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Chapter21TheFurnaceoftheCivilWar

BullRunEndsthe“Ninety-DayWar”

•  A7ackonFortSumter-April12,1861

•  Ba7leofBullRun-July21,1861•  UnionGoal-DefeatConfederate

ArmyandmarchtowardRichmondendingthewar

•  EffortsofT.Jackson(Stonewallnicknameearnedhere)

•  ConfederatereinforcementsarriveandoverwhelmUniontroops

•  UnionsoldiersandonlookersretreatbacktoWashingtonDC

•  Whydidn’ttheConfederatespursue?

FirstBa7leofBullRun

BullRun

•  ImportanceofBullRun–  ConvincedtheLincolnadministraTon/NorththeCivilWarwouldbea

longandcostlyaffair.–  McDowellwasrelievedofcommandoftheUnionarmyandreplaced

byMaj.Gen.GeorgeB.McClellan,whosetaboutreorganizingandtrainingthetroops.

FirstBa7leofBullRun

StonewallJackson

Irvin McDowell

“TardyGeorge”McClellanandthePeninsula

Campaign•  Laterin1861,commandofthe

ArmyofthePotomacwasgiventoGen.GeorgeB.McClellan–  Excellentdrillmasterand

organizeroftroops–  AperfecTonist–  Constantlybelievedthathewas

outnumbered,nevertookrisks•  Wouldholdthearmywithout

movingformonthsbeforefinallyorderedbyLincolntoadvance.

GeorgeMcClellan

PeninsulaCampaign

•  McClellanfinallydecideduponawater-borneapproachtoRichmond(ThePeninsulaCampaign)

•  Lincolnagainsttheplan-wouldleaveD.C.openfora7ack

PeninsulaCampaign 7DaysBa7le•  GeneralRobertE.Lee’s

countera7ack—theSevenDays’Ba7les—June26toJuly2of1862.

•  Confederatessuffered20,000casualTes

•  Allbut1oftheba7leshadbeenaUnionvictory,butLeehadsuccessfullypushedMcClellanbacktotheJamesR.

•  LincolntransfersmostofMcClellan’sarmytoGeneralPopeinN.Virginia

PlanningTotalWar•  6Components

1.  SuffocatetheSouththroughanoceanicblockade.

2.FreetheslavestounderminetheSouth’sveryeconomicfoundaTons.

3.CuttheConfederacyinhalfbyseizingcontrolofthe

MississippiRiver.4.ChoptheConfederacytopiecesbymarchingthrough

GeorgiaandtheCarolinas.5.Captureitscapital,Richmond,Virginia.6.Tryeverywheretoengagetheenemy’smainstrengthand

grindittosubmission.

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SecondBa7leofBullRun•  August28–30,1862•  UnionGen.JohnPopevs.

Lee•  LeedefeatedPopeand

headedintoMaryland•  Why?

–  VictoryonUnionsoilwouldencourageforeignintervenTon

–  BorderstateswouldleavetheUnion

General John Pope

2ndBa7leofBullRun:Effects

•  PoperemovedandsenttoMinnesotatofightSiouxIndians

•  AwaveofdespairrolledovertheNorthwithnewsoftheba7le'soutcome,andmoraleinthearmysanktonewdepths.

•  McClellanbackinpower– McClellanhadtheunwaveringsupportofthesoldiers

–  LincolnneededaspeedyreorganizaTonofUnionforces

TheWaratSea•  TheUnionblockadestartedwithmanyleaksatfirst

•  Britainrecognizedtheblockadeasbinding,sinceBritainherselfofenusedblockadesinherwars.

•  Blockade-runningwasariskybutprofitablebusiness•  UnionnavyalsoseizedBriTshfreightersonthehighseas,

ciTng“ulTmatedesTnaTon”(totheSouth)astheirreasons.

•  UnionNavypinchedoffmajorsouthernseaportsfrom

N.O.toCharleston

Monitorvs.Merrimack•  ThebiggestConfederatethreat-

recondiTonedandplatedwithironrailroadrails:theMerrimack

•  Monitor-builtin100days•  TheMerrimackdestroyedthe

Cumberland,theCongress,andforcedtheMinnesotaaground(250sailorsdeadin1day)

•  March9-Monitorcameto

supporttheMinnesotaandfoughttheMerrimack

•  Afer4½hours,theMerrimack

backedoff

•  ConfederatesblewuptheMerrimack2monthslaterwhentheywereforcedoutofNorfolk

•  Effect-wouldchangeworld

naviesforever-nomorewoodenships,birthoftheironclads

BloodyAnTetam(Sharpsburg)•  LeebeganhisinvasionoftheNorthbyenteringMaryland•  MetbyMcClellan,AnTetambeginsonthemorningofSept.

