States&of&Consciousness&

Students in AP Psychology should be able to describe various states of consciousness and their impact on behavior.

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

&Levels&of&Consciousness&

We&know&that&various&levels&exists&beyond&the&conscious&level.&

•  Mere<exposure&effect&•  Priming&•  Blind&sight&

Taiwanese&LeDer&Example&

Levels&of&Consciousness&•  Conscious&Level&•  Nonconscious&Level&•  Preconscious&Level&•  Subconscious&Level&•  Unconscious&Level&

Sleep&•  Sleep&is&a&state&of&consciousness.&

•  We&are&less&aware&of&our&surroundings.&

•  Circadian&Rhythm&

Circadian&Rhythm&•  All&species&have&a&Jming&mechanism,&or&'clock,'&

that&controls&periods&of&acJvity&and&inacJvity.&&•  The&cycle&of&physiological&and&biological&

processes&that&fluctuate&on&a&roughly&24<hour&Jmetable.&

•  As&the&sunlight&decreases,&the&visual&system&sends&signals&to&pineal&gland&(in&hypothalamus)&to&produce&more&melatonin.&&

•  Melatonin&is&a&hormone&that&makes&you&feel&sleepy.&

•  Individuals&who&are&blind&from&birth&frequently&have&difficulty&with&their&sleep<wake&cycle&&

•  How&to&sleep&beDer&&

Sleep&Cycle&&

•  Use&an&EEG&machine&to&measure&stages&of&sleep.&

•  When&you&are&the&onset&of&sleep&you&experience&alpha&waves.&

•  Produces&mild&hallucinaJons,&like&a&feeling&of&falling.&

Click&dude&for&alpha&Waves.&

Click&to&see&an&awake&brain.&&

Stage&1&•  Only&lasts&a&few&minutes,&and&you&usually&only&experience&it&once&a&night.&

•  Your&brain&produces&Theta&Waves.&•  Theta&waveforms&are&in&a&frequency&of&4<8&Hz&occurring&primarily&over&the&temporal&cortex.&&

•  If&wakened,&this&person&may&deny&having&slept.&&

•  But&if&his&eyes&were&taped&open,&he&wouldn’t&be&able&to&“see”&anything.&& Click&the&couple&to&see&Theta&Waves&

Stage&2&

•  More&Theta&Waves&that&get&progressively&slower.&•  Begin&to&show&sleep%spindles…short%bursts&of&rapid&brain&waves.&

•  The&sleep&spindle&is&an&episodic&burst&of&acJvity&ranging&from&12<&14&Hz,&with&a&duraJon&of&.5<1.5&seconds.&&

Click&image&to&see&Stage&Two&of&sleep.&

Stage&3&•  Beginning&of&the&deeper&stages&of&sleep.&

•  Delta&waves&must&occur&in&20<50%&of&the&epoch&in&order&to&be&scored&as&Stage&3.&&

•  Delta&waves&are&big,&slow&waves&ranging&from&.5&to&2&Hz.&These&waveforms&must&also&be&75&uV&in&amplitude.&&

•  These&delta&waves&indicate&that&large&groups&of&brain&cells&are&starJng&to&fire&in&a&synchronous&paDern.&&

Click&&boys&to&see&deep&sleep.&

Stage&4&•  Delta&waves&must&take&up&

50<100%.&&•  Deepest&stage&of&sleep.&&•  Most&difficult&to&wake&someone&

out&of&this&stage&of&sleep&•  If&awoken&you&will&be&very&groggy.&•  Vital&for&restoring&body�s&growth&

hormones&and&good&overall&health.&

•  People&deprived&of&delta&sleep&complain&of&somaJc&symptoms,&such&as&aches&and&pains.&&

•  Growth&hormone&is&maximally&secreted&during&stage&4&of&sleep.&&

stage%4%.>%stage%3%.>%2%.>%????%

REM&Sleep&•  Characterized&by&the&Rapid&Eye&Movement,&low&muscle&tones&in&the&chin,&and&the&low&voltage,&fast&acJvity&of&the&EEG.&&

•  REM&sleep&is&the&stage&in&which&dreams&are&usually&recalled.&&

•  Aka&paradoxical&sleep.&•  Brain&is&very&acJve.&•  Dreams&usually&occur&in&REM.&•  Body&is&essenJally&paralyzed.&•  REM&Rebound&

