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Overview Definition Accident causes Cost of accident PPE Organization

All construction stakeholders are responsible for safety and health at construction site

Contractor Sub contractorClient ConsultantsAuthority Workers

Construction is the most dangerous land-based work sector

Average of 5000 construction accidents cases reported

Construction has about 6% of Malaysian. workers, but 20% of the fatalities - the largest number of fatalities reported by industry sector.

It is re very difficult to control construction hazards and risks in a constantly changing work environment

The concise Oxford Dictionary defines risk (noun) in terms of a hazard, chance, bad consequences, loss, etc., exposure to mischance. It defines risk (verb) in terms of: to expose to chance of injury or loss, venture on, accept the chance of.

In professionals in the field of Occupational Safety, Health and Environmental :

Hazard is the potential to cause harm Any facility, location, equipment,

tool, job, task, or action that presents a potential of serious injury, loss or death

Example : ???

Falling hazards Electrical hazards Struck by hazards Caught in between hazards Overhead Hazards, Objects Falling Cranes, Rigging Scaffolding, Shoring, Props Temporary Floors Access and Egress to Work Areas Concrete Placing Emergency Rescue Considerations Cranes and Hoisting Floor and Shaft Openings

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Risk is the likelihood of harm (in defined circumstances, and usually qualified by some statement of the severity of the harm). 

Risk levels are categorized in a numbered format. Each hazard is given a rating and this is multiplied by the probability that these hazards will occur, as shown in the following equation.

Risk level = Hazard severity x Likelihood of occurrence

Step OneGive each hazard a severity marking as indicated in the table

below:

Risk Level Effect of hazard5 Fatal injury4 Permanent disabling injury3 Disabling injury2 Injury causing time off work1 First aid only

 For example:

If slipping on the stairs (hazard), could result in death or disablement, then it must be given a rating of 4 or 5.

Step TwoThe next step is to consider how often each

hazard is likely to occur as indicated in the table below

 Risk Level Likelihood of occurrence

5 Certain4 Near certain3 Very likely2 Frequent1 Seldom

For example:If slipping on the stairs (hazard), was very likely to

happen, then it must be given a rating of 3.

Step ThreeMultiply the two scores together and you will get the risk level. For example: 5 (hazard) multiplied by 3 (occurrence) = 15This figure should be entered into the risk assessment form.

Step FourThe following bullet points are guidelines to help how quickly

you need to put the controls in place

Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 22-25 then action must be taken immediately to reduce that risk.

Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 16-22 then the manager must be informed for the action to be taken at the end of that working day.

Where hazard is given a risk ranking of between 1-15, then action needs to be taken at the earliest opportunity, as soon as it is reasonably practicable to do so, taking into account local circumstances.

Employers must ensure that risks are reduced to the lowest extent reasonably practicable.

The legal definition of 'reasonably practicable' is 'any measure which can be reasonably carried out having regard to technical knowledge and acceptable expense'.

The leading safety hazards on site are:- falls from height, - equipment crashes- excavation accidents- electrocution- struck by falling objects.

Some of the main health hazards on site are:- asbestos- solvents-  noise- manual handling activities- dengue

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Construction  Hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment

Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm

However, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create an emergency situation.

Construction Hazard:- Hazards to construction workers- Hazards to non-workers

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• Lack of trained workers and competent site supervisors

• Lack of occupational safety and health information, training materials, courses and programmes

• Lack of standard guidelines on construction industry requirements for the development of safety and health solutions in the industry;

• Poor enforcement

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Lack of communication between those in charge of construction processes and the workers executing them;

Misconception that occupational safety and health protection is an unnecessary expenditure that can be saved;

Lack of information and know-how’s on occupational safety and health latest technology;

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Senior managers of the construction industry do not understand the benefits of having occupational safety and health programs

Inadequate budget and unclear specification on safety and health requirements in construction projects

Lack of enforcement on mandatory safety requirements.

