chapter 1 intro, ron child
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Child & Adolescent Development
Introduction
Chapter 1
1
Introduction
• Turn to the person next to you and describe a favorite childhood memory.
• How old were you?
• Why is it your favorite memory?
Why?
• Stories of Ted Kaczynski & Alice Walker
– Child genius becomes social misfit & murderer.
– Impoverished & painful childhood leads to creativity & award-winning publications.
– Why ?
Why Is Caring For Children Important?
Audreyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90HhZ-pyC2Y
Emmanuel Kellyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuKl4QoHoJY
Child Development
• Subfield of developmental psychology
– The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception & continues through the human life span. (death)
Why Is Caring For Children Important?
• What are the benefits of studying Child Development?
• What issues might occur if people are unaware of how a child develops?
– Home
– School
– Society
Child Development
Child Development
• Importance of studying development
– Improving
• children’s lives
• health & well-being
• child education
– Learning better parenting
– Better social policies affecting children
Child Development
• Health & well-being
– Does a poor diet affect a child’s ability to learn?
– Premature infants
• Massage therapy can facilitate weight gain.
– Why?
Child Development
• Parenting
– Changing family patterns
• Gay parents
• More working parents
• Increased use of day-care
– How do they influence child development?
– Which is preferred home or day-care?
Parenting3 Year-Old
• Education
– Parents taking a greater role in education of their children
• Asking questions about curriculum
– Why has this changed?
Child Development
Child Development
• Sociocultural Contexts & Diversity
– Where development occurs
• Influenced by
1. Culture
2. Ethnicity
3. Socioeconomic Status
4. Gender
(See chart)
Development Influenced by:
HOW IS CHILD DEVELOPMENT A SCIENCE?
• Importance of Research—
– Objective & systematic
– Reduces likelihood information is based on
• Personal beliefs
• Opinions
• Feelings
Importance of Research
• Scientific Method
– Conceptualize or identify a problem
– Refer to a theory (set of ideas that predict)
– Develop a hypothesis (testable assumption)
– Collect the data (to test the hypothesis)
– Analyze the data (by statistical methods)
– Draw conclusions
– Compare to other research outcomes
What Characterizes Development?
Biological, Cognitive, & Socioemotional Development
• Human development combination of:
– Physical Development
• Physical changes in a person
– Cognitive Development
• Changes in thought, intelligence, & language
– Psychosocial Development
• Changes in personality, emotions, relationships
What Characterizes Development?
Periods of Development
• Developmental period – Time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by
certain features
– Prenatal period
• Conception to birth
– Infancy
• Birth - 18 or 24 mo’s
– Early childhood
• End of infancy to age 5 or 6
– Middle and late childhood
• 6 - 11 yrs of age
What Characterizes Development?
Periods of Development
– Adolescence
• Transition from childhood - early adulthood
• Approximately 10 - 12 to 18 - 22 years
– Early adulthood
• Late teens or early twenties through the thirties
– Middle adulthood
• Approximately 40 - 60 years
– Late adulthood
• 60’s or 70’s until death
Issues in Development
• Nature-Nurture issue
– Nature
• Influences of biological inheritance
• Development seen as orderly
– Nurture
• Influences of environment
• Influenced by social experiences
• Deprivation or enrichment have impact
What Characterizes Development?
• Nature-Nurture issue
– Which has the greatest influence, & how do the two interact?
Issues in Development
Images of Child Development
• Jim & Jim Twins
– Identical twins separated after birth
– Identical lifestyles after 39 yr’s apart
• Both:
– Part-time deputy sheriffs
– Married/divorced women named Betty
– Chewed fingernails
– Dogs named Toy
– Sons named: James Alan, James Allan
What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
Images of Child Development
• Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
– From all over world
– Asked 15,000 questions
– Other twin’s similar outcomes
• Why?
What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
Other Explanations
• Similarities just due to genetics?
• Other factors?
Other Explanations
• Adopted by parents with similar backgrounds
• Grew up in same generation
• Grew up in same culture
Twins Reared ApartAudio File
• http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=15629096&m=15636545
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI
Nature-Nurture Interaction
• Theory with 3 ways heredity predisposition affect environment
• Heredity
• 1. Passive genotype-environment
– Early childhood
• Parents are musical
– Genes for being musical
– Environment musical
» More likely to excel due to nature & nurture
Environment
Nature-Nurture Interaction
• 2. Evocative genotype-environment
– Whole Life
• Jack social (father)
• Friends of mine gave positive feedback
• Reinforced to develop heredity, social skills
Nature-Nurture Interaction
• 3. Active genotype-environment
– Until 8-9 yrs.
