chapter 6 - goodheart-willcox

164 Part 3 From the Ground Up

PART3

6 The Evolution of Exteriors

7 Understanding House Plans

8 House Construction

9 The Systems Within

Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 165

From the Ground Up

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

166 Part 3 From the Ground Up Chapter 6 The Evolution of Exteriors 167

Terms to LearntraditionalfolkclassicEarly Englishhalf-timberedTidewater SouthNew EnglandCape CodsymmetricaldormerSaltboxGarrisonSpanishstuccoasymmetricalScandinavianlog cabingable roofGermanpent roofDutch Colonialgambrel roofFrench NormandyFrench PlantationFrench ManorMansard roofFrench ProvincialGeorgianhip roofFederalAdam styleEarly Classical RevivalGreek RevivalSouthern ColonialVictorianModern stylePrairie style

The Evolution of Exteriors

CHAPTER6

Arts and CraftsbungalowInternational styleranchContemporary styleearth-sheltered

Chapter ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you will be able to

• summarize the development of exterior architectural styles throughout history, including Traditional (both folk and classic), Modern, and Contemporary house styles.

• compare and contrast historical architectural and housing styles.

• summarize the value of historical preservation.

Reading with PurposeAs you read this chapter, write a letter to yourself. Imagine that you will receive this letter in a few years when you are working at your future job as an interior designer. What key chapter points will be important to remember from this chapter? In the letter, list these points.



TThe evolution of housing exteri-ors is usually grouped into a number of styles and time periods. The great-est influences on these styles include geographical location and the historical and economic events during the era in which they were built.

To better understand period housing styles, it is important to note that while each time period and style has specific characteristics some overlapping does exist. Because of this, dates for periods and styles are approximate. For exam-ple, in different regions of the country certain design styles could exist at the same time. In addition, not all designs in a certain style or specific era would be identical. The individual architects and builders brought their own personal creativity to their designs. The architec-tural history of housing was and still is an ongoing process.

Housing in North America began with the Native Americans. They devel-oped a wide variety of housing styles prior to the arrival of foreign explorers and settlers. The styles included hogans, pueblos, teepees, wigwams, pole-and-thatch structures, and others. When immigrant settlers arrived in North America, they brought with them the styles that existed in their homelands. Over time, these styles evolved into new types of housing that have become known as traditional styles.

Traditional HousesTraditional houses reflect the experi-

ences and traditions of past eras. These designs have adapted and changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabit-ants. Many house designs in use today were actually created in previous time eras of North American history. Each style has distinct characteristics and features that set it apart from the others.

The two categories of Traditional style design are folk and classic. Folk

style originates from the common expe-riences of a group of people, such as common values and concerns. Classic style refers to the use of formal archi-tectural elements that have been recog-nized over time for their enduring design excellence. Various renditions of folk and classic styles appear in many periods of architectural history.

Traditional Folk HousesThe styles of traditional folk houses

varied from region to region. In some cold areas such as the Midwest, houses had to withstand heavy snowfalls. In warm climates such as the Southeast, orientation to the cooling breeze was important. In windy locations such as the coastal Northeast, housing needed to withstand heavy gusts.

Besides the effects of climate and geographical location, the style of tradi-tional folk housing was based on the ethnic experiences and lifestyles of the inhabitants. These housing styles were also shaped by the natural resources available to construct them. Styles described as Native American, Early English, Spanish, Scandinavian, German, Dutch, and French are types of tradi-tional folk houses.

Native AmericanThe many different styles of Native-

American housing have influenced today’s housing. Early settlers sometimes copied the eight-sided mud and log hogans of the Navajo or the wood frame structures of the Seminole. See Chapter 2 to review the widely varied styles of Native-American housing.

The Pueblo in New Mexico still live in apartment-type adobe dwellings, 6-1. The basic design of these adobe dwell-ings repeats in housing throughout the country, especially the Southwest. Char-acteristics of Pueblo housing include boxlike construction, flat roofs, and projecting roof beams.

Note

An assortment of housing photos or drawings will be very helpful for teaching this chapter. Have an assistant locate and print examples from the Internet or clip them from old magazines or books.

Enrich

Investigate the process of constructing a home of adobe. Make a presentation to the class, using visuals to clarify the process.

Vocabulary

Pick one term from the vocabulary list, write it on the board, and link it to one of the chapter objectives. (Note: Successive students should repeat the process until the only terms left pose difficulty to all students.)

Activity

Quickly sketch a drawing of your favorite style of housing or find a photo in a magazine. As you go through this chapter, compare it to the drawings and photos in the lesson. Identify exterior features of the design you prefer.

Activity

Use Internet or print resources to investigate the building process for half-timbered houses. Give an oral report about your findings to the class.

Discuss

What type of land in the southern states is associated with the housing style known as Tidewater South?


Early EnglishAn architectural style built by

English settlers in North America begin-ning in the early 1600s is Early English. Several distinct housing types evolved from this traditional folk architecture. These types include Tidewater South and the New England styles known as Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison.

The first successful English settle-ment in North America was established in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Archae-ologists think these early English settlers used the mud-and-stud method of building. Early records trace this technique back to Lincolnshire County along the east coast of England. In this building technique, the frame of the house was constructed from upright forked logs with cross beams. The walls were filled with mud and clay and the roof was thatched with leaves, tree bark, or bundles of reeds and straw. This technique was later refined and referred to as half-timbered construc-tion. In half-timbered houses, the wood frame of the house actually formed part of the outside wall, 6-2. Brick or plaster was used to fill the spaces between the beams.

Tidewater South. Settlements contin-ued to grow in the low-lying coastal lands called Tidewater areas. An archi-tectural style built by early English settlers in the southern coastal regions of what is now the United States is Tidewater South, 6-3. The construction style of these homes was simple: a one-room wooden building with a wood or stone chimney at one end. As families grew, house additions were built. The first addition was another room, often built as large as the first. It was added next to the wall with the chimney. Many rural farmhouses throughout the South had similar plans. Covered porches were also added to these simple plans to increase the amount of living area and to provide shelter from the hot sun.

New England. Plymouth, Massa-chusetts was the second successful English settlement in 1620. By 1640, a number of small English settlements were established along the eastern area of North America. This region of North America is known as New England and now includes the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

Early seventeenth century English settlers in northern New England commonly built two-story houses. They were constructed of heavy timber frames. In timber framing—or post-and-beam construction—large pieces of wood are joined together with wood-working joints (mortise-and-tenon joints), or with wooden pegs, braces, or trusses.

