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Post on 17-Aug-2019
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Body systems:
1. Respiratory system= sistema respiratorio2. Digestive s.=apparato digerente3. Circulatory s.=sistema circolatorio4. Muscular s.=sistema muscolare5. Nervous s.=sistema nervoso6. Reproductive s.=sistema riproduttivo
[other systems: endocrine, immune, lymphatic, urinary]
1. Respiratory s.
Breathing= a process in which our respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon dioxide [a curiosity: the average adult takes over 20,000 breaths a day!]
Respiratory system is made up of: trachea, diaphragm, lungs
The lungsremove carbon dioxide (exhaled by us)
1.1 Respiratory system problems
(not severe) Cold pneumonia (severe)
The problems may affect the upper respiratory system (nose, mouth, sinuses, throat)/the lower bronchial tubes and lungs.
Upper respiratory problems (are caused by) viral infections (e.g. colds, flu)
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/virus
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/viral
Colds are minor upper respiratory illnesses that we can avoid to treat Flu : (symptoms) fever, body aches +(moreover) headache, eye pain, muscle aches, cough
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/cough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A
2. Digestive s. (has got the function of) to break down and absorb food and remove waste
It is made up of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus+ liver, pancreas (liver and pancreas produce digestive juices)
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/intestine
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/rectum
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/anus
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/liver
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/pancreas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr4onA2k_LY
2.2 Digestive s. problems
constipation, heartburn, bloating can be resolved with lifestyle changes and medicine e.g. a diet rich in fibre to help digestion and prevent constipation; keep drinking water to encourage the passage of waste and to soften stools.
Teeth
http://www.wordreference.com/synonyms/teeth
Incisors: the sharpest teeth, are in the very front http://www.wordreference.com/synonyms/incisor
Canines: with long roots, are in the cornershttp://www.wordreference.com/enit/canine
Premolars: behind the canineshttp://www.wordreference.com/enit/premolar
Molars: the last teeth, bigger than premolars
Tooth/dental decay
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/tooth
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/decay
the acids in the mouth dissolve the outer layers of teeth
Development of tooth decay: toothache, bad breath, an unpleasant taste in the mouth if not treated: cavity, dental abscess, gum disease.
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/cavity
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/abscess
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/gum
3.Circulatory s.
to move blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones around the body.
Circulatory s.= heart, blood, blood vessels, arteries, veins
Cardiac musclemakes up the heart (syn. myocardium)
The muscles of the heart contract to pump blood out and relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body (the cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract).
heart= muscular organ about the size of a fist; it has got 4 chambers:
The right atrium: receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle The right ventricle: receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is
loaded of oxygen The left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle The left ventricle: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create blood pressure; the coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle; pericardium surrounds the heart.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0
3.1 Circulatory system problems
aneurism a weak spot in the wall of an arteryheart disease lack of blood supply to the hearthypertension high blood pressuretachycardia heart beats too fastcardiac arrhythmia disorder of the heart rate or heart rhythmatherosclerosis a narrowing of the arteries caused by plaque
depositsbradycardia heart beating too slow
4.Muscular s.
o The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.
o We have got about 700 muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeletal systemeach muscle is made up of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, nerves
o We can control some of our muscles, while others do their jobs on their own.
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/muscular
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/muscle
There are 3 types of muscles:
1.smooth/involuntary e.g. stomach, digestive system
2.cardiac
3.skeletal/voluntary e.g. arms, legs
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/smooth
4.1 Muscular system problems
Muscular dystrophy (a brain disorder that affects the motor control areas in the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain)
How can we keep our muscular system healthy?
Doing aerobic activity/activities that engage the heart and lungs for at least 30 min. at a time, 4/+ days/week
Reducing the consumption of alcohol; eating a well-balanced and nutritional diet
Reducing physical and emotional stress
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMcg9YzNSEs
5.Nervous system
The nervous system controls both voluntary actions and involuntary ones
The nervous system sends signals to different parts of the body
The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central nervous system
The brain is the body’s control centre: it receives and sends signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones
The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells
5.1 Nervous system problems100 million people live with chronic pain (=it is widespread)
Diseases:
Epilepsy and seizures abnormal electrical discharges from brain
Parkinson’s disease affects movement
Multiple sclerosis the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body’s immune system
Alzheimer’s diseasemental functions, especially memory
+ meningitis, encephalitis, polio, epidural abscess
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/meningitis
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/encephalitis
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/polio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXToeT2pQYw
6.Reproductive s.
allows humans to reproduce
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
penis
testesto produce sperm
vagina
uterus
ovariesto produce eggs
Conception= sperm cell + egg cellfertilized egg that implants and grows in the uterus
6.1 Reproductive system problems
Abnormal hormone production by ovaries/testes/endocrine glands genetic/congenital abnormalities, infections, tumors, disorders of unknown causes
Reproductive tract infections (RTI): infections that affect the reproductive tract, part of reproductive system (infectionbacterium, virus, fungus, other organisms); infections can be treated or cured.
AIDS and herpes cannot be cured
to treat= (provare a) curare
to cure= (riuscire a) curare
to heal= guarire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqmW9CL80q0
7. Other systems
1.Endocrine system: 8 major glands that secrete hormones into the bloodhormones travel to different tissues and regulate various bodily functions, e.g. metabolism, growth, sexual function
2.Immune system= the body’s defence against bacteria, viruses, pathogens; it includes: lymph nodes, spleen, lymphocites, thymus, leukocytes (=white blood cells)
3.Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymph vessels to make and move lymph, that is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells (“soldiers cells” against infections)
4.Urinary systemto eliminate a waste product, the urea, produced when certain types of food are broken down; kidneysremove waste and extra fluid from the blood (the kidney take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other substance= urine) [kidneys filter about 150/170 litres of blood/a day to produce 1.13/2.27 litres of urine]
A group of microscopic, one-celled organisms bacteria
The physical and chemical processes in a living body by which it is produced and maintained
metabolism
A very small living thing causing infection virus
A substance, such as liquid or gas, capable of flowing fluid
One of a pair of organs in the rear of the upper abdomen that filter waste from the blood
kidney
The red fluid that flows through the heart throughout the body
blood
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/endocrine
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/lymph
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/lymphocyte
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/thymus
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/leucocyte
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/urinary
http://www.wordreference.com/enit/urea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBWIkKfbW8U
Body language
Body language can be defined as a kind of non-verbal communication
You can understand people’s true intentions through facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch, and the use of space
It is important to understand body language because it can lead to success in both personal and professional relationships
The percentage of non-verbal communication in interpersonal communication is up to 60%
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