• Related to their skill chose environment
– Musical older children pursue band
» Experience is directed by genotype (genes)
Epigenetic View http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp1bZEUgqVI
Nature-Nurture Interaction
• Heredity Environment
• Epigenetic view
– Obesity may activate genes for diabetes
– Behaviors may turn genes on or off.
Issues in Development
• Do we have:
• Continuity-discontinuity issue
– Continuity
• Gradual, continuous changes
– Discontinuity
• Distinct stages, abrupt changes
• Early-later experiences
– Hotly debated
– Malleable or resilient to experiences?
What Characterizes Development?
• Continuity vs discontinuity
Discontinuity
Continuity
Critical & Sensitive Periods of Development
• Critical periods
– Mark the time when environmental influences have the greatest impact on development.
• Permanent consequences
• Ex: Terterogens
– Damage done from drinking, etc.
» Critical period of development of fetus
» Between 2 - 8 weeks
Critical & Sensitive Periods of Development
• Sensitive Periods
– Compensatory mechanisms if development does not take place during a particular time.
• Young children most sensitive to learning language
– Learn language easily
• Abusive childhood
– Can resolve issues in adulthood
• Wide range of theories on child development
– Psychoanalytic perspective
– Learning perspective
– Cognitive perspective
– Biological & ecological perspectives
Theories of Development
PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson
Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFreud
• Psychoanalytic theories
• Freud born 1856 – 1939, Austrian
• Theory developed in early 1900’s– Behavior affected by
• Underlying emotions
• Unconscious mind
What Characterizes Development?
Personality DevelopmentSigmund Freud
• Personality developed around 3 components
• Id – Unconscious instincts
– Infants
• Ego – Executive branch of mind, deals with reality
– Ages 2 – 3
• Conscious awareness begins
• Superego– Moral branch of mind, one’s ‘conscience’
– Ages 3 – 6
Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFreud
Freud’s Stages
Oral: Birth to 18 monthsAnal: 18 months to 3 years
Phallic: 3 to 6 years(Oedipus complex)
Latency: 6 years to pubertyGenital: Puberty onward
What Characterizes Development?
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalytic PerspectiveErikson
• Freud
– Childhood most important
• Erikson
– Change occurs throughout life
• Psychosocial theory (Eric Erikson)
– German, 1902 - 1994
• 8 stages
• Each stage
– Unique crisis to resolve
– Developmental task
What Characterizes Development?
Psychoanalytic Perspective Erikson
Initiative vs. guilt
Generativity vs. stagnation
Early childhood
Integrity vs. despair
Intimacy vs. isolation
Industry vs. inferiority
Autonomy vs. shame and doubtInfancy: 1 to 3 years
Middle adulthood
Late adulthood
Middle and late childhood
Early adulthood
Trust vs. mistrustInfancy: 1st year of life
Identity vs. identity confusionAdolescence
Psychoanalytic Perspective Erikson
• Learn from Erikson’s stages:
– Nurture infants to:
• Develop trust
• Encourage & monitor autonomy
– Encourage initiative
• Freedom to explore their world
– Promote industry in elementary years
• Nurture motivation for mastery & curiosity
– Stimulate adolescent identity exploration
• Self-exploration
Caring for Children
LEARNING PERSPECTIVEBehaviorism
Learning Perspective
Pavlov Watson Skinner
Bandura
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
• Behaviorism
– Development is observable
– Behavior learned from experiences
– Scientific measurements possible
– Change environment to affect behavior
• Example?
Caring for Children
Learning Perspective
• Classical Conditioning, 1901
– I. Pavlov, Russian physiologist, 1849 - 1936
– Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce response originally produced by another stimulus
• Dogs salivated to food
• Pairing food with bell produces salivation
• Sound of bell will produce salivation without food
Caring for Children
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
• Classical conditioning
– J. Watson, American, 1878 - 1958
– Experiment:
• Little Albert & white rat
– Generalizing fear as an involuntary response
Caring for Children
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
• Operant Conditioning
– B.F. Skinner, American, 1904 - 1990
– Consequences of behavior
• Change probability of behavior’s occurrence
• Use of punishments & rewards
– Shapes behavior & development
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
• Social Cognitive Theory
• A. Bandura, American, 1925 - – Observational learning
• Modeling – Imitation
– Behavior, environment, & cognition
• Key factors in development– Father aggressive
» Effect development?
Caring for Children
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Cognitive Perspective
VygotskyPiaget
Cognitive Theories
• Piaget
• Born in Switzerland 1896 - 1980
• Cognitive development theory
– Children actively construct their understanding of the world
– 4 stages of cognitive development
Caring for Children
Cognitive Development TheoryPiaget
Birth to 2 yrs
Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use; object permanence
2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers
7 - 11 yrs Concrete operational
Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications
11 yrs on
Formal operational
Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
Caring for Children
Cognitive Theories
• Born in Russia, 1896- 1934 (same year as Piaget)
• Sociocultural theory (L. Vygotsky)
– Social & cultural interaction
• Guide cognitive development
– Child needs interaction
• With more skilled adults & peers
– Interactions teach skills
• How to learn
– Memory, attention, reasoning involves learning to use society’s inventions
Caring for Children
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
• Emphasizes how culture & social interaction guide cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hx84h-i3w8U
Zone of Proximal Development
I Information Processing Theory
Sensory information
economics
history
religionculture science
literatureInformation is taken into brain
Information gets processed, analyzed, and stored until use
RETRIEVALInformation is used as basis of behaviors and interactions
INPUT
math
STORAGE
BIOLOGICAL & ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Biological & Ecological Perspectives
Lorenz
BronfenbrennerBowlby
Biological & Ecological Perspectives
• Ethological theory
– Behavior influenced by biology
– Critical (sensitive) periods for learning
– Lorenz experiment:
• Imprinting
– Attached to 1st object moving object seen
– Bowlby:
• Attachment to caretaker important 1st yr of life
• Affects entire life
• Can be + or -
Caring for Children
Bioecological Theory
• U. Bronfenbrenner (1917- 2005)
• Focus on nurture
• Child is affected by context in which they live.
– Government
– Schools
– Health Schools
– Social
Ecological Maphttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITjV7nNnSVI
2:59
Bioecological Theory
• Microsystem:
– Individual helps form
• Includes family, peers, school, & neighborhood.
• Mesosystem:
– Interrelationship between microsystems
• Family to school experiences
Bioecological Theory
• Exosystem:
• Links between a social setting (no control)
– &
• Individual's immediate context.
• Child's influenced, mother's work
– Requiring travel, might cause conflict with husband & change interaction with child.
Bioecological Theory
• Macrosystem:
• Culture in which individuals live.
– Developing & industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, & ethnicity.
• Chronosystem:
– Patterning of environmental events & transitions over life, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
• Divorces is one transition.
CHILD DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
Ethics
• Conducting ethical research
– Protect rights of research subjects
• Do no harm
• informed consent
– Parent & child
• Deception
– Conduct debriefing
• Anonymity
– Respect confidentiality
Caring for Children
Research Methods
• Research designs (3)
– 1. Descriptive research: observe and record
• Naturalistic Observation
• Survey
• Case Study
– 2. Correlational research: measure strength of association
• How 2 or more variables relate to each other
Caring for Children
Research Methods
• 3. Experimental research
– Behavior manipulated, change measured
– Demonstrates cause and effect
– Independent variable (gets manipulated)
– Dependent variable (gets measured)
– Control group (forms baseline measure)
– Experimental group (gets manipulated)
– Random assignment (assignment by chance)
Caring for Children
Research Methods
• Observation
– Laboratory or naturalistic observation
• Survey & interview
• Standardized test – uniform procedures
• Case study – in-depth on individual
• Physiological measures
– fMRI (electromagnetic waves used)
Caring for Children
Research Methods
• Time span of research
– Cross-sectional approach
• Several groups (usually different ages) compared at one time
– Longitudinal approach
• Follows same group over long period of time (usually years)
Caring for Children
Minimizing Bias
• Gender bias
– Preconceived ideas about female & male abilities, magnifying differences found
Caring for Children
• Cultural & ethnic bias
– Excluding minorities, preconceived ideas
• Ex: This population not ‘average’
• Ethnic gloss
– Use of ethnic label portraying ethnic groups as more homogeneous than they really are
• Are all Germans the same?
Minimizing Bias
Classroom activity #1
• Handout #1
• Focus on the potential quantitative & qualitative transitions in your lives.
• Goal: To generate a better comprehension of the two terms and their impact on child development.
– Continuity
• Gradual, continuous changes
– Discontinuity
• Distinct stages, abrupt changes
Classroom activity #2
• Chapter 1, HANDOUT #2, Text page 38
• Identify specific events and circumstances in your life that are representative of each of Bronfenbrenner’s systems:
• Microsystem:
• Mesosystem:
• Exosystem:
• Macrosystem:
• Chronosystem:
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