6-1The Pueblo live in these adobe dwellings.

6-2This thatch-roof house in the re-created 1610–1614 colonial fort at Jamestown Settlement History Museum in Williamsburg, VA, is an example of half-timbered construction.

Photo Courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation



Metal nails were used sparingly because of their expense.

Timber frame construction was the construction method for all frame houses in seventeenth and eighteenth century America because of the abun-dance of wood. The house exteriors were covered with shingles, unpainted clapboards, or other wooden siding. A clapboard is a board that has one edge thicker than the other and is typically used for exterior horizontal siding. When applied, the board above laps over the thinner edge of the one below.

This application is also know as bevel siding or lap siding.

The Cape Cod style grew out of vari-ations on the one-story house design. As a family grew, rooms were added to the basic plan.• Cape Cod. The Cape Cod is a small,

symmetrical, one or one-and-one-half story house with a steep gable roof and side gables. A design is symmetricalwhen objects on both sides of a center point are identical, 6-4A. The Cape Cod style has a central entrance and a central chimney with several fire-places. The eave (lower edge) line of the roof overhangs the exterior wall just above the first floor windows. The windows are multi-paned and usually have shutters. Originally, the siding was made of shingles or unpainted clapboards.

The loft area of the Cape Cod is usually expanded and made into finished bedrooms. Openings are then cut in the roof for dormers. Dormersare structures with windows that project through a sloping roof in the second story. They add light, space, and ventilation to the second story.

6-3The Tidewater South architectural style was commonly built by English settlers along the southern coastal regions of the United States.

Reusing Old BuildingsOld buildings often outlive their original purposes. A way of reusing an old building

is called “adaptive reuse.” This process adapts old buildings for new uses. An example of adaptive reuse is converting an old post office to a retail center with many shops.

When the building has historic features, the adaptive reuse retains these features through historic preservation techniques. Adaptive reuse has the following advantages:

• Environmental sustainability. Historic preservation is really “recycling” on a grand scale and is an effective tool for protecting environmental resources.

• Economic sustainability. Reusing old buildings supports the economy of the local community.

• Social sustainability. Historic preservation protects and celebrates the social and cultural resources that will enrich communities and their citizen’s lives for generations to come.

Information Courtesy of the National Trust for Historic Preservation www.PreservationNation.org

GREEN CHOICES

Discuss

Where were some of the earliest two-story homes built?

Activity

Use Internet and print resources to learn more about adaptive reuse.


• Saltbox. Another type home built by the English settlers in the New England area was the Saltbox house. The Saltbox is a variation of the Cape Cod, 6-4B. The earliest saltbox houses were created when a lean-to addition was built on the rear of the house. The Saltbox house takes its name from the shape of the wooden box in which salt was kept at that time.

In saltbox construction, the house has two or two-and-one-half stories in the front but just one story in the back. It is characterized by a long, steep-pitched gable roof that slopes down from the front to the back. Other typical features are large windows with small panes of glass, and a large central chimney.

A—Cape Cod B—Saltbox

C—Garrison

6-4(A) The Cape Cod is a one-and-a-half-story house with a gable roof and central entrance. (B) A saltbox house has narrow wood siding and windows without shutters. (C) This Garrison style house, which was originally owned by Paul Revere, features an overhanging second story.

(C) Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism

Discuss

What are some reasons for having dormers in the roof or upper floors of houses?

Discuss

Among the home styles characteristic of New England, which is known for a large, centralized fireplace and chimney?



• Garrison. A later design built by the English settlers in New England was the Garrison house, which is named after early garrisons, or forts. Like the old forts, Garrisons have an overhanging second story, 6-4C. The overhang allows extra space on the second floor without widen-ing the foundation. It also has a supporting effect, which prevents the second-story floor from sagging in the middle. This supporting effect is created when beams extending out from the first floor support the second floor. The farther the beams extend out, the greater is the support in the center.

The overhang is always on the front of the house and sometimes extends to the sides and rear. Carved drops or pendants below the over-hang provide ornamentation. Other characteristics of the Garrison house are symmetrical design, a steep gable roof, and windows that have small panes of glass. Originally, the siding was made of wood shingles or unpainted clapboards.

SpanishThe first Europeans to establish

colonies in North America were Span-iards. These colonies were mostly in Florida and the Southwest beginning in the 1500s. Florida’s Spanish-colonial city of St. Augustine was begun in 1565, making it the oldest continuing perma-nent European settlement. Between 1565 and 1821, Florida was mostly under Spanish control.

A large portion of what is now the southwestern United States was under Spanish, then Mexican, control from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Spanish Texas gained its inde-pendence from Mexico in 1836.

The Spanish style developed in these areas where the climate was warm and dry. Early Spanish style was char-acterized by one-story structures with flat or low-pitched red tile roofs. The houses were masonry construction of adobe brick or stone covered in stucco. Stucco is a type of plaster applied to the exterior walls of a house. The interior was usually simple with earthen floors, beamed ceilings, and whitewashed plas-ter walls.

The overall design of Spanish-style housing is asymmetrical. This means that one side of the center point is different from the other. During the seventeenth century, Spanish settlers in California and parts of the southwest built more elaborate styles. A Spanish-style house is pictured in 6-5. Specific features include courtyards, enclosed patios, wrought iron exterior decor, and arched windows and doors. This style of housing is still widely used today in the Southwest.

ScandinavianImmigrants from Sweden, Finland,

Norway, and Denmark were known as Scandinavians. Of this group of immi-grants, the Swedish settlers are credited with introducing the log cabin to North

6-5

This house includes many of the traits of the traditional Spanish style house.

Vocabulary

What is a synonym for garrison? Identify the key feature of a Garrison style house.

Vocabulary

Sketch a drawing that shows the meaning of the term asymmetrical.

Reflect

Think of early American heroes, such as George Washington and Abe Lincoln. What styles of housing did they live in?

Activity

Write a paragraph describing the characteristics that make the photo in Figure 6-5 a traditional Spanish style house.


America in the early 1700s. The log cabin originally was a one-room, rect-angular house about 10 feet wide and 12 to 20 feet long.

