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Biopsychology+behavioral+neuroscien3sts,+neuropsychologists,+behavior+gene3cists,+
physiological+psychologists,+biopsychologists++
Neuroanatomy+Synapse(Synapse(
Neurotransmi0ers((chemicals(held(in(terminal(bu0ons(
that(travel(through(synap9c(gap)(
What works even after it is fired? A neuron
How+does+a+Neuron+fire?+• Res9ng(Poten9al:+slightly+
nega3ve+charge.+• Reach+the+threshold+when+
enough+neurotransmiFers+reach+dendrites.+
• Go+into+Ac9on(Poten9al.+• All>or>none(response.+• Transfer+of+ions+across+axon�s+
membrane+causes+electrical+charge.+
• What(did(the(Hollywood(film(director(
say(to(the(young(neuron(that(wanted(
to(be(an(actor?(
• “Hey,(kid,(you’ve(got(poten9al.”+
TYPES(OF(NEUROTRANSMITTERS(Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. They unlock the next neuron so electrically charged atoms can flow in. Then the sending neuron reabsorbs them through reuptake.
Acetylcholine+(ACH)+• Enables+muscle+ac3on,+movement+and+memory.+
• Too+much+and+you+will….+
• Too+liFle+and+you+will…++
• Lack+of+ACH+has+been+linked+to+Alzheimer�s+disease.+
Dopamine+• Deals+with+movement,+learning,+aFen3on,+and+emo3on.+
• Lack+of+dopamine+has+been+linked+to+Parkinson�s+disease.+
• Too+much+has+been+linked+to+schizophrenia.+
Serotonin+• Involved+in+mood,+hunger,+sleep,+arousal.+
• Lack+of+serotonin+has+been+linked+to+clinical+depression.+
• Prozac+raises+serotonin+levels.++
Endorphins+
• Natural,+opiatelike+neurotransmiFers+linked+to+pain+control+and+pleasure+
• Many+of+our+most+addic3ve+drugs+affect/use+endorphins.+
• Runner’s+high+
Drugs+can+be…..+• Agonists(L+make+neuron+fire+(amplify+normal+sensa3ons+of+arousal+or+pleasure)+
• AntagonistsL+stop+neural+firing+(blocks+release+or+receptor+sites)+
• Reuptake(Inhibitors>(block+reuptake+
BloodLBrain+Barrier+
• Enables+the+body+to+fence+out+unwanted+chemicals+circula3ng+in+the+blood.+
• EX:+Dopamine+itself+cannot+cross+the+bloodLbrain+barrier.++
• LLDOPA+can+cross+the+barrier.++• Once+in+the+brain,+it+is+converted+to+the+neurotransmiFer+dopamine.+
Types+of+Neurons+• Efferent((Motor)(Neurons(L+
carry+outgoing+informa3on+from+the+CNS+to+muscles+and+glands.+
• Afferent((Sensory)(Neurons(L+carry+incoming+informa3on+from+the+sense+receptors+to+the+CNS.+++
• Interneurons+L+connect+the+two+neurons+
• Average+number+of+neurons+in+the+brain+=+40+billion+
• Average+number+of+synapses+in+the+brain+=+400+trillion++
• First+Bionic+Leg++
Peripheral+Nervous+System+
• Everything+but+the+brain+and+spinal+cord.+
• Is+divided+into+two+categories….+soma9c+and+autonomic.+
FRQLstyle+Ques3ons+
• Describe+the+CNS’s+two+major+divisions,+and+iden3fy+the+three+types+of+neurons+that+transmit+informa3on+through+the+system.+++
Autonomic+Nervous+System+
• Controls+the+automa3c+func3ons+of+the+body.+
• Divided+into+two+categories…the+sympathe9c+++++++and+the+parasympathe9c(
Sympathe3c+Nervous+System+
• Fight+or+Flight+Response.+
• Automa3cally+accelerates+heart+rate,+breathing,+dilates+pupils,+slows+down+diges3on.+
Parasympathe3c+Nervous+System+
• Automa3cally+slows+the+body+down+a`er+a+stressful+event.+
• Heart+rate+and+breathing+slow+down,+pupils+constrict+and+diges3on+speeds+up.+
Reflexes+• Normally,+sensory+(afferent)+neurons+take+info+up+through+spine+to+the+brain.+
• Some+reac3ons+occur+when+sensory+neurons+reach+just+the+spinal+cord.+
• Survival+adapta3on.+
• System+of+glands+that+secrete+hormones.+
• Controlled+by+the+hypothalamus.+
• Pituitary+gland+(growth,+blood+pressure)+*Most+influen3al+aka+Master+Gland+
• Thyroid+(metabolism,+growth,+matura3on)+
• Pancreas+(insulin)++• Ovaries+and+Testes+(sexual+
characteris3cs)+• Adrenal+Gland+releases+
adrenaline+(heart+rate,+blood+pressure,+blood+sugar,+energy)+
Endocrine+System+
• Robert+Wadlow+• �The+Alton+Giant�+• Tallest+man+ever:+8�11�++• Pituitary(Gigan9sm(
• Birth:+8.5+lb++• 1+year:+45+lb++• 5+years:+105+lb+(5’4”)+• 16+years:+374+lb+(7’10”)+
• Andre+the+Giant+• 7�4�,+500lbs+• Wrestled+in+WWF++• Giant+in+The$Princess$Bride+• Disabled+later+in+life+due+to+
joint+pains+and+cardiovascular+complica3ons+
Lesions+(Tissue+Destruc3on)+
Cukng+into+the+brain+to+look+for+change.+
Brain+tumors+also+lesion+brain+3ssue.+
Ways+to+study+the+Brain+• Electroencephalogram+(EEG)+
• Computerized+Axial+Tomography+(CT)+
