases.
3. The __________ is a ________________________________________________
_______
$. -eneti! engineering with
__________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ This can be used to treat cancer,
haemophilia, thalassemia and other diseases.5. -ene tests to detect
______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ /. ___________________________________ involves the ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
Genetic Resear! in Agri!(lt(re1. Genetic research in agriculture has brought a lot of benefits to us.
!. The following are the benefits of genetic research&a) 8lants which are _______________________________________________________ b) 8lants can ____________________________________________________________ c) The production of _____________ allows the production of 9uality plants. Cuality crops
with _____________________________________________________________ #. Genetic engineering carried out on animals has brought the following benefits.
a) Darious _______________________________ to prevent diseases such as hepatitis .-nterferon, growth hormones and enymes have also been produced.
b) Animal products of a better 9uality have been produced in _______________ such as _________________________________
c) _____________________ have been produced so as not to depend on animals sources.
The chart below shows the advantages and disadvantages of genetic research.
Advantages Disadvantages
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Cro"s and ivesto!: *reeding1. (elective breeding is _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ _
!. -n the process of breeding, _________________________________________________ __________________________ while the less beneficial traits are removed.
#. This can improve the 9uality of crops and livestock such as their sie, weight, yield andproduce crops which can ___________________________________
$. 6rops such as wheat, corn, rice, and barley have _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________ _
%. -n livestock selective cattle breeding has produced the high 9uality "afriwal cow whichcan produce a lot of milk and meat.
-eneti! Resear! and teir I$"a!t1. ____________________ ("7 is the result of genetic modification of plants or livestock
carried out by adding genes to the genotype to improve the 9uality yield productionresistance so that the plants can ____________________________________________
!. The high yield from the genetically modified crop may be needed __________________ _____________________ but the seeds and fruits may cause genetic pollution.
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#. Genetically modified foods containing genes which are ___________________________
___________________________________________________ >hen humans eat thesefoods, the bacteria in these foods will be difficult to be eliminated from the body becausethey are resistant to antibiotics.
3./ Anal0sing Variation a$ong iving Tings
Variation in H($ans1. Dariation refers to _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ -ndividuals of
the same species in a population are indeed different from one another.!. These differences are caused by ___________________________________________ #. Dariation occurs during ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
$. There are two types of variation& ____________________________________________ %. The differences between continuous and discontinuous variation are shown in the tablebelow.
Contin(o(s Variation As"e!t Dis!ontin(o(s Variation
De%inition
E'a$"le
Ca(ses
Can 9e
inerited
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Te res(lting
gra"
E'er!ises 3./ 4 &e!tion A
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1.
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2.
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3. Realising te Need to Adere to a Code o% Eti!s in -eneti! Resear!
Genetic research has made many contributions to the fields of _______________________
________________________ 4esearchers ______________________________________
so as not to give rise to various problems in scientific research. Although the techni9ues,procedures and skills used in the field of genetic research are very useful but they must _________________________________________________________________________ _
A9(se o% -eneti! Resear! is Treating H($ans
1. -f human cloning is allowed freely without control it will ___________________________
_______________________________________
!. Genetic research may be used for _____________________________ , but it should not
be used for destroying human lives.
#. "isuse of genetic skills in __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ _
$. -f dangerous animals are produced through genetic engineering, the animals are likely ______________________________________________________________________
%. The process of cloning cells 'stem cells) may be unethical because after clonings, ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Te I$"ortan!e o% Esta9lising and Co$"l0ing )it Eti!s in &!ienti%i! Resear! %orte *ene%it o% #an:ind
1. (cientific research should sincerely be carried out for the benefit of mankind and not forthe ___________________________________________________
!. To prevent abuse of genetic knowledge in scientific research, a code of ethics and moralvalues must be established and adhered to by all researchers.
#. The security and dignity of all living things must be respected in this code of ethics.
$. The code of ethics should indicate the following.
a) __________________________________________________________
b) The use of human cells in genetic research is for ___________________________
c) Genetically modified 'G") crops ______________________: -f they are dangerous,they must be destroyed and strictly prohibited.
%. All results of scientific research, whether successful or unsuccessful, must be ____________________________________________________
/. An _____________________________________________________ to monitor andensure that all parties abide by the rules and code of ethics for scientific research.
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E'er!ises 3. 4 &e!tion C
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