1 architectural styles chapter permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.©...

1Architectural Styles

Chapter

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Objectives• Describe traditional architectural styles used in

the United States.• Explain how social and cultural ideas influence

architecture.• Explain the historical design influences on today’s

residential homes.• Identify types of multifamily housing.• Describe current trends in architecture.

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Introduction

• The study of architecture encompasses:– A sensitivity to design– Skill in drawing techniques– A knowledge of construction– Awareness of technological advancements– Good knowledge of architectural style

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American Architectural Styles

• Native American homes• American Colonial homes• Romantic styles• Victorian styles• Period home styles

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Native American Homes

• Wigwam• Tipi• Longhouse• Adobe• Earthen house

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Adobe

• Pueblo Indians in the Southwest built homes made of adobe brick, stone, earth, and timber

• Homes were flat-roofed, with multiple stories• Adobe dwellings later inspired Spanish Colonial,

Spanish Eclectic, southwestern, and eco-friendly housing styles

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American Colonial Homes

• Log home• Saltbox• Cape Cod• Tidewater• Spanish Colonial• Georgian• Federal/Adam

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Log Home

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Saltbox

• “Lean-to” structure added more living space• Low, slanting roof gave house a distinctive shape• Resembled the shape of a box used during

Colonial period for keeping salt and other sundries

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Cape Cod

• Gable roof • Central chimney located in line with the front door• Eaves line near top of windows that flank entrance• Same features incorporated into houses today

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Tidewater

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Spanish Colonial

• Thick walls made of adobe brick or rubble stone• Few windows• Multiple doors• Pitched or flat roof• Interior and exterior walls covered with mud or

lime plaster, whitewash, or cement stucco

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Georgian

• Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

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Georgian

• Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

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Federal/Adam

• Symbolizes period just after American Revolution• Inspired by classical Greek and Roman

architecture• Symmetrical, multistory• Low-pitched or flat roof• Entrance centered on front facade

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Romantic Styles

• Romanticism was a new social movement• Focused on nature, antiquity, emotion,

individuality, democracy, and art• Main architectural styles were Greek Revival,

Gothic Revival, and Italianate

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Greek Revival

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Gothic Revival

• Common features:– Steeply pitched, cross-gabled roof with decorative

gable trim– Gothic, or pointed, arch in window extending into

gable area– Finials at top of gables to accentuate roof

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Italianate

• Wood-frame or masonry• Square or rectangular, with two or three stories• Flat, low-pitched roof• Wide, overhanging eaves supported by decorative

brackets• Entryway had arched double doors, small porch

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Victorian Styles

• The Victorian period occurred during the Industrial Revolution, from 1860 to 1900

• Homes were very ornate• Common styles included Second Empire, Stick,

and Queen Anne

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Second Empire

• Most distinctive feature was the mansard roof

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Stick

• Used exterior wall surface as decorative element– Exposed horizontal, vertical, and diagonal boards

• Steeply pitched roof• Exposed roof trusses and rafter ends• Wood clapboards or shingles• Patterned masonry

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Queen Anne

• Asymmetrical forms• Steeply pitched roof• Projecting gables• Patterned shingles and masonry• Massive chimneys• Stucco• Half timbers• Wraparound porch

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Period Home Styles

• A period home represented the past, when the virtues of tradition were important

• Popular period styles include Colonial Revival, Spanish Eclectic, and Tudor Revival

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Colonial Revival

• Borrowed features from early Colonial period• Rectangular shape, with one-story wing• Rectangular, double-hung windows, grouped in

pairs• Centrally located door, decorated with pediment• Covered porch or portico

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Spanish Eclectic

• Mixture of decorative elements from multiple eras made the style “eclectic”

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Tudor Revival

• Wood-frame structure covered with stucco, brick, stone, or wood, often with half-timbering

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20th Century Styles

• Modernism strove to bring back quality of life through craftsmanship

• Styles included Craftsman, Prairie, Art Deco, Art Moderne, International, Ranch, Postmodern, and Neomodern

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Craftsman Period

• Lasted from 1860 to 1930 • Mail-order houses sold as affordable, mass-

produced, unassembled houses in do-it-yourself kits

• Two basic Craftsman styles were foursquare and bungalow

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Craftsman Foursquare

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Craftsman Bungalow

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Prairie

• Style blended in with Midwest prairie landscape• Rectangular, one or two story• Flat or low-hipped roof with wide overhanging

eaves• Horizontal lines, natural building materials created

harmony with surroundings

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Art Deco

• Smooth surfaces, geometric shapes, projections having strong vertical or horizontal lines

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Art Moderne

• Asymmetrical, smooth surfaces, curved corners, flat roof, few decorative features

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International

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Ranch

• Long, low, rectangular, one-story house style• Low-pitched, gabled roof, with wide overhanging

eaves• Traditionally built on slab, no basement

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Postmodern

• Postmodernism reintroduced decoration

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Neomodern

• Same basic principles as International style• Emphasizes form and function• Rejects the use of decoration and elements

borrowed from past architectural styles

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Architecture

• Green design– Many architects and designers incorporate green

design and sustainability into their work– Goal of green design is to create buildings that

conserve resources while being “environmentally friendly”

– Sustainability is the ability to last a long time without having a negative impact on the environment and future generations of people

Green

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Residential Architecture Today

• Contemporary and modern houses are current but do borrow features from traditional styles

• Needs and finances of family dictate type and style of housing

• Architect must meet client’s needs

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Multifamily Housing• Accommodates more than one family unit• Includes:

– Cooperatives– Condominiums– Townhouses– Apartments

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Cooperative

• A type of ownership• Residents are stockholders• Advantages: affordability, community control• Disadvantages: excessive record keeping, lengthy

decision-making process, conflicts between stockholders, bad decisions affect all stockholders

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Employability

• Keeping up with architectural trends– Architectural field changes constantly– Employers seek job candidates who keep up with

trends– Keep knowledge up-to-date by using a variety of

sources, from Internet searches to trade journals to professional society memberships

– Evaluate sources for reliability and reputation

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Condominium

• Owner buys a unit and share of common ground • Common property is maintained through

association fees paid by owners• Advantages: pride of ownership, ability to gain

equity• Disadvantages: privacy, association fees,

maintenance and repair fees

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Townhouse

• Connected to other houses by a common wall• Buyer purchases unit and the land it sits on• Owner’s responsibility to maintain unit, including

any yard

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Apartment

• Rentable living space• Apartments can be found in many types of building• Advantages: affordability, range of amenities,

styles, and price ranges, require little upkeep or maintenance

• Disadvantages: loss of control over living space

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Trends in Architecture

• Increased use of environmentally friendly building materials and construction techniques

• Sustainable housing