Typical log cabins were built on a stone or rock foundation to keep the logs above the ground. The logs were squared off and notches were cut on the top and bottom of each end. The logs were then stacked with the notched ends fitted together in the corners. Chinking—a fill-ing of sticks and wood chips—was used to fill the gaps between the logs and was then covered with a layer of mud to fill the remaining spaces. A door opening and at least one window were then cut into the house. The fireplace was built of stone, and the floor was dirt or gravel that had been raked smooth.

The log cabin had a gable roof. A gable roof comes to a high point in the center and slopes on both sides, 6-6. A gable is a triangle formed by a sloping roof.

Log cabins were a popular style for the North American midlands and fron-tier, where timber was a readily avail-able resource as a building material. They are still popular today in many areas as either a primary residence or as a second home used for vacations. Many companies specializing in manu-factured log cabins offer a wide range of floor plans and price ranges. They meet the need that many home owners have for a rustic style that depicts a simpler lifestyle.

GermanThe majority of early German settlers,

who traveled from the region called Germany today, arrived in North America in the late seventeenth century. They primarily settled in what is now southeastern Pennsylvania. They built large, durable homes of wood and field-stone for warmth. The entry led to the kitchen on the first floor. The fireplace was in the center of the first floor with

a family room for entertaining located on the opposite side of the fireplace. If the home was large enough, there would be a number of small bedrooms behind the family room. The houses were constructed with gable roofs. Some also had small roof ledges between the first and second floors called pent roofs, 6-7.

DutchDutch settlers founded settlements

in North America as early as 1614 in what is now known as Albany, New York. A later settlement began in 1626 in New Amsterdam, which became New York City. The first Dutch houses were

6-6The original log cabins looked very similar to this one.

6-7Germans who settled in Pennsylvania built houses similar to this. Many had a pent roof—a small ledge between the first and second floor.

Photography Courtesy of Bradley S. DeForest of the Skippack Historical Society



one-story structures of brick in urban areas, or stone in rural areas. One of the most important characteristics was the front door, which was divided in half horizontally. This style became known as the Dutch door. However, it was the later Dutch design that left the most long-lasting mark on architecture.

The later style is known today as Dutch Colonial. Dutch Colonial is a hous-ing style with a gambrel roof. A gambrel roof is a roof with a lower steeper slope and an upper less-steep slope on both of its sides. Sometimes the lower portion extends over an open porch, which is known as the Dutch kick. Houses of this style were often built of fieldstone or brick, and in some cases wood. Other character-istics of the Dutch Colonial are dormers, a central entrance, an off-center chimney, and windows with small panes, 6-8.

Dutch Colonial homes were most commonly built in northern states such as New York and Delaware. The Dutch did not bring this style from their homeland, but created it after settling in North America.

FrenchDuring the colonial period, French

settlements formed in the 1700s along the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River. Early French homes were built in the French Normandy style, which was brought to North America by the Huguenots. These homes were one-story structures with many narrow door and window openings. The roofs were steeply pitched and either hipped or side-gabled. The walls were stucco,

which was usually applied over a half-timbered frame. Porches were added in settlements located in warmer regions. Also, houses in the South were constructed on posts one story above ground. This provided better air circulation in the humid environment and protected the house from floods. The Southern adap-tation of this design is known as the French Plantation house.

A distinctive style evolved in New Orleans known as the Louisiana French style. The most outstanding characteris-tics of this style include balconies with elaborate ironwork railings and white stucco walls. The structures were built on raised brick or stone basements to protect them from flooding.

Even after Louisiana became the eighteenth state in the Union in 1812, the French influence continued to impact American architecture in many ways. One example, the French Manor, is a symmetrically styled home with wings on each side and a Mansard roof on the main part of the house, 6-9. A Mansard roof is a variation of the gambrel roof. Its designer was a French architect named Francois Mansard. When used on detached single-family dwellings, the roof continues all around the house. Dormers often project from the steeply pitched part of the roof. When used on commercial buildings, the Mansard roof may be used only on one or two sides.

French influence is also seen in the house style called French Provincial. This style originated in New Orleans and became popular all over the country. It has a delicate, dignified appearance and is usually symmetrical. The windows are a dominant part of the design. The tops of the windows break into the eave line. A French-Provincial house can be as tall as two-and-a-half stories.

6-8This home has features that are typically original to Dutch Colonial homes such as a gambrel roof that flares at the bottom.

Activity

Research the construction methods used for early log cabins and compare them to construction methods for log homes today? What are the similarities and differences? Share your findings with the class. If possible, show images of the early and present day log homes.

Discuss

What group of immigrants frequently used stone to build their homes?

Discuss

Describe the unique feature of the French Normandy style of housing commonly built in humid southern areas.


Classic Traditional HousesAs the early settlements flourished

and colonies and states were formed, prosperity brought change and improve-ment to housing. The quality of building materials improved and the growth of trade brought new information to the settlers. Architects and house plans from Europe became available. Growing pros-perity fostered interest in refined taste (cultivated and genteel) and classic style. Classic traditional homes include the following time periods and styles: Geor-gian, Federal, Greek Revival, Southern Colonial, and Victorian.

GeorgianThe Georgian style (1690 to 1800) was

adapted from English architecture. It is called Georgian because it was popular during the era when Kings George I, II, and III ruled England.

Georgian houses have simple exterior lines, dignified appearances, and symme-try. The centrally located front doors have windows with small panes of glass, and either gable or hip roofs—roofs with sloping ends and sides. A flat area with a balustrade, or railing sometimes tops hip roofs. This area is called a captain’s or widow’s walk. Georgian houses usually have a tall chimney at each end of the roof, and most have some ornamenta-tion under the eaves. A distinctive type of eave ornamentation, known as dentil molding, is still popular today. As a trim board with square, toothlike blocks, this ornamentation is sometimes mislabeled as “dental” molding, 6-10.

As the Georgian style developed, it became more elaborate. Additional ornamentation was given to doors and windows. The front door was often highlighted with a decorative crown over the top and flattened columns, or pilasters, on each side. The style also changed according to the region in which it was built.

Wood was used in New England, and stone in the Mid-Atlantic region. In the South, brick was used and a wing was added to each side of the main house.