Click&boy&dreaming&to&see&REM&sleep.&

90#Minute*Cycles*During*Sleep5With*each*90#minute*cycle,*stage*4*sleep*decreases*

and*the*duration*of*REM*sleep*increases.5

Sleep&Disorders&

Insomnia&

•  Persistent&problems&falling&asleep&

•  Affects&10%&of&the&populaJon&

•  Primary&versus&Secondary&Insomnia&

•  How&Behavioral&ModificaJons&Can&Treat&Chronic&Insomnia&

Narcolepsy&

•  Suffer&from&sleepiness&and&may&fall&asleep&at&unpredictable&or&inappropriate&Jmes.&

•  Directly&into&REM&sleep&•  Less&than&.001&%&of&populaJon.&

Click&&above&to&see&Skeeter&the&narcolepJc&dog.&

Sleep&Apnea&•  A&person&stops&

breathing&during&their&sleep.&

•  Wake&up&momentarily,&gasps&for&air,&then&falls&back&asleep.&

•  Very&common,&especially&in&obese&males.&

•  Can&be&fatal.&

Night&Terrors&

•  Wake&up&screaming&and&have&no&idea&why.&

•  Not&a&nightmare.&•  Most&common&in&children&(boys)&between&ages&2<8.&

Somnambulism&

•  Sleep&Walking&•  Most&ogen&occurs&during&the&first&few&hours&of&sleeping&and&in&stage&4&(deep&sleep).&

•  If&you&have&had&night&terrors,&you&are&more&likely&to&sleep&walk&when&older.&

Sleep*Deprivation51.  FaJgue&and&subsequent&death.&

2.  Impaired&concentraJon.&

3. EmoJonal&irritability.&

4. Depressed&immune&system.&

5. Greater&vulnerability.&

6. Growth&in&children&&

Accidents5Frequency*of*accidents*increase*with*loss*of*sleep5

Consequences&of&Missed&Sleep&•  driver&faJgue&results&in&100,000&crashes&annually,&leading&

to&1,550&deaths&and&more&than&70,000&injuries.&•  sleep<deprived&rats&eventually&died&from&the&collapse&of&

their&thermoregulatory&systems.&

Sleep&Theories&

1.  Sleep&Protects:&Sleeping&in&the&darkness&when&predators&loomed&about&kept&our&ancestors&out&of&harm’s&way.&

2.  Sleep&Recuperates:&Sleep&helps&restore&and&repair&brain&Jssue.&

3.  Sleep&Helps&Remembering:&Sleep&restores&and&rebuilds&our&fading&memories.&

4.  Sleep&and&Growth:&During&sleep,&the&pituitary&gland&releases&growth&hormone.&Older&people&release&less&of&this&hormone&and&sleep&less.&

Students in AP Psychology should be able to •  Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming:

•  stages and characteristics of the sleep cycle;

•  theories of sleep and dreaming; •  symptoms and treatments of sleep

disorders. •  Identify the major figures in consciousness

research (e.g., William James, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Hilgard).

Dreams&

Freud�s&Theory&of&Dreams&•  Wish&Fulfillment&&•  Dreams&are&a&roadway&into&our&unconscious.&

•  They&express&otherwise&unacceptable&feelings.&

•  Manifest&Content&(storyline)&

•  Latent&Content&(underlying&meaning)&

•  Problem:&no&scienJfic&support,&can&interpret&different&ways&&

AcJvaJon<Synthesis&Theory&

•  Our&Cerebral&Cortex&is&trying&to&interpret&random&electrical&acJvity&we&have&while&sleeping.&

•  That&is&why&dreams&someJmes&make&no&sense.&

•  The&person’s&brain&is&weaving&the&stories,&which&helps&us&understand&that&person.&

InformaJon<Processing&Theory&•  Dreams&are&a&way&to&deal&with&the&stresses&of&everyday&life&and&consolidate&our&memories&

•  We&tend&to&dream&more&when&we&are&more&stressed.&

•  Why&do&we&dream&about&what&we’ve&never&experienced?&&

•  People&who&don’t&get&sleep&have&poorer&memories.&&&

Physiological&FuncJoning&&•  REM&sleep&sJmulates&the&brain,&developing&and&preserving&neural&pathways&that&cement&memories.&