17,1862•  BloodiestdayoftheCivilWar(22,700+killed)•  18Generalswouldbekilledinba7le•  Consideredamilitarydraw,eventhoughLeeretreatsfrom

Maryland•  McClellanagainslowtochaseLee,mayhavecrushedLee’s

enTrearmy•  Effects-

–  ConfederacylosesBritainandFrance–  LincolnconsidersAnTetama“victory”-wouldlaunchtheEmancipaTonProclamaTon(Sept.23)

TheBa7leofAnTetam AnTetam

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AnTetam AnTetamBridge AProclamaVonWithoutEmancipaVon

•  TheEmancipaTonProclamaTonfreedtheslavesinnot-yet-conqueredSouthernterritories

•  SlavesintheBorderStatesand

theconqueredterritorieswerenotliberated

•  13thAmendmentwouldbe

raTfiedin1865-8mo.aferendofCivilWar

ReacTonstotheProclamaTon

•  NorthernReacTons-–  AboliTonists:Lincolnhadnotgonefarenough

–  Borderstates&Bu7ernutregion-Lincolnhadgonetoofar

–  DeserTonincreasedintheborderstates

–  CongressionalelecTonsof1862wentagainstRepublicans

•  SouthernReacTons-–  LincolntryingtosTrupslaverebellions

•  EuropeanReacTons-–  Aristocratssympathizedw/slaveholders

– Workingclasssawanendtoslavery,opposedintervenToninthewar

BlacksBa7leBondage•  Bywar’send-blacks

accountedforabout10%oftheUnionarmy(180,000)

•  500engagements•  22CongressionalMedalsof

Honor•  38,000killedinba7le•  Serviceofferedthema

chancetostrengthentheirclaimtofullciTzenshipatwar’send

54thMassachuse7s•  July18-Sept.7,1863•  Theassaultwasledbythe

54thMassachuse7sregiment;Col.RobertGouldShaw.

•  54thMassachuse7slost42%ofitsranksinthea7ack(272)

•  ConfederatesabandonedFortWagneronSeptember7,1863

•  ProvedtoskepTcsthattheywouldfightbravelyifonlygiventhechance.

•  WilliamCarney-1stAfricanAmericantoearntheCongressionalMedalofHonor(atFortWagner)

MassacreatFortPillow•  ConfederateGeneralNathan

BedfordForrestsurroundedFortPillow

•  Fortheldby557blacktroopsandaunitofTennesseeUnionists

•  ConfederateArmystormedthefortandbutchered300disarmedblackandwhitesoldiersbeggingformercy

•  Manyblacksoldierscaptured:–  Returnedtotheirformerslaveholder

–  Soldtothehighestbidder–  murdered

Ba7leofFredericksburg•  Dec.11-15,1862•  BurnsidereplacedMcClellanas

commander•  Decidedtolaunchfrontalassault

onLeeatFredericksburg•  14wavesofUnionsoldierswere

moweddownbytheConfederates

•  Manymorewouldfreezetodeaththatnight

•  12,600Unionsoldierswereslaughtered(Burnside’sSlaughterPen)

General Ambrose Burnside

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Ba7leofChancellorsville•  April30-May6,1863•  HookerreplacedBurnside•  Confidentthathecoulddefeat

Lee,marchedtoChancellorsville•  Confederatesoutnumbered2-1•  Leedividedhisarmyandordered

JacksontoflanktheUnionsoldiersthroughthe“Wilderness”

•  Losses:Union-17,000+Confederate-13,000+

•  LossofStonewallJackson-shotbyhisownmen.

Ba7leofGe7ysburg•  Aferhisvictoryat

Chancellorsville,LeedecidedtoinvadetheNorthforthesecond(andlast)Tme

–  HopingtoencourageforeignintervenTon

–  CollectsuppliesinPennsylvania

–  Escapewar-tornVirginia–  Amajorvictoryonnorthern

soilwouldstrengthenthepeacemovementintheNorth

•  LincolnappointsMeadeascommanderjust3daysbeforetheba7le

•  MeademadesuretokeepbetweenLeeandD.C.andLeedecidedtoconcentratehisarmyaroundGe7ysburg

Ge7ysburg-Day1•  July1,1863•  Uniontroopsfallback

throughGe7ysburgtothehillssouthoftown--CemeteryHillandCulp'sHill.

Ge7ysburg-Day2•  July2,1863•  Uniondefendedarangeofhills

andridgessouthofGe7ysburgwith90,000soldiers.

•  AlthoughtheConfederatesgainedground,UniondefenderssTllheldstrongposiTonsbytheendoftheday.

General George Meade

Ge7ysburg-Day3•  July3,1863•  MaineventwasadramaTc

infantryassaultby12,000ConfederatesagainstthecenteroftheUnionlineonCemeteryRidge--PickeZ'sCharge(6,000)

•  LeeretreatedbacktoVirginia.•  Asmanyas51,000soldiersfrom

botharmieswerekilled,wounded,capturedormissinginthethree-dayba7le.