FederalFollowing the American Revolution

(1775 to 1783), interest grew in devel-oping distinctly American styles and symbols. National pride was strong and Americans adopted a new style of architecture that reflected confidence in their newly won independence. The style was named in honor of the Federal form of government in the United States. Federal-style architecture became popu-lar between 1780 and 1840. A house built in the Federal style has a boxlike shape, is symmetrical, and at least two stories

6-9French Manor houses are noted for their stately appearance and Mansard roofs.

6-10Georgian houses have simple, dignified lines with ornamentation—or dentil molding—often found under the eaves.



high. Sometimes a small portico was added to the main entrance. A portico is an open space covered with a roof that is supported by columns. Federal-style houses also had pediments, which are architectural rooflike decorations that are usually found over a portico, window, or door. The pediments can be

segmental or triangular, 6-11. During the Federal period, two important archi-tectural styles emerged, Adam style and Early Classical Revival.

Adam Style. The Adam style of archi-tecture was named after the design work of two Scottish brothers, Robert and James Adam. These talented team-

SymmetryObjects are often described as being symmetrical or asymmetrical. An object is

symmetrical if a line drawn through it divides it into two matching halves. The dividing line is called the line of symmetry.

An object may have one or more lines of symmetry. For example, a rectangle has two lines of symmetry. A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry since any line drawn through the center creates a line of symmetry.

An object is asymmetrical if it has 0 lines of symmetry; no two halves match. Your hand is asymmetrical; you cannot draw a line that will result in two matching halves.

Symmetry creates balance. Architects and interior designers often incorporate symmetry in their work. For example, the exterior of a Georgian home exhibits symmetry. You can also achieve symmetry by placing matching chairs on both sides of an entryway.

MATH MATTERS

Equilateral Triangle with 3 lines of symmetry Square with 4 lines of symmetry

Rectangle with 2 lines of symmetry

Activity

Create a checklist of characteristics of a Georgian house. Study the photo in Figure 6-10 and check all the characteristics that you see.

Discuss

Examine Figures 6-10 and 6-12 to determine which has the most costly exterior to build, Georgian or Federal style homes. Explain.

Example

The picture of the White House on a $20 bill illustrates the Greek Revival style of housing.

Discuss

Which styles are predominating in your neighborhood—Traditional Folk or Traditional Classic housing designs?

Discuss

Name the Classic Traditional housing styles.


mates were architects, interior design-ers, and furniture designers. Their work was based on plans for Italian houses and palaces. The Adam style continued the symmetry of the Georgian style. The types of graceful details that were added to the Georgian style architec-ture included swags, garland, urns, and other refined motifs. The main iden-tifying feature of the Adam style is a fanlight over the front entrance, 6-12. Other characteristics include Palladian windows (windows with a large center section and two side sections, usually arched), circular or elliptical windows, recessed arches, and oval-shaped rooms. The most famous oval-shaped room in this style is the Oval Office of the President of the United States in Washington, D.C.

Early Classical Revival. During the Federal period, architecture evolved using the classical details of Greek and Italian design, which became known as Early Classical Revival. One of the best examples of this architectural style is Monticello (meaning “little mountain” in Italian), the home Thomas Jefferson designed and built for himself, 6-13. He began construction in 1769. Because of the influence of Roman architecture, the architectural style of his home is classi-fied as Roman Neoclassicism. (Neoclassi-cism refers to an adaptation or revival of classical details.) Monticello has a large portico on its west front with columns

and a triangular pediment gable. Jeffer-son added the dome in 1800 after being influenced by the French architecture he saw while traveling in France. Jefferson was the founder of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia and designed the original campus.

In addition to these major contribu-tions, Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States. He was also an inventor and renowned political leader.

Greek RevivalGreek Revival (1825 to 1860) is another

style of classic traditional design. It developed during a period that embraced, and carefully duplicated, the formal

Segmental Triangular

6-11Pediments are used over doors and windows to add interest to a design.

6-12The gabled pediment over the door is an example of the Federal influence.

6-13Monticello—the home built by Thomas Jefferson—is found in Charlottesville, Virginia. It is an example of Early Classic Revival architecture.

Photography by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation/Monticello



elements found in ancient Greek architecture.

One characteristic of a house in the Greek Revival style is the two-story entry porch across the entire front of the structure. This structure is supported by Greek columns. Another key charac-teristic is a large triangular gable with a pediment, 6-14. These houses are also symmetrical with bold moldings and heavy cornices (molded and projecting horizontal members that crown archi-tectural elements such as columns). Houses of this style are large and impressive. Some government build-ings are designed in the Greek Revival style.

Southern ColonialAn offshoot of the Greek Revival

style developed in the 1800s is the Southern Colonial. The Southern Colonial is a large, two- or three-story brick or frame house of symmetrical design, 6-15. Two-story columns extend across the entire front, covered by an extension of the roof. The roof style is hip or gable. Dormers, shutters, and a belvedere are often included. A belvedere is a small room on the roof of a house used as a lookout.

VictorianFollowing the Civil War, growing

industrialization greatly influenced architecture of the Victorian period—a time during the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1837 to 1901). House styles of the Victorian period, Figure 6-16, include the following:• Italianate

• Gothic Revival (wood and masonry)

• American Second Empire (Mansard style)

• Stick style (also called Carpenter Gothic)

• Richardsonian Romanesque

• Eastlake Victorian

• Queen Anne

The main feature of all Victorian housing styles is the abundance of decorative trim. Other characteristics include high porches, roofs with steep gables, tall windows, high ceilings, dark stairways, long halls, and turrets, which are small towers. Not every Victorian house had every feature, but a strong combination of these elements came to be associated with the haunted-house stereotype in horror movies.

As the style developed, owners tried to outdo one another in the amount of decorative trim on their houses. Machine-made trim became a sign of prosperity and high style. Quantity

6-14A Greek Revival house is characterized by a two-story portico supported by Greek columns with a large triangular pediment.

6-15The design of this Southern Colonial evolved from the Greek Revival style.

Oak Alley Plantation, Louisiana Office of Tourism


A—Italianate B—Gothic Revival

C—Romanesque

D—Queen Anne

E—Gingerbread6-16These homes show some of the varied features of Victorian homes, including a turret (small tower) with much decorative trim.



became more important than quality. Scrolls and other decorative trim made from wood appeared under eaves and around windows and doors. This came to be known as gingerbread.

Modern HousesThe housing designs developed in

the United States from the early 1900s into the 1980s are classified as the Modern style. Compared to the other housing styles discussed so far, these are quite new. Modern styles include the Prairie style, Arts and Crafts, Bungalow, Inter-national style, and the ranch and split-level. All are very popular and their use will likely continue in the future.

Prairie StyleFrank Lloyd Wright, who is one of

the most noted architects of modern times, designed the Prairie style house. Wright is considered the greatest figure in modern American architecture. He designed a series of Prairie style houses between 1893 and 1920 that were very different from the traditional architec-ture built before this period, 6-17.

Prairie style houses have strong horizontal lines, low-pitched roofs, and overhanging eaves. Wright believed that a house should strongly relate to its environment, or setting. He liked to create the illusion that the house had actually evolved from the site. Prairie style homes were constructed of wood,

stone, plaster, and materials found in nature. Earth-tone colors were used to emphasize the link between the man-built structure and its natural setting.

Previous architectural styles used walls to divide interior space into boxlike rooms. Wright reduced the number of walls to allow one room to flow into another, creating an open floor plan. In addition, this style allowed interior space to visually flow outdoors through porches, terraces, and windows. His flexible use of space greatly influenced the design work of European architects.

Arts and CraftsArts and Crafts style, or Craftsman,

houses were built between 1905 and 1930. This popular style had its roots in the Arts and Crafts Movement of the 1880s. It celebrated use of natural mate-rials worked by hand. Simple, nature-inspired colors and patterns were often used for interior fabrics and wall cover-ings. As a response to the over-abundance of machine-made gingerbread and other architectural excesses of the Victorian era, English designers such as John Ruskin and William Morris and many others began this movement. In the United States, two brothers from Califor-nia—Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene—designed houses during the Arts and Crafts Movement. They were widely praised for creating the “ultimate” bungalow—a larger, sprawling version of the earlier bungalow.

6-17The many porches, terraces, and windows of this house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright are characteristic of the Prairie style.

Larry G. Morris

Discuss

Note the gingerbread trim in Figure 6-16E. What do you think this type of trim does to the cost of a home? Explain.

Discuss

When were Modern style house designs created?

Discuss

What are some influences Frank Lloyd Wright left on American architecture?

Enrich

Research Prairie style architecture and the remaining homes that most exemplify it. Where are they located? Find out what influences shaped Wright’s development of the style.


The name “Craftsman” came from the title of a popular magazine published between 1901 and 1916 by Gustav Stickley—the famous furniture designer. At that time, a true Craftsman-style house was built strictly according to plans published by Stickley. Gradually, other magazines, mail-order houses, and builders began to publish plans with their own Craftsman-like details, modifying and often diluting the true Craftsman style.

Characteristics of a Craftsman-style house include a low-pitched roof, wide eaves with triangular brackets, exposed roof rafters, and wood, stone, or stucco siding. Craftsman houses feature stone porch supports with thick, square or round columns and exterior chimneys made of stone. The floor plans are open, with few hallways. These structures use beamed ceilings and many windows. Some windows feature stained glass or leaded-glass designs.

BungalowBuilt between 1905 and 1930, the

bungalow style house expressed the simple and economical ideals of the Arts and Crafts Movement. A bungalow is one and a half stories with a low-pitched

roof, horizontal shape, and a covered front porch. Sometimes the porch is enclosed. The bungalow is usually made of wood or brick. The shingled roof extends beyond the walls. Windows are set high to allow the placement of furni-ture beneath them. Most of the living spaces are on the ground floor. The floor plan features a living room at the center and connecting rooms without hallways. The design of the floor plan is very efficient with such features as built-in cabinets, shelves, and seats. The California Bungalow is similar in design, but larger, 6-18.

International StyleThe most dramatic architectural

style of the Modern movement is the International style. It is a style of archi-tecture and furniture design that began in the 1900s, influenced strongly by Bauhaus. Bauhaus was the German state school of design that merged art and technology. It focused on emphasizing the simplicity of design and eliminating unnecessary elements.

International style is a blend of ideas from four leading architects of the early twentieth century:

6-18Bungalows typically have low-pitched roofs and covered porches as is characteristically found in this California bungalow.

Discuss

What are the similarities and differences between the characteristics of Arts and Crafts style homes and bungalow style homes?

Activity

Read an article about American bungalows in a magazine such as American Bungalow to further your understanding about the characteristic features of this style.

Reflect

How common is the bungalow style of architecture in your neighborhood? the International style?

Discuss

Why do you think many modern builders are using vintage style house plans, especially Craftsman and bungalow styles, to build new houses?



• Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect

• Walter Gropius, a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School

• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another famous German architect and direc-tor of the Bauhaus School

• Le Corbusier, a famous French architect

Geometric shapes and large expanses of glass windows were the foremost features of U.S. houses built in the Inter-national style. Emerging technology fostered the use of new building mate-rials and opened new ways of thinking about space, form, and beauty. With this form of construction, flat rooftops were possible and rooftop gardens became commonplace. Many of these houses were constructed of reinforced white concrete. The exteriors of the houses had little or no ornamentation, 6-19.

Asian Origins of American Bungalows

Home designers often blend elements of different cultures in their work. The history of the bungalow illustrates how a home, considered by many as the essence of American design, reflects influences from other parts of the world. Bungalow-style homes line the streets of American cities from Los Angeles to Chicago. Although there are regional variations in style, a bungalow is generally a one- or one-and-a-half-story home with a low-pitched roof.

The bungalow originated in a tropical region that is now eastern India and Bangladesh. These early bungalows were thatched-roof huts suited to the climate. They were designed to minimize heat buildup and take advantage of cooling breezes. By the early 1800s, the British controlled India. When British soldiers and merchants settled in the area, they lived in single-family homes that incorporated elements of the Indian huts. The huts, called “bangla” or “banggolo,” spread across India and then to the U.S. and Europe.

In the early 1900s, California architects Charles and Henry Greene popularized the bungalow. The Greene brothers, leaders in the Arts and Crafts movement, added Japanese features to their bungalows. For example, interior and exterior spaces were designed to flow into one another. This created an open and airy feel. One of the Greene brothers’ masterpieces, the David B. Gamble House, completed in 1909 in Pasadena, California, reflects such Japanese influences.

LINK TO SOCIAL STUDIES & CULTURE

6-19This home is an example of the International style of architecture.

American Plywood Association

Enrich

Research the artistic contributions of Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, or Le Corbusier to International style housing. Provide pictures that show examples of the architect’s work and display his unique contributions.


RanchA ranch house is a one-story struc-

ture that may have a basement. It has a low-pitched roof with a wide overhang. Large windows and sliding glass doors that open onto a patio are common, 6-21. The use of building materials and energy-saving features vary according to each region. For instance, light-colored siding and paint are used to reflect the heat in warm climates. Brick is another common exterior siding choice.

The ranch style began in the West. The informal lifestyle, large plots of land, and generally warm climate made the ranch style ideal for the region. Ranch style homes have since become popular throughout the country.

Ranch houses vary considerably in size. Small ranch houses may be rela-tively inexpensive to build, while larger sizes can be expensive. This is due to the large foundations and costly roof areas. Larger ranch style houses are less energy efficient than more compact house plans. One-story ranch houses are easy to maneuver through and maintain. Modified ranch structures are regaining popularity as older adults seek homes with all rooms on one level in an effort to eliminate climbing stairs. One-story ranch houses are also a good choice for incorporating universal design.

There are many variations of the ranch style. One is the hillside ranch. As its name implies, the house is built on a hill. It has a basement that is partly exposed, allowing use of natural light and the possibility of an exterior entry. This style of basement is also known as a “walkout” basement. Depending on the layout of the lot, the exposed part of the basement may be anything from a living area to a garage.

Another variation is the raised ranch, or split-entry, 6-21. It is like a ranch, except the upper half of the basement is aboveground. This allows light to enter the basement through windows. The

6-20Ranch-style houses began in the West on farms and ranches where space was plentiful. Now they are found in many communities.

A BGround level

Basement

1st Floor

Ground level

Basement

1st Floor

6-21(A) Part of the basement of a hillside ranch is aboveground level. (B) Since the top part of the basement of a raised ranch is aboveground, the basement can be used as a living space.

Vocabulary

Define a ranch house and the characteristics of two variations—the hillside ranch and the raised ranch.



basement living area can be very pleas-ant if it is well insulated and waterproof. A disadvantage is that stairs must be climbed to get anywhere in the house. This can be a problem for small chil-dren, people with disabilities, and older people.

Split-LevelA split-level house has either three

or four levels. The levels can be arranged in many ways, 6-22. The split-level was developed for sloping lots, although it is occasionally built on flat lots.

One advantage of a split-level house is that traffic into the social, quiet, and service areas can be separated easily. Also, there are few stairs to climb to get from one level to another. However, getting from one level to another always requires climbing stairs. Again, the stairs may present a problem for indi-viduals who are less physically agile.

Contemporary Houses

Contemporary styles are the current or latest house designs being constructed today. Many of the styles reflect design features from the traditional styles, both folk and classic. In some cases, current contemporary designs actually combine design features from several traditional architectural styles. However, there are some commonly recognized char-acteristics of contemporary houses. These include a wide variation in ceil-ing heights, very tall windows with large glass panes, open floor plans, and unusual use of shapes and spaces. The exterior architecture often reflects these elements through such features as rooflines and tall windows.

Some contemporary housing designs may seem surprising or even controver-sial when compared to the traditional styles of the past. Other contemporary houses may combine both traditional and modern elements in their plans, 6-23. The successful blending of unrelated styles

Bedroomlevel

Living level

Basementlevel

Intermediatelevel

Bedroomlevel

Living level

Basementlevel

Intermediatelevel

Bedroomlevel

Living level

Basementlevel

Intermediatelevel

A B

6-22(A) Split-level houses are designed to adapt to sloped sites. (B) Changing the arrangement of levels in a split-level house also changes its outside appearance.

Discuss

What type of lot is ideal for a split-level house?

Discuss

Why are raised ranches and split-levels difficult for many people to use?

Activity

Use a digital camera to photograph as many roof styles you can find in your community. Print the photos and label them according to the styles shown in Figure 6-24. Which styles seem most popular? Predict why.


and features requires careful planning to coordinate and harmonize their impact. Because of this, it is not as easy to classify and describe Contemporary-style houses as it is the purely traditional or purely modern styles. Contemporary designs may also vary widely from one to another in shape, material usage, and details. Many convey a custom or distinctive one-of-a-kind design. The exterior may be brick, siding, stucco, stone, concrete, or a combination of these materials.

Roof styles used in contemporary houses can also vary widely. While most of these styles are used in traditional houses, they can also be used in unique ways for contemporary housing, 6-24.

Although contemporary houses do not easily fit into categories, there are two distinct types that do. They are solar houses and earth-sheltered houses.

Solar HousesSolar energy is energy derived from

the sun. Today, many house designs utilize solar energy. They can use either active solar heating systems or passive solar heating systems, 6-25A.

Houses with active solar heating systems use special equipment, such as panels installed in the roof of the build-

ing, to capture the sun’s energy. Then fans and pumps move heated air or liquid from the panels to a storage area or wherever heat is needed.

Passive solar heating systems have no working parts. Instead, they include any design feature or construction material that makes maximum use of the sun for heating. A passive solar house might include large areas of windows on the home’s southern side. Reinforced, concrete-pipe columns or dark-colored walls may absorb heat from the sun and gradually transfer it inside.

High-pitched gable

Mansard Flat Shed Dormer

Low-pitched gable Gambrel Hip

6-24Roof styles have a great effect on the exterior design of buildings.

6-23This contemporary house utilizes the classic features of a gambrel roof.

Photo Courtesy of JELD-WEN Windows

Discuss

What building in your community shows the best example of passive solar heating? Identify and describe it.



Earth-Sheltered HousesAnother type of contemporary hous-

ing is earth-sheltered housing. Earth-sheltered houses are partially covered with soil. They are energy-efficient since the soil is a natural insulation and helps protect the house from weather elements and climate extremes, 6-25B. Some earth-sheltered houses are designed to be partly underground. Other dwellings are built into a hill or have soil compacted against the sides of the building.

A number of earth-sheltered houses are powered in part by solar energy. They may utilize active or passive solar heating systems or both.

Postmodern Houses

Postmodernism is a view about the architectural style of housing that began in the 1970s and continues today. This view often deviates from strict rules of architecture by using building tech-niques, angles, and styles differently. Postmodern design includes a sense of rebellion to the “less is more” simplicity of modern architecture. In addition, it includes a sense that anything in design is acceptable.