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Nick Higginson

Humane Legal Economic

Prevent suffering and maintain quality of life

No-one should be expected to risk life and limb in return for a contract of employment

Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994

Variety of other Acts and Regulations

Failures can lead to:• Enforcement notices• Prosecution• Civil actions for compensation

“We recognise the importance of costing loss events as part of total safety management. Good safety is good business”

Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

“Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment we can make, and the question is not what it costs us, but what it saves.”

Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

“Prevention is not only better, but cheaper than cure…Profits and safety are not in competition. On the contrary, safety at work is good business.”

Basil Butler, MD British Petroleum plc

“We saved £750,000 on insurance premiums through improving our systematic management of health and safety.”

Birse Group plc

Uninsured Costs

Insurance Costs

Employers Liability Public Liability Product Liability Motor Vehicle

Product and material damage Lost production time Legal costs Overtime & temporary labour Investigation time/Administration Supervisors time Fines Loss of expertise/experience Loss of morale Bad publicity

Contractor (15 workers) Scaffolding collapse 4 Workers fall from height 2 employees died, 2 injured -12 days in hospital Off work for 3 months Admin duties for 5 months Unable to work for 8 months Managing Director Prosecuted Stop work order for investigation

Wages for injured worker over period = 10000Lost production/remedial work required = 8000Overtime wages to cover lost production = 3000Wages for replacement worker = 7000Loss of time of manager/MD = 4000Legal expenses =3000Fines and court costs = 4000Increase in Insurance Premiums = 6000New scaffolding = 5000

Total cost to business = RM50,000

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Limitation of PPE

PPE does not eliminate a hazard source

If PPE fails and failure is not detected, the hazard increases greatly

Hearing protection Eye protection

Respiratory protection Protective clothing

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The main types of PPE

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Hazards related to hearing protection

Ear plugs do not reduce the sound transmitted through the bone around the ear

Wrongly-used and poorly-fitted ear muffs can loose much of their protection

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Hazards related to eye protection

Safety spectacles do not assist against dust

Safety goggles have the tendency to mist up inside and provide limited vision

Face shields restrict the vision, are heavy and expensive

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Hazards related to respiratory protection

Most equipment will not provide total protection

May restrict vision

Can be uncomfortable or cumbersome to wear

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Hazards related to protective clothing

PVC clothing can be uncomfortable to wear and cause stress and fatigue

Helmets and bump caps have limited useful life

Gloves can be entangled in machinery

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Safety harnesses: fall from height hazard

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Safety harnesses: typical occupations

Work at height

Confined space entry

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Safety harnesses Do not replace effective fall prevention practices

May induce impact effect in the case of a fall

Restrict comfort and freedom of movement

A social safety scheme through the insurance to cover the workers in the accidents factors.

Two type of scheme social security namely Skim Insurans Bencana Pekerjaan and Skim Pencen Ilat. 

Skim Insurans Bencana Pekerjaan give protection to workers from jobdisaster  including  disease and accident during trip to work

Skim Pencen Ilat on the other hand give protection 24 hours to staff on diability or death result any reason. 

both scheme ensure cash benefit payment to staff and liability person when incident happened to the employee.

National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) was established on 1st December 1992

Promote Occupational Safety and Health.

Role:- Ensure a safe and healthy working environment to all employees and others involved in or affected by its operations.

- Provide training program for the works. - Review all safety and health management systems and program to ensure continuous improvement.

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 provide for the appointments of enforcement officers, establishment of National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, formation of policy and arrangement of measures to protect safety, health and welfare of people at work and others who might be endangered by the activities of people at work.

With the approval of this Act, starting from April 1994 the Department of Factory and Machinery has been renamed as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and the Inspectors are called Occupational Safety and Health Officers. The powers to enforce, to inspect and the liabilities for breaking the law are defined.

Industrial sectors that are covered by it are as follows:Manufacturingmining and quarryingConstruction agriculture, forestry and fishing utilities - gas, electric, water and sanitary services transport, storage and communication  wholesale and retail traders  hotels and restaurants finance, insurance, real estate, business service public services and statutory authorities