• Magne3c+Resonance+Imaging+(MRI)+
• Positron+Emission+Tomography+(PET)+
• Func3onal+MRI+
• What(happens(if(you(break(the(
brain(scanner?(
• You+will+have+a+CATastrophe.+
Ways+to+study+the+Brain+Computerized+Axial+Tomography+(CT)+
What(happens(if(you(break(the(brain(scanner?(
You+will+have+a+CATastrophe.+
+
Brain+Structures+• Some+scien3sts+divide+the+brain+up+into+three+parts.+– Hindbrain+– Midbrain+– Forebrain+
Cerebellum+
• Located+in+the+back+of+our+head+L+means+liFle+brain.+
• Coordinates+muscle+movements.+• Like+tracking+a+target.+
Re9cular(Forma9on+• re9cular(forma9on:+arousal+and+ability+to+focus+aFen3on.++
• Part+of+the+Midbrain:+Coordinates+simple+movements+with+sensory+informa3on.+
Thalamus+• Receives+sensory+informa3on+and+sends+them+to+appropriate+areas+of+forebrain.+
• Everything+but+smell.+• Like+a+switchboard.+
Limbic+System+• EMOTIONAL+CONTROL+CENTER+of+the+brain.+
• Made+up+of+Hypothalamus,+Amygdala+and+Hippocampus.+
• What+did+the+hippocampus+say+during+its+re3rement+speech?++
• “Thanks+for+the+memories.”+
Hypothalamus+• Pea+sized+in+brain,+but+plays+a+not+so+pea+sized+role.+
• Body+temperature+• Hunger+• Thirst+• Sexual+Arousal+(libido)+
• Endocrine+System+
Hippocampus+and+Amygdala+• Hippocampus+is+involved+in+memory+processing.+
• Amygdala+is+vital+for+our+basic+emo3ons.+
Cerebral+Cortex+• Top+layer+of+our+brain.+• Contains+wrinkles+called+fissures.+• The+fissures+increase+surface+area+of+our+brain.+• Laid+out+it+would+be+about+the+size+of+a+large+pizza.+
The+Brain+• Made+up+of+neurons+and+glial+cells.+
• Glial+cells+support+neural+cells.+
Maybe+your+mom+is+your+glial+cell.++She+takes+care+of+you!!!+++What do you call a group of brains who form a singing group at school? (((((((((((((((((A(Glia(Club(+
Areas+of+the+Cerebral+Cortex+• Divided+into+eight+lobes,+four+in+each+hemisphere+(frontal,+parietal,+occipital+and+temporal).+
• Any+area+not+dealing+with+our+senses+or+muscle+movements+are+called+associa9on(areas.+
What happens when you bother the parietal lobe? It gets very touchy. What does a brain wear in a rainstorm? A waterproof “cortex” jacket. What did parietal say to frontal? I lobe you.
Frontal+Lobe+• Deals+with+planning,+maintaining+emo3onal+control+and+abstract+thought.+
• Contains+Broca�s+Area.+• Broca�s+Aphasia.+• Contains+Motor+Cortex.+
Teens+vs.+Adults+• Teens+use+their+brains+differently+than+adults+• Teens+(leV)+used+less+of+the+prefrontal+(upper)+region+than+adults+(right)+when+reading+emo3on.+
Parietal+Lobes+• Located+at+the+top+of+our+head.+• Contains+the+somatoLsensory+cortex.+• Rest+are+associa3on+areas.+
Occipital+Lobes+ • back+of+our+head.+• Handles+visual+input+from+eyes.+
• Right+half+of+each+re3na+goes+to+le`+occipital+lobe+and+vice+versa.+
Temporal+Lobes+• Process+sound+sensed+by+ears.+• Not+lateralized.+• Contains+Wernicke�s+area.+• Wernicke�s+Aphasia.+
Broca’s+Area+&+Wernicke’s+Area+• In+1861,+Paul+Broca,+a+French+neurosurgeon,+examined+the+
brain+of+“Tan.”++• Could+understand+spoken+language:+he+could+not+speak+a+
complete+sentence+nor+express+his+thoughts+in+wri3ng.++• The+only+ar3culate+sound+he+could+make+was+the+syllable+
“tan”,+which+had+come+to+be+used+as+his+name.+• Found+a+huge+lesion+in+the+le`+inferior+frontal+cortex.++• Eight+other+pa3ents+• “We+speak+with+the+le`+hemisphere”+(Language+Center)+• 10+years+later,+Carl+Wernicke,+a+German+neurologist,+
discovered+Wernicke’s+Area,+this+one+involved+in+understanding+language,+nearby.+++
Brain+Plas3city+
• The+ability+for+our+brains+to+form+new+connec3ons+a`er+the+neurons+are+damaged.+
• The+younger+you+are,+the+more+plas3c+your+brain+is.+
• Why(are(most(adult(neurons(poor(
at(math?(
• They+find+it+difficult+to+mul3ply+and+divide.++
Hemispheres+• Divided+into+a+le`+and+right+hemisphere.+
• Contralateral+controlledL+le`+controls+right+side+of+body+and+vice+versa.+
• Brain+Lateraliza3on.+• Le`ies+are+beFer+at+spa3al+and+crea3ve+tasks.+
• Righ3es+are+beFer+at+logic.+
SplitLBrain+Pa3ents+
• Corpus(Collosum(
aFaches+the+two+hemispheres+of+cerebral+cortex.+
• When+removed+you+have+a+splitLbrain+pa3ent.+
• Roger+Sperry+• Michael+Gazzaniga++
Gene3cs+• Every+human+cell+contains+46+chromosomes+(23+pairs).+
• Made+up+of+deoxyribonucleic+acidL+DNA.+
• Made+up+of+Genes.+• Made+up+of+nucleo3des.+
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