Some features of postmodernism include residential designs filled with absurd humor or wit. Some architec-tural critics say that if the “wit” feature is absent from postmodern design, it may just be modern or some other design style. Unexpected and playful elements are essential in the postmod-ern design, 6-26.

Postmodern homes are all unique. The diversity of design also includes some blending of previous styles including traditional, contemporary, and newly invented forms. Details may be exaggerated. Postmodern houses can be bizarre or shocking.

Architects leading this era of post-modern design include Robert Venturi, Cesar Pelli, and Frank Gehry. Venturi states that although previous architec-tural styles are easily identified by consis-tent characteristics, postmodernism is characterized by its diversity in features.

Historic Preservation

One trend in housing design is actu-ally a step back in time. Nationally, there is a growing concern for restoring and preserving older buildings and houses.

A B

6-25(A) This house has both active and passive solar heating systems. (B) This earth-sheltered house is partially covered with soil. The soil helps insulate it from the desert heat.

(B) Concept 2000, Hermann J. Fraunhoffer

Discuss

What is the purpose of building a home partially in the earth?

Enrich

Investigate the requirements for building earth-sheltered homes. What building materials and processes must be used for construction to prevent deterioration of the structure? Is there a limit to how much earth can be used as insulation or a covering? How much lower are the heating and air-conditioning costs of earth-sheltered homes?


Increasingly, various agencies, local governments, and private organizations are identifying properties that represent architectural value and importance. One such group is the National Trust for Historical Preservation. This group iden-tifies such structures and grants them landmark status. Once they become landmarks, these buildings cannot undergo destruction or significant alter-ation. A person who helps restore these buildings is an historical preservationist.

Restoration work follows careful guidelines to insure that materials, colors, and designs are true to the original era of a building’s construction. In this way, society preserves the best of its past for future generations to experience, 6-27.

6-26This example of postmodern design can be seen at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

6-27As a designated national historic landmark, the preservation of Beacon Hill makes this neighborhood one of the most desirable neighborhoods in Boston.

Activity

Choose an architect of the Postmodern era and research his or her architectural styles. Create a poster presentation showing examples of the architect’s designs.

Discuss

What would you say to a group of home owners who object to a unique housing style built in their neighborhood?

Discuss

In your own words, explain the importance of restoring and preserving architecturally significant homes.



Historic PreservationistCan you imagine yourself as an historic preservationist? If you share some of the following talents, interests, and skills, you may consider exploring a career as an architect or interior designer who specializes in historic preservation.

Talents/Skills: Do you have a love of studying architectural styles in history? Are drawing and sketching a major part of your hobbies? Do you share the value of historical buildings with others and believe that older buildings should be given new life through adaptive reuse? Do you believe it is important for future generations to understand the evolution of such buildings? Skills necessary for this important career include excellent computer knowledge and ability. Exceptional research and organizational skills along with strong presentation and communication skills are necessary to work with others.

Career Snapshot: Historic preservationists usually have an architecture or interior design background. They choose to specialize in the adaptive reuse of old buildings and commonly work in an architectural or design preservation firm. Historic preservationists also work with local governments and community groups. They help identify buildings with historic significance and are often consulted on the true historic value of a structure. Historic preservationists need to be salespeople, too. It can be difficult to educate and convince others of a structure’s importance to the community. The history and style of a building are most important, but the use of materials and applications must also have proven value. For example, paint colors must be authentic to the time period a building

was constructed.

Education/Training: A five-year bachelor’s degree is most often required. A master’s degree or postgraduate studies are preferred. Courses of study include the history of architecture, history, art, art history, specific courses in the techniques and research for historic preservation, architecture, and computer programs.

Examination/License: All states require architects to be licensed. Architects must pass all divisions of the Architect Registration Examination. Many states require interior designers to be licensed or registered. Interior designers must pass the National Council of Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) exam to receive licensure.

Professional Associations: Membership in the National Trust for Historic Preservation (www.PreservationNation.org), the

American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) (www.asid.org), and the International Interior Design Association (IIDA) (www.iida.org) is ideal.

Job Outlook: Current trends for green and sustainable architecture are positive for historic preservationists. Skills in adaptive reuse design methods and techniques to repair and maintain buildings that already exist are valuable.

CAREER FOCUS

Rhonda Hull Interiors; Rhonda Hull, Allied ASID; ASID Historical Renovation Merit Award 2007; Harper House Hickory History Center. Photography by Bob Huffman, Hickory, North Carolina.

Reflect

In your career journal, write about whether or not you would you be interested in a career as a historic preservationist. Which of your talents and skills do you feel fit this type of work?

Activity

Research the National Trust for Historical Preservation and its mission. What has it accomplished? How did this group form and how long has it operated? Has the group been involved in any sites in or near your community?

SummaryThere are many varieties of exterior housing styles in the United States. They

evolved from the housing styles of the Native Americans and of the settlers who brought styles from their homelands.

Traditional folk styles include those from Native Americans, Spanish, Scandinavians, Dutch, Germans, French, and English. During colonial times, other styles unique to the United States began to evolve. They include the Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison styles. Later, the classic traditional styles of Georgian, Federal, Adam, Early Classical Revival, Greek Revival, Southern Colonial, and Victorian were developed.

During the twentieth century, modern and contemporary housing was designed to fit and take advantage of the environment and changing lifestyles. Modern houses include the Prairie Style, the bungalow, the International Style, the ranch and its variations, and different versions of the split-level.

Contemporary housing covers the styles of homes that are built today. Two categories of contemporary design are the solar house and the earth-sheltered house. Contemporary homes may use traditional or modern styles, or can be a unique, distinctive one-of-a-kind design. Postmodernism is a recent approach to housing design that often combines features of past housing with a new look that sometimes has a jarring effect on the viewer.

As housing styles continue to evolve to meet changing trends and lifestyles, preserving the best of the past for future generations is desirable. Historical preservation saves outstanding examples of past architectural styles from demolition or significant alteration.

Review the Facts 1. Red tile roofs, enclosed patios, and arch-shaped windows and doors are

characteristics of which style of traditional housing?

2. Contrast the meaning of folk and classic styles of traditional architecture.

3. What are the characteristics of a Tidewater South home?

4. Compare and contrast the following styles: Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison.

5. Name two features typical of the Spanish style.

6. How were log cabins built?

7. What are the similarities and differences between the Dutch Colonial and the French Manor house styles?

8. Identify three features of a Georgian-style house.

9. What two architectural styles emerged from the Federal period?

10. What is the difference between a portico and a pediment?

11. How can you identify Greek Revival style architecture?

12. Identify four characteristics of Victorian houses.

13. Who designed the Prairie style house?

14. What two features were characteristic of houses built in the International style in the United States?

15. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of the ranch house.

16. What kind of lot is best suited to the split-level house style?


Answer Key

1. Spanish

2. Folk style originates from the common experiences of a group of people. Classic style refers to the use of formal architectural elements recognized over time for their enduring design excellence.

3. built in southern coastal regions; one-room wooden building with a wood or stone chimney at one end

4. (See pages 170–172 of the text.)

5. (List two:) red tile roofs, construction of adobe brick or stone covered in stucco, earthen floors, beamed ceilings, whitewashed plaster walls, asymmetrical design, courtyards, enclosed patios, wrought iron exterior decor, arched windows and doors

6. Log cabins were built on a stone or rock foundation. The logs were squared off, notched, and then stacked. Chinking was used to fill in the gaps between the logs and was then covered with a layer of mud. A door and window were cut into the house.

7. (See pages 174–175 of the text.)


17, Contrast the following roof styles: gable, gambrel, and hip.

18. Solar and earth-sheltered houses are two energy-efficient examples of the _____ housing style.

Think Critically 19. Draw conclusions. As many older homes and buildings face destruction in the

modern world, many people are striving to preserve the heritage of these older structures. Draw conclusions about why is there growing concern to restore and preserve these older buildings.

20. Form a hypothesis. Review the styles of architecture from the 1700s to the present time. How are architectural features similar and different throughout the ages? What features appear again and again? Form a hypothesis about why certain architectural features are presently popular. What does this say about people and culture?

Community Links 21. Walking tour. Take a walking tour of one of the oldest residential areas of your

community. What styles of architecture do you see? If possible, take a few digital photos of the various architectural styles (be sure to ask permission of the owners). Then examine the historical records of your community to find out when it was first settled. Who were the earliest inhabitants? Which of the houses in your photos can you track down? Prepare a photo essay and summarize your findings for the class.

22. Real estate research. Use Internet or print resources to examine the classified ads about real estate in your local community. Using the information and pictures in the ads, compile a price list of different styles of homes that are currently on the market. What styles do the ads mention? What are their descriptions? What architectural trends can you identify in the ads? Are older homes more expensive because of historical significance? Are certain styles of homes priced below the market average? Is there a style of house that reflects the greatest value?

Academic Connections 23. Writing. Imagine you and your family were among the early settlers in North

America. Pick a style of Folk architecture and write a story that describes the lifestyle you and your family might have experienced living in the house. Think in terms of cooking, sleeping, bathing, working, learning, enjoying recreation, and conducting other aspects of daily life. You may wish to illustrate your story. Share your story with the class.

24. History. Choose an architect to research, such as Thomas Jefferson, Frank Lloyd Wright, Robert and James Adams, William Morris, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Robert Venturi, or Frank Gehry. Write a one-page report summarizing the architectural influence of the architect. Include photos or drawings of this architect’s work that represent his/her style. To where would your class need to travel to find the closest example of a building designed by this architect?


8. (List three:) simple exterior lines; dignified appearances; symmetry; centrally located front doors; windows with small panes of glass; gable or hip roofs; tall chimney at each end of the roof; eave, door, and window ornamentation

9. Adam style and Early Classical Revival

10. A portico is an open space covered with a roof supported by columns. A pediment is an architectural rooflike decoration usually found over a portico, window, or door.

11. two-story portico supported by Greek columns with a large triangular pediment

12. (List four:) abundance of decorative trim (gingerbread), high porches, steep gable roofs, tall windows, turrets, high ceilings, dark stairways, long halls

13. Frank Lloyd Wright

14. geometric shapes and large expanses of glass windows

Technology Applications 25. Log cabin technology. From the early Swedish immigrants to modern time, the

log cabin remains a house style appealing to many in the U.S. culture. Trace the roots of the log cabin from its earliest beginnings to present time. How has the technology (the practical application of knowledge in a particular area) for building log cabins changed over the years? What role does computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) play in building modern-day log cabins? Use presentation software to share your findings with the class.

26. Earth-sheltered house technology. For many generations, people have used the soil to help protect their homes from severe climate conditions. Investigate ways that computer technology has improved the way people build earth-sheltered structures. How is beauty combined with form and function in such houses? How does 3-D modeling help improve such designs?

Design Practice 27. House design. Imagine you are an architect designing housing in the year 2030.

Create an exterior design that you think would reflect future design trends. Does your design relate to any previous historical styles or time periods? What features of exterior design, if any, do you think are classic and will be repeated in the future? How does your design relate to changes of lifestyle for future generations?

28. Portfolio. Presume you are a contractor who is selecting photos, drawings, and descriptions of the house styles your company builds for a new Web site. Determine the styles of homes that your business will offer. If the styles are part of a planned housing development or subdivision, describe it as well. Put together a storyboard of your offerings in preparation for meeting with a Web designer.

Citizenship and Historical PreservationCheck out your community’s Web site or the telephone directory to find out

about a historical preservation group in your area. Alone or with your team, attend a meeting of this group to learn more about the group’s activities with historic preservation. What needs does the organization have? How can youth get involved?

Report your findings to your FCCLA chapter. Determine if and how your team might work with this organization to help preserve historic buildings in your community. Then use the FCCLA Planning Process to plan, carry out, and evaluate your project. Use your project for an FCCLA Illustrated Talk STAR Event or a project for Leaders at Work. See your adviser for information as needed.


15. (List one of each:) advantages—easy to maintain, easy to walk through, informal, many variations, few or no stairs; disadvantages—uses much space, expensive to build, not as energy efficient as more compact homes

16. sloping

17. gable—comes to a high point in the center and slopes on both sides; gambrel—has a lower steeper slope and an upper less-steep slope on both of its sides; hip—has sloping ends and sides

18. Contemporary


chapter 6 - goodheart-willcox

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