•  Babies&sleep&most&because&their&neural&pathways&are&exploding&with&growth.&&

•  During&sleep,&the&brain's&cells&shrink&by&about&60&percent,&allowing&the&cerebral&fluid&to&move&faster&and&more&freely&through&the&brain,&removing&cellular&waste.&&

•  Then&why&do&we&experience&meaningful&dreams?&&&&&

CogniJve&Development&Theory&•  Dream&content&reflects&dreamers’&cogniJve&development&(their&knowledge&and&understanding)&

•  Doesn’t&address&the&purpose&of&dreams&&

Hypnosis&

Hypnosis&•  Altered&state&of&consciousness?&

•  PosthypnoJc&suggesJon&•  PosthypnoJc&amnesia&

Students in AP Psychology should be able to: Describe historic and contemporary uses of hypnosis (e.g., pain control, psychotherapy). Explain hypnotic phenomena (e.g., suggestibility, dissociation). Identify the major figures in consciousness research: Ernest Hilgard).

HypnoJc&Theories&

Role%Theory%•  Hypnosis&is&NOT&an&altered&

state&of&consciousness.&•  Different&people&have&

various&state&of&hypnoJc&suggesJbility.&

•  A&social&phenomenon&where&people&want&to&believe.&

•  Work&beDer&on&people&with&richer&fantasy&lives.&

State%Theory%•  Hypnosis&is&an&altered&state&

of&consciousness.&•  DramaJc&health&benefits&•  It&works&for&pain&best.&

DissociaJon&Theory&

•  Theory&by&Ernest&Hilgard.&

•  We&voluntarily&divide&our&consciousness&up.&

•  Ice&Water&Experiment.&•  We&have&a&hidden&observer,&a&level&of&us&that&is&always&aware.&

•  Covert&Pain&in&Hypnotherapy&&

Drugs&

The Original Rachael Leigh Cook Brain on Drugs

Drugs&•  Our&brain&is&protected&by&a&layer&of&capillaries&called&the&blood.brain%barrier.&

•  The&drugs&that&are&small&enough&to&pass&through&are&called&psychoacJve&drugs.&

MisconcepJons&about&AddicJon&

1.  AddicJve&drugs&quickly&corrupt.&2.  AddicJon&cannot&be&overcome&

voluntarily.&3.  AddicJon&is&no&different&than&repeJJve&

pleasure<seeking&behaviors.&

AddicJon&is&a&craving&for&a&chemical&substance,&despite&its&adverse&consequences&(physical&&&psychological).&

Drug&&Categories&

•  Agonists%•  Antagonists%•  Reuptake%inhibitors%If&a&drug&is&used&ogen&<>&tolerance.&Then&you&need&more&drug&to&feel&same&effect.&If&you&stop&using&a&drug&you&can&develop&

withdrawal%symptoms.&

SJmulants&•  Speed&up&body&processes.&

•  More&powerful&ones&(like&cocaine)&give&people&feelings&of&invincibility.&

Depressants&

•  Slows&down&body&processes.&

•  Alcohol&•  AnxiolyJcs&(barbiturates&and&tranquilizers)&

Alcohol&(a&depressant)&•  More&than&86&billion&dollars&are&spent&annually&on&alcoholic&beverages.&

•  Alcohol&is&involved&in&40%&of&violent&crimes.&

•  Alcohol&is&involved&in&40%&of&rapes.&

•  36%&of&people&in&prison&were&under&the&influence&of&alcohol&at&the&Jme&of&their&crime.&&&

•  Is&it&worth&the&risk?&

Hallucinogens&•  Psychedelics&•  Causes&changes&in&percepJons&of&reality&

•  LSD,&peyote,&&psilocybin&mushrooms&and&marijuana.&

•  Reverse&tolerance&or&synergisJc&effect&

&

Opiates&

•  Has&depressive&and&hallucinogenic&qualiJes.&

•  Agonist&for&endorphins.&&•  Derived&from&poppy&plant.&•  Morphine,&heroin,&

methadone&and&codeine.&•  All&these&drugs&cross&the&

placental&barrier….teratogens.&

Students in AP Psychology should be able to: Identify the major psychoactive drug categories (e.g., depressants, stimulants) and classify specific drugs, including their psychological and physiological effects. Discuss drug dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal.