battery elimination in electric vehicles benefitting cost ...aedlc (see the idtechex report,...
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Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 1
Battery Elimination in Electric Vehicles
Benefitting cost, space, weight, safety, life, reliability
Dr Peter Harrop
p.harrop@idtechex.com
IDTechEx
www.idtechex.com
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 2
“Toxic Materials and Alternatives in Electronics/ Electrics 2018-2028”
“Battery Elimination in Electronics and Electrical Engineering 2018-2028”
“Li-ion Batteries 2018-2028”
“Electric Vehicles 2018-2038: Forecasts, Analysis and Opportunities”
This presentation shares some of the research for the new IDTechEx reports:
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 3
Primarily, batteries deal with intermittency and inadequacy of electricity supply, the extreme
case being complete lack of electricity for moving EVs
Small batteries have been eliminated for many years.
Piezoelectric gas lighter
Bicycle dynamo
Piezoelectric or electrodynamic light switch that has no wiring.
These tend to be in applications that provide electricity only when a force is applied
The need for batteries
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 4
Li-ion battery volume demand GWh
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
GW
h
Battery volume demand by end use segment 2016-26 in GWhOff road
Wearable Electronics
Racing
Marine
Aircraft
Military
Commercial
2 Wheel
Residential EnergyStorage
Industrial
Micro EV
Car
Electric Bus
Consumer Electronics
No easing in growth rate despite some
adoption of batteryless solutions
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 5
Breathing apparatus is essential when dealing with lithium-ion battery fires
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 6
Two out of the first 50 Boeing 787 Dreamliners had lithium-
ion battery related fires
Chinese taxi with Li-ion battery with so-called safe LFP
cathodeTesla. One fire was due to penetration.
Ongoing lithium-ion fires
and explosions
Computers, hover boards,
phones, cars, aircraft
The two pilots died when this UPS plane burned due to Li-
ion battery cargo.
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 7
Breaking the rules of manufacturing. There is so much competition in lithium-ion batteries and so much potential, the industry is now cutting
corners. In manufacturing you either change your product in most respects or you scale up manufacturing one hundredfold based on a stable
design. This industry is doing both at the same time and for some it will end in tears. For example, accelerated life tests and past production
parameters can become meaningless and too rapid scaleup can reveal many problems of reproduceability, yield and so on. There will be more
nasty explosions and fires made even more likely because the industry is moving to larger batteries with more to go wrong. IDTechEx believes
that the biggest impact will be one of the leaders going out of production for some time as it sorts its processes out. That can pull down the
market value because under ten of the 500 manufacturers can make safe, affordable, suitable large Li-ion batteries in the quantities and to the
timescales required. Any problems can lead to more serious consideration of replacement or elimination in product designs.
Next Li-ion failures and production delays due to cutting corners
Silicon in
anode
combined
with higher
energy
cathodePotentially
unstable, difficult
technology being
adopted by all
majors 2017-9
Higher energy density
Aqueous or
non-
flammable
organic
electrolyte
and new
formats2018 onwards
Less toxic non- flammable, higher energy density
No leakage, longer life, non- flammable, maybe suitable for structural electronics
Solid state
electrolyte
organic or
inorganic2020 onwards
See the IDTechEx report, “Structural Electronics 2017-2027”.
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 8
How to reduce then eliminate batteries
Top up charging
X 0.2
Better batteries
X 0.5
Fewer batteries
Eliminate PbA
battery in EV
(Porsche etc)
Energy storage without batteries Elimination of energy storage
by energy harvesting – preferably
multi-mode wind, solar, water….
Top up coils in road,
catenary, gantry ….
Lithium-air, lithium
sulfur
Supercapacitors
Pseudocapacitors
Supercabatteries
AEDLC (See the IDTechEx report,
“Supercapacitor Technology and
Markets 2018-2028”)
Flywheels
Small market share partly due to
higher up-front price, some
operational limitations, some only
recently viable, some systems only
available/ viable 2018-2020 such as
good multi mode harvesting
But things are on the move!
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 9
Supercapacitors in automotive: there are many more than thisSource IDTechEx report, “Supercapacitor Technologies and Markets 2018-2028”
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 10
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 11
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Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 13
Dynamic charging from road Korea, China solar road with dynamic chargingThis demonstration at KAIST University Korea has operated for many years providing campus transport. It has a small battery and could
operate without a battery. See IDTechEx report, “Electrically Smart Roads 2018-2028”
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 14
Battery elimination today
See IDTechEx report, Agricultural Robots and Drones
2017-2027: Technologies, Markets, Players”
Mostly, these are sold with batteries but they can operate
is a more restricted way without them. The tourist bus top
right is specifically marketed with the no battery, day only
option. See IDTechEx report, “Energy Independent
Electric Vehicles Land, Water, Air 2018-2038”
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 15
Type: Micro EV
Name: Sunnyclist
Designer/ manufacturer: Sunnyclist
Solar energy provides up to 35km a day, as an annual average
and 70km on a sunny day without battery.
Extreme powertrain efficiency: No
Extreme lightweighting: No
Extreme aerodynamics/ hydrodynamics/ streamlining: No
15
Sunnyclist Greece
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 16
To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the
Pilgrim Fathers going from Plymouth UK
to Plymouth USA, a boat of the same
length with sails and solar will complete
the voyage autonomously. Using either
or both of its two sails, Mayflower
Autonomous Research Ship MARS will
be able to move at a speed of up to 20
knots (37 km/h or 23 mph). On less
breezy days when the sails are
automatically stowed below deck, its
solar-powered electric motor will still take
it up to 12.5 knots (23 km/h or 14 mph).
The solar cells should be able to
generate enough current that if traveling
at 5 knots (9 km/h or 6 mph) under motor
power, the ship’s range will be unlimited,
needing no battery say the designers.
Some of those cells will be on a folding
wing that will only open under calm sea
conditions.
MARS UK autonomous boat
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 17
Technology Market position Why?
Electrodynamic*
Magneto-electric field change- dynamo, alternator, reversible motor etc.Biggest market
2017-2037
Extremely versatile in format and
power output: microwatt to megawattPhotovoltaic
pn junction, photo-electrochemical or nantenna-dide array. Light, sometimes IR, UV
Thermoelectric
Seebeck effect pn junction using temperature difference Next biggest
market but a
long way
behind
Useful where ED and PV may have
problems at low power. PZ not
successful above mW. TE not
successful above 10kW
Piezoelectric*
Movement causing electricity generation by piezo effect – compression of a suitable
ceramic or polymer
Capacitive Dielectric Elastomer Generator DEG*
Changing capacitor dimensions by force, typically using
elastomer dielectric and stretchable electrodes
Big potential
Extremely versatile in format and
power output. Not yet successful
because they are relatively new. May
overtake thermoelectric and
piezoelectric one day partly because
power >10kW is possible. 1MW MS
wave power under development
Magnetostrictive*
Movement causing electricity generation by Villari effect
Triboelectric Nanogenerator TENG*
Contact electrification with electrostatic induction
Pyroelectric
Temperature change
Limited
potential
Suitable conditions rarely
encountered, cost effectiveness,
reliability but ambient radio used by
Drayson commercial CO sensor on
sale and for experimental no-battery
cellphone
Ambient radiation eg. phone emissions
Antenna/rectifier
Microbial fuel cell burning dirt/ weeds
.
Many more EH transducer options arriving* motion harvesting
No major success
so far
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 18
Towards multiple energy harvesting for EVs
Triboelectric tires USA
Triboelectrics for motion harvesting were
only invented five years ago and yet they
have already been demonstrated
producing electricity at 70% efficiency
using common non-toxic flexible
materials.
At the University of Wisconsin Madison, a
toy car has used triboelectric tires to flash
LEDs without a battery raising the
intriguing prospect of regular cars making
hundreds of watts this way to help propel
them along: combined with other energy
harvesting that could eventually be
without batteries.
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 19
Solar road on deck
Solar sails
Airborne Wind Energy taps more consistent wind at 200-
1000m that is four times stronger. Vertical lifters permit
take-off even in still weather. See IDTechEx report
”Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) 2018-2028”
Wave power harvested to lift ship – reduce drag
One large ship NOx & particulate emission = millions of cars Reduce power needed & multi-mode harvest = zero emissionIf only a few of these possibilities prove viable and a battery is used, the necessary megawatts will be available continuously, saving emissions equivalent to millions of cars per ship and saving moneyOther options being researched include triboelectric (see IDTechEx report on this) or dielectric elastomer wave blanket, flexing hull and sails and piezo+ photovoltaic PV cloth sails harvesting rain, sun and wind
Flettner rotors are more tolerant of wind direction than sails (electrically spun cylinder in wind creates thrust)
Unmanned autonomy means less power needed
Air lubrication to reduce frictional resistance
Many energy independent electric small craft already. See IDTechEx reports, “Energy Independent Electric Vehicles Land, Water, Air 2018-2038” and
“High Power Energy Harvesting 2017-2027”
Energy independent ship opportunity 3MW with 1MWh batteries then no batteries Major sea
trials 2018
Major rollout
2018 First sales
2018
Major trials on land
2018
Copyright © IDTechEx. Use in accordance with distribution licence | www.IDTechEx.com Slide 20
Supporting your strategic business
decisions on emerging technologies
Offices: USA: +1 617 577 7890 Germany: +49 3991 669 3591
UK: +44 (0)1223 812 300 Japan: +81 90 5566 1533 www.IDTechEx.com
Offices:
www.IDTechEx.com
USA: +1 617 577 7890 Germany: +49 3991 669 3591 Korea: +82 31 263 7890
UK: +44 (0)1223 812 300 Japan: +81 90 1704 1184
Dr Peter Harrop
p.harrop@IDTechEx.com
Free daily commentary on Energyharvestingjournal.com
www.IDTechEx.com
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