ch. 21 ppt - springfield public schools - home. 21 ppt.pdf · 12/5/16 3 antetam antetam bridge a...
Post on 19-May-2018
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
12/5/16
1
Chapter21TheFurnaceoftheCivilWar
BullRunEndsthe“Ninety-DayWar”
• A7ackonFortSumter-April12,1861
• Ba7leofBullRun-July21,1861• UnionGoal-DefeatConfederate
ArmyandmarchtowardRichmondendingthewar
• EffortsofT.Jackson(Stonewallnicknameearnedhere)
• ConfederatereinforcementsarriveandoverwhelmUniontroops
• UnionsoldiersandonlookersretreatbacktoWashingtonDC
• Whydidn’ttheConfederatespursue?
FirstBa7leofBullRun
BullRun
• ImportanceofBullRun– ConvincedtheLincolnadministraTon/NorththeCivilWarwouldbea
longandcostlyaffair.– McDowellwasrelievedofcommandoftheUnionarmyandreplaced
byMaj.Gen.GeorgeB.McClellan,whosetaboutreorganizingandtrainingthetroops.
FirstBa7leofBullRun
StonewallJackson
Irvin McDowell
“TardyGeorge”McClellanandthePeninsula
Campaign• Laterin1861,commandofthe
ArmyofthePotomacwasgiventoGen.GeorgeB.McClellan– Excellentdrillmasterand
organizeroftroops– AperfecTonist– Constantlybelievedthathewas
outnumbered,nevertookrisks• Wouldholdthearmywithout
movingformonthsbeforefinallyorderedbyLincolntoadvance.
GeorgeMcClellan
PeninsulaCampaign
• McClellanfinallydecideduponawater-borneapproachtoRichmond(ThePeninsulaCampaign)
• Lincolnagainsttheplan-wouldleaveD.C.openfora7ack
PeninsulaCampaign 7DaysBa7le• GeneralRobertE.Lee’s
countera7ack—theSevenDays’Ba7les—June26toJuly2of1862.
• Confederatessuffered20,000casualTes
• Allbut1oftheba7leshadbeenaUnionvictory,butLeehadsuccessfullypushedMcClellanbacktotheJamesR.
• LincolntransfersmostofMcClellan’sarmytoGeneralPopeinN.Virginia
PlanningTotalWar• 6Components
1. SuffocatetheSouththroughanoceanicblockade.
2.FreetheslavestounderminetheSouth’sveryeconomicfoundaTons.
3.CuttheConfederacyinhalfbyseizingcontrolofthe
MississippiRiver.4.ChoptheConfederacytopiecesbymarchingthrough
GeorgiaandtheCarolinas.5.Captureitscapital,Richmond,Virginia.6.Tryeverywheretoengagetheenemy’smainstrengthand
grindittosubmission.
12/5/16
2
SecondBa7leofBullRun• August28–30,1862• UnionGen.JohnPopevs.
Lee• LeedefeatedPopeand
headedintoMaryland• Why?
– VictoryonUnionsoilwouldencourageforeignintervenTon
– BorderstateswouldleavetheUnion
General John Pope
2ndBa7leofBullRun:Effects
• PoperemovedandsenttoMinnesotatofightSiouxIndians
• AwaveofdespairrolledovertheNorthwithnewsoftheba7le'soutcome,andmoraleinthearmysanktonewdepths.
• McClellanbackinpower– McClellanhadtheunwaveringsupportofthesoldiers
– LincolnneededaspeedyreorganizaTonofUnionforces
TheWaratSea• TheUnionblockadestartedwithmanyleaksatfirst
• Britainrecognizedtheblockadeasbinding,sinceBritainherselfofenusedblockadesinherwars.
• Blockade-runningwasariskybutprofitablebusiness• UnionnavyalsoseizedBriTshfreightersonthehighseas,
ciTng“ulTmatedesTnaTon”(totheSouth)astheirreasons.
• UnionNavypinchedoffmajorsouthernseaportsfrom
N.O.toCharleston
Monitorvs.Merrimack• ThebiggestConfederatethreat-
recondiTonedandplatedwithironrailroadrails:theMerrimack
• Monitor-builtin100days• TheMerrimackdestroyedthe
Cumberland,theCongress,andforcedtheMinnesotaaground(250sailorsdeadin1day)
• March9-Monitorcameto
supporttheMinnesotaandfoughttheMerrimack
• Afer4½hours,theMerrimack
backedoff
• ConfederatesblewuptheMerrimack2monthslaterwhentheywereforcedoutofNorfolk
• Effect-wouldchangeworld
naviesforever-nomorewoodenships,birthoftheironclads
BloodyAnTetam(Sharpsburg)• LeebeganhisinvasionoftheNorthbyenteringMaryland• MetbyMcClellan,AnTetambeginsonthemorningofSept.
17,1862• BloodiestdayoftheCivilWar(22,700+killed)• 18Generalswouldbekilledinba7le• Consideredamilitarydraw,eventhoughLeeretreatsfrom
Maryland• McClellanagainslowtochaseLee,mayhavecrushedLee’s
enTrearmy• Effects-
– ConfederacylosesBritainandFrance– LincolnconsidersAnTetama“victory”-wouldlaunchtheEmancipaTonProclamaTon(Sept.23)
TheBa7leofAnTetam AnTetam
12/5/16
3
AnTetam AnTetamBridge AProclamaVonWithoutEmancipaVon
• TheEmancipaTonProclamaTonfreedtheslavesinnot-yet-conqueredSouthernterritories
• SlavesintheBorderStatesand
theconqueredterritorieswerenotliberated
• 13thAmendmentwouldbe
raTfiedin1865-8mo.aferendofCivilWar
ReacTonstotheProclamaTon
• NorthernReacTons-– AboliTonists:Lincolnhadnotgonefarenough
– Borderstates&Bu7ernutregion-Lincolnhadgonetoofar
– DeserTonincreasedintheborderstates
– CongressionalelecTonsof1862wentagainstRepublicans
• SouthernReacTons-– LincolntryingtosTrupslaverebellions
• EuropeanReacTons-– Aristocratssympathizedw/slaveholders
– Workingclasssawanendtoslavery,opposedintervenToninthewar
BlacksBa7leBondage• Bywar’send-blacks
accountedforabout10%oftheUnionarmy(180,000)
• 500engagements• 22CongressionalMedalsof
Honor• 38,000killedinba7le• Serviceofferedthema
chancetostrengthentheirclaimtofullciTzenshipatwar’send
54thMassachuse7s• July18-Sept.7,1863• Theassaultwasledbythe
54thMassachuse7sregiment;Col.RobertGouldShaw.
• 54thMassachuse7slost42%ofitsranksinthea7ack(272)
• ConfederatesabandonedFortWagneronSeptember7,1863
• ProvedtoskepTcsthattheywouldfightbravelyifonlygiventhechance.
• WilliamCarney-1stAfricanAmericantoearntheCongressionalMedalofHonor(atFortWagner)
MassacreatFortPillow• ConfederateGeneralNathan
BedfordForrestsurroundedFortPillow
• Fortheldby557blacktroopsandaunitofTennesseeUnionists
• ConfederateArmystormedthefortandbutchered300disarmedblackandwhitesoldiersbeggingformercy
• Manyblacksoldierscaptured:– Returnedtotheirformerslaveholder
– Soldtothehighestbidder– murdered
Ba7leofFredericksburg• Dec.11-15,1862• BurnsidereplacedMcClellanas
commander• Decidedtolaunchfrontalassault
onLeeatFredericksburg• 14wavesofUnionsoldierswere
moweddownbytheConfederates
• Manymorewouldfreezetodeaththatnight
• 12,600Unionsoldierswereslaughtered(Burnside’sSlaughterPen)
General Ambrose Burnside
12/5/16
4
Ba7leofChancellorsville• April30-May6,1863• HookerreplacedBurnside• Confidentthathecoulddefeat
Lee,marchedtoChancellorsville• Confederatesoutnumbered2-1• Leedividedhisarmyandordered
JacksontoflanktheUnionsoldiersthroughthe“Wilderness”
• Losses:Union-17,000+Confederate-13,000+
• LossofStonewallJackson-shotbyhisownmen.
Ba7leofGe7ysburg• Aferhisvictoryat
Chancellorsville,LeedecidedtoinvadetheNorthforthesecond(andlast)Tme
– HopingtoencourageforeignintervenTon
– CollectsuppliesinPennsylvania
– Escapewar-tornVirginia– Amajorvictoryonnorthern
soilwouldstrengthenthepeacemovementintheNorth
• LincolnappointsMeadeascommanderjust3daysbeforetheba7le
• MeademadesuretokeepbetweenLeeandD.C.andLeedecidedtoconcentratehisarmyaroundGe7ysburg
Ge7ysburg-Day1• July1,1863• Uniontroopsfallback
throughGe7ysburgtothehillssouthoftown--CemeteryHillandCulp'sHill.
Ge7ysburg-Day2• July2,1863• Uniondefendedarangeofhills
andridgessouthofGe7ysburgwith90,000soldiers.
• AlthoughtheConfederatesgainedground,UniondefenderssTllheldstrongposiTonsbytheendoftheday.
General George Meade
Ge7ysburg-Day3• July3,1863• MaineventwasadramaTc
infantryassaultby12,000ConfederatesagainstthecenteroftheUnionlineonCemeteryRidge--PickeZ'sCharge(6,000)
• LeeretreatedbacktoVirginia.• Asmanyas51,000soldiersfrom
botharmieswerekilled,wounded,capturedormissinginthethree-dayba7le.
• BroketheheartoftheConfederatecause Pickett’s Charge
Ge7ysburgAddress• MeaningoftheAddress
– PuttheCivilWarinperspecTveasatestofthesuccessoftheAmericanRevoluTon.
– ThenaTonfoundedonequalitywasinthemidstofawartodeterminewhethersuchanaToncouldconTnuetoexist.
– HisspeechturnedtheeventintoarededicaTonofthelivingtothewarefforttopreserveanaTonoffreedom.
• Impact• BeforeLincolngavetheGe7ysburgaddress,EdwardEvere7gavealongspeech-2hours• Lincoln'sspeechlastedonly2minutes.• Becauseitwasveryshortcomparedtotheotherspeaker,therewassilencefromtheaudienceaferward.
TheWesternTheater• TheRiseofGrant
– WestPointgraduate– VeteranoftheMexicanWar– Drunkard
• FortHenryandFortDonelson– LocatedontheTennesseeand
CumberlandRivers(Feb.1862)– Demanded“uncondiTonal
surrender”– Crucialvictories-secured
KentuckyandopenedgatewaytoheartofDixie
BaZleofShiloh• April6-7,1862• Shiloh,Tennessee
(borderw/Mississippi)• Thetwodayba7leat
Shilohproducedmorethan23,000casualTes
• Importance– NoquickendtothewarintheWest
SunkenRoadHornet’sNest
12/5/16
5
CapturingNewOrleans• Inthespringof1862,afloTlla
(fleetofships)commandedbyDavidG.FarragutjoinedwithaNorthernarmytoseizeNewOrleans.
• Importance-NewOrleanswaslifelineofMiss.River
• OneoftheConfederacy’slargestciTes
Ba7leofVicksburg• May18-July4,1863• GrantconvergedonVicksburg,
siegedthecityandentrappedtheConfederatearmy
• OnJuly4,Vicksburgsurrendered-soldierswereeaTngrats/mules
• Effects-– Confederacycutinhalf– UnionArmygainedcontrolof
Miss.River– July4– Onedayafervictoryat
Ge7ysburg
Sherman’sMarchtoSea• GrantclearedTennesseeofall
Confederatesoldiers• OrderedShermantomarch
intoGeorgiaandtakeAtlanta• ShermancapturedAtlantaand
burnedthecity(Sept.1864)• ShermanconTnuedonto
Savannah(XmaspresentforLincoln)andworkedhiswayintoS.Carolina
• PurposeofSherman’sMarchtotheSea– Destroysupplylines– Weakenthemoraleofthe
Confederacy
ThePoliTcsofWar• Lincolnhaddifficultywithin
hisowncabinet(Chase)• Commi7eeontheConduct
ofWarresentedLincoln’sexpandedpresidenTalpowers
• Democratsweresplit-“WarDemocrats”vs.“PeaceDemocrats”
• Copperheads(extremePeaceDems)-openlyobstructedthewar-ledbyClementVallandigham
1864PresidenTalElecTon• In1864,theRepublicansjoinedtheWarDemocratstoform
theUnionPartyandre-nominatedAbeLincoln• CopperheadsandPeaceDemocratsnominatedGeorge
McClellan.
– VictoriesatMobile,ALandAtlantahelpedLincolnwinre-elecTon,212-21.
– Thepopularvotewascloser:McClellanwon45%
ElecTonof1864
Grant’sWildernessCampaign• Grant’sstrategy-“Whenit
doubt,fight”– Inaseriesofwildernessencounters,GrantfoughtLee,withGrantlosingabout50,000men
– AtColdHarbor,theUnionsentsoldierstoba7lewithpaperspinnedontheirbacksshowingtheirnamesandaddresses,andover7,000diedinafewminutes
– Thepublicwasoutragedandshocked-strategywasnecessarytodefeattheConfederacy
SouthernSurrender• Finally,Grantandhismen
capturedRichmondandcorneredLeeatAppoma7oxCourthouseinVirginia
• April9,1865• Leeformallysurrendered
TheDeathofaPresident• OnApril14,1865,Abraham
LincolnwasshotintheheadbyJohnWilkesBoothanddiedshortlyafer.
• Beforehisdeath,fewpeoplehadsuspectedhisgreatness,buthissuddenanddramaTcdeatherasedhisshortcomingsandmadepeoplerememberhimforhisgoodthings.
12/5/16
6
“HeNowBelongstotheAges” BoothConspirators TheAfermathoftheWarBetweentheStates
• TheCivilWarcost600,000men,$15billion,andwastedaenTregeneraTonofyoungAmericans
• However,itgaveAmericaasupremetestofitsexistence,andtheU.S.survived,provingitsstrengthandfurtherincreasingitsgrowingpowerandreputaTon
• Slaverywasalsoeradicated• Secession&nullificaTongave
waytosupremefederalgovernment.
top related