Body systems:

1. Respiratory system= sistema respiratorio2. Digestive s.=apparato digerente3. Circulatory s.=sistema circolatorio4. Muscular s.=sistema muscolare5. Nervous s.=sistema nervoso6. Reproductive s.=sistema riproduttivo

[other systems: endocrine, immune, lymphatic, urinary]

1. Respiratory s.

Breathing= a process in which our respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon dioxide [a curiosity: the average adult takes over 20,000 breaths a day!]

Respiratory system is made up of: trachea, diaphragm, lungs

The lungsremove carbon dioxide (exhaled by us)

1.1 Respiratory system problems

(not severe) Cold pneumonia (severe)

The problems may affect the upper respiratory system (nose, mouth, sinuses, throat)/the lower bronchial tubes and lungs.

Upper respiratory problems (are caused by) viral infections (e.g. colds, flu)

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/virus

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/viral

Colds are minor upper respiratory illnesses that we can avoid to treat Flu : (symptoms) fever, body aches +(moreover) headache, eye pain, muscle aches, cough

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/cough

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A

2. Digestive s. (has got the function of) to break down and absorb food and remove waste

It is made up of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus+ liver, pancreas (liver and pancreas produce digestive juices)

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/intestine

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/rectum

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/anus

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/liver

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/pancreas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr4onA2k_LY

2.2 Digestive s. problems

constipation, heartburn, bloating can be resolved with lifestyle changes and medicine e.g. a diet rich in fibre to help digestion and prevent constipation; keep drinking water to encourage the passage of waste and to soften stools.

Teeth

http://www.wordreference.com/synonyms/teeth

Incisors: the sharpest teeth, are in the very front http://www.wordreference.com/synonyms/incisor

Canines: with long roots, are in the cornershttp://www.wordreference.com/enit/canine

Premolars: behind the canineshttp://www.wordreference.com/enit/premolar

Molars: the last teeth, bigger than premolars

Tooth/dental decay

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/tooth

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/decay

the acids in the mouth dissolve the outer layers of teeth

Development of tooth decay: toothache, bad breath, an unpleasant taste in the mouth if not treated: cavity, dental abscess, gum disease.

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/cavity

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/abscess

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/gum

3.Circulatory s.

to move blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones around the body.

Circulatory s.= heart, blood, blood vessels, arteries, veins

Cardiac musclemakes up the heart (syn. myocardium)

The muscles of the heart contract to pump blood out and relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body (the cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract).

heart= muscular organ about the size of a fist; it has got 4 chambers:

The right atrium: receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle The right ventricle: receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is

loaded of oxygen The left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle The left ventricle: pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create blood pressure; the coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle; pericardium surrounds the heart.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0

3.1 Circulatory system problems

aneurism a weak spot in the wall of an arteryheart disease lack of blood supply to the hearthypertension high blood pressuretachycardia heart beats too fastcardiac arrhythmia disorder of the heart rate or heart rhythmatherosclerosis a narrowing of the arteries caused by plaque

depositsbradycardia heart beating too slow

4.Muscular s.

o The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body.

o We have got about 700 muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeletal systemeach muscle is made up of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, nerves

o We can control some of our muscles, while others do their jobs on their own.

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/muscular

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/muscle

There are 3 types of muscles:

1.smooth/involuntary e.g. stomach, digestive system

2.cardiac

3.skeletal/voluntary e.g. arms, legs

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/smooth

4.1 Muscular system problems

Muscular dystrophy (a brain disorder that affects the motor control areas in the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain)

How can we keep our muscular system healthy?

Doing aerobic activity/activities that engage the heart and lungs for at least 30 min. at a time, 4/+ days/week

Reducing the consumption of alcohol; eating a well-balanced and nutritional diet

Reducing physical and emotional stress

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMcg9YzNSEs

5.Nervous system

The nervous system controls both voluntary actions and involuntary ones

The nervous system sends signals to different parts of the body

The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central nervous system

The brain is the body’s control centre: it receives and sends signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones

The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells

5.1 Nervous system problems100 million people live with chronic pain (=it is widespread)

Diseases:

Epilepsy and seizures abnormal electrical discharges from brain

Parkinson’s disease affects movement

Multiple sclerosis the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body’s immune system

Alzheimer’s diseasemental functions, especially memory

+ meningitis, encephalitis, polio, epidural abscess

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/meningitis

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/encephalitis

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/polio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXToeT2pQYw

6.Reproductive s.

allows humans to reproduce

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

penis

testesto produce sperm

vagina

uterus

ovariesto produce eggs

Conception= sperm cell + egg cellfertilized egg that implants and grows in the uterus

6.1 Reproductive system problems

Abnormal hormone production by ovaries/testes/endocrine glands genetic/congenital abnormalities, infections, tumors, disorders of unknown causes

Reproductive tract infections (RTI): infections that affect the reproductive tract, part of reproductive system (infectionbacterium, virus, fungus, other organisms); infections can be treated or cured.

AIDS and herpes cannot be cured

to treat= (provare a) curare

to cure= (riuscire a) curare

to heal= guarire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqmW9CL80q0

7. Other systems

1.Endocrine system: 8 major glands that secrete hormones into the bloodhormones travel to different tissues and regulate various bodily functions, e.g. metabolism, growth, sexual function

2.Immune system= the body’s defence against bacteria, viruses, pathogens; it includes: lymph nodes, spleen, lymphocites, thymus, leukocytes (=white blood cells)

3.Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymph vessels to make and move lymph, that is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells (“soldiers cells” against infections)

4.Urinary systemto eliminate a waste product, the urea, produced when certain types of food are broken down; kidneysremove waste and extra fluid from the blood (the kidney take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other substance= urine) [kidneys filter about 150/170 litres of blood/a day to produce 1.13/2.27 litres of urine]

A group of microscopic, one-celled organisms bacteria

The physical and chemical processes in a living body by which it is produced and maintained

metabolism

A very small living thing causing infection virus

A substance, such as liquid or gas, capable of flowing fluid

One of a pair of organs in the rear of the upper abdomen that filter waste from the blood

kidney

The red fluid that flows through the heart throughout the body

blood

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/endocrine

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/lymph

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/lymphocyte

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/thymus

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/leucocyte

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/urinary

http://www.wordreference.com/enit/urea

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBWIkKfbW8U

Body language

Body language can be defined as a kind of non-verbal communication

You can understand people’s true intentions through facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch, and the use of space

It is important to understand body language because it can lead to success in both personal and professional relationships

The percentage of non-verbal communication in interpersonal communication is up to 60%