•  BroketheheartoftheConfederatecause Pickett’s Charge

Ge7ysburgAddress•  MeaningoftheAddress

–  PuttheCivilWarinperspecTveasatestofthesuccessoftheAmericanRevoluTon.

–  ThenaTonfoundedonequalitywasinthemidstofawartodeterminewhethersuchanaToncouldconTnuetoexist.

–  HisspeechturnedtheeventintoarededicaTonofthelivingtothewarefforttopreserveanaTonoffreedom.

• Impact• BeforeLincolngavetheGe7ysburgaddress,EdwardEvere7gavealongspeech-2hours• Lincoln'sspeechlastedonly2minutes.• Becauseitwasveryshortcomparedtotheotherspeaker,therewassilencefromtheaudienceaferward.

TheWesternTheater•  TheRiseofGrant

–  WestPointgraduate–  VeteranoftheMexicanWar–  Drunkard

•  FortHenryandFortDonelson–  LocatedontheTennesseeand

CumberlandRivers(Feb.1862)–  Demanded“uncondiTonal

surrender”–  Crucialvictories-secured

KentuckyandopenedgatewaytoheartofDixie

BaZleofShiloh•  April6-7,1862•  Shiloh,Tennessee

(borderw/Mississippi)•  Thetwodayba7leat

Shilohproducedmorethan23,000casualTes

•  Importance–  NoquickendtothewarintheWest

SunkenRoadHornet’sNest

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CapturingNewOrleans•  Inthespringof1862,afloTlla

(fleetofships)commandedbyDavidG.FarragutjoinedwithaNorthernarmytoseizeNewOrleans.

•  Importance-NewOrleanswaslifelineofMiss.River

•  OneoftheConfederacy’slargestciTes

Ba7leofVicksburg•  May18-July4,1863•  GrantconvergedonVicksburg,

siegedthecityandentrappedtheConfederatearmy

•  OnJuly4,Vicksburgsurrendered-soldierswereeaTngrats/mules

•  Effects-–  Confederacycutinhalf–  UnionArmygainedcontrolof

Miss.River–  July4–  Onedayafervictoryat

Ge7ysburg

Sherman’sMarchtoSea•  GrantclearedTennesseeofall

Confederatesoldiers•  OrderedShermantomarch

intoGeorgiaandtakeAtlanta•  ShermancapturedAtlantaand

burnedthecity(Sept.1864)•  ShermanconTnuedonto

Savannah(XmaspresentforLincoln)andworkedhiswayintoS.Carolina

•  PurposeofSherman’sMarchtotheSea–  Destroysupplylines–  Weakenthemoraleofthe

Confederacy

ThePoliTcsofWar•  Lincolnhaddifficultywithin

hisowncabinet(Chase)•  Commi7eeontheConduct

ofWarresentedLincoln’sexpandedpresidenTalpowers

•  Democratsweresplit-“WarDemocrats”vs.“PeaceDemocrats”

•  Copperheads(extremePeaceDems)-openlyobstructedthewar-ledbyClementVallandigham

1864PresidenTalElecTon•  In1864,theRepublicansjoinedtheWarDemocratstoform

theUnionPartyandre-nominatedAbeLincoln•  CopperheadsandPeaceDemocratsnominatedGeorge

McClellan.

–  VictoriesatMobile,ALandAtlantahelpedLincolnwinre-elecTon,212-21.

–  Thepopularvotewascloser:McClellanwon45%

ElecTonof1864

Grant’sWildernessCampaign•  Grant’sstrategy-“Whenit

doubt,fight”–  Inaseriesofwildernessencounters,GrantfoughtLee,withGrantlosingabout50,000men

–  AtColdHarbor,theUnionsentsoldierstoba7lewithpaperspinnedontheirbacksshowingtheirnamesandaddresses,andover7,000diedinafewminutes

–  Thepublicwasoutragedandshocked-strategywasnecessarytodefeattheConfederacy

SouthernSurrender•  Finally,Grantandhismen

capturedRichmondandcorneredLeeatAppoma7oxCourthouseinVirginia

•  April9,1865•  Leeformallysurrendered

TheDeathofaPresident•  OnApril14,1865,Abraham

LincolnwasshotintheheadbyJohnWilkesBoothanddiedshortlyafer.

•  Beforehisdeath,fewpeoplehadsuspectedhisgreatness,buthissuddenanddramaTcdeatherasedhisshortcomingsandmadepeoplerememberhimforhisgoodthings.

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“HeNowBelongstotheAges” BoothConspirators TheAfermathoftheWarBetweentheStates

•  TheCivilWarcost600,000men,$15billion,andwastedaenTregeneraTonofyoungAmericans

•  However,itgaveAmericaasupremetestofitsexistence,andtheU.S.survived,provingitsstrengthandfurtherincreasingitsgrowingpowerandreputaTon

•  Slaverywasalsoeradicated•  Secession&nullificaTongave

waytosupremefederalgovernment.