+ - capacitor resistor inductor emf + - resistor emf

Resistivity and Resistance

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Capacitor

Resistor

Inductor

EMF

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- Resistor

EMF

i

What is Current ?

Electric Current:

Current is Conserved

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-

i1 i2

i3

i1 = i2+ i3

1 A2 A

2 A

i i = ?A. 1 A B. 1 AC. 2 AD. 0 A

1 A

6 A

2 A

4 A i = ?A. 1 A B. 3 AC. 2 AD. 4 A

i

2 A

1 A2 A

2 A

3A 4

Ai

i = A. 4 A B. 2AC. 8 A D. 0 A

Current Density:Current density, J, is the current per unit area through any element of cross section. It has the same direction as the velocity of the moving charges if they are positive and the opposite direction if they are negative.

If the current is uniform and parallel to dA, then

The SI unit for current density is the ampere per square meter (A/m2).

Since charge is conserved during the transition, the amount of charge and thus the amount of current cannot change.

However, the current density changes—it is greater in the narrower conductor.

Current Density, Drift Speed:

In a conductor•Electrons move randomly•Drift with vd •vd is opposite applied field•Assume uniform current density

Resistance and Resistivity:

The resistance R is

The SI unit for resistance is the volt per ampere. This has a special name, the ohm (symbol W):

In a circuit diagram, we represent a resistor and a resistance with the symbol

R = rL/A

26.4: Resistance and Resistivity, Variation with Temperature:

The relation between temperature and resistivity for copper—and for metals in general—is fairly linear over a rather broad temperature range. For such linear relations we can write an empirical approximation that is good enough for most engineering purposes:

26.5: Ohm’s Law:

Power in Electric Circuits:

The amount of charge dq that moves between two terminals in time interval dt is equal to i dt.

This charge dq moves through a decrease in potential ofmagnitude V, and thus its electric potential energy decreases in magnitude by the amount

The power P associated with that transfer is the rate of transfer dU/dt, given by

The unit of power is the volt-ampere (V A).

Resistances in Series:

Multi-loop Circuits:

For the left-hand loop,

For the right-hand loop,

And for the entire loop,

Resistors in Parallel:

where V is the potential difference between a and b.

From the junction rule,

In which of these circuits are R1 and R2 in parallel

A. aB. a & cC. a & bD. All of themE. None of them

R1 and R2 are in parallel. Their equivalent resistance is

A. Always greater than either R1 or R2B. Always less than either R1 or R2C. Roughly equal to the mean of R1 and R2D. Not enough Info

Consider two identical resistors wired in series (one behind the other). If there is an electric current through the combination, the current in the second resistor is

A) equal to

B) half

C) smaller than, but not necessarily half the current through the first resistor.

Of the four light bulbs in the figure are identical, which circuit puts out more light? Circuit I or circuit II?

A) I.

B) The two emit the same amount of light.

C) II.

Kirchhoff’s current law (“junction law”)

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (“loop law”)

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Conservation of energy

Conservation of charge

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Quick/useful notes with Kirchoff’s rules:

Consider the three identical light bulbs shown in the circuit. Bulbs B and C are wired in series with each other and are wired in parallel with bulb A. When the bulbs are connected to the battery as shown, how does the brightness of each bulb compare to the others?

a) Bulbs B and C are equally bright, but bulb A is less bright.

b) Bulbs B and C are equally bright, but less bright than bulb A.

c) All three bulbs are equally bright.

d) Bulbs A and B are equally bright, but bulb C is less bright.

e) Only bulb A is illuminated.

Consider the circuit shown in the drawing. Two identical light bulbs, labeled A and B, are connected in series with a battery and are illuminated equally. There is a switch in the circuit that is initially open. Which one of the following statements concerning the two bulbs is true after the switch is closed?

a) Bulbs A and B will be off.

b) Bulbs A and B will be equally illuminated.

c) Bulb A will be brighter and bulb B will be off.

d) Bulb A will be off and bulb B will be brighter.

e) Both bulbs will be dimmer than before the switch was closed.

Two 20- resistors are connected in parallel. A potential difference of 9 V is then applied across both resistors. What is the resulting total current through the two resistors?

a) 0.23 A

b) 0.45 A

c) 0.90 A

d) 2.2 A

e) 4.4 A

Since P = V2 / R , the bulb with the lower

power rating has to have the higher

resistance.

ConcepTest 21.11a Lightbulbs

Two lightbulbs operate at 120 V, but

one has a power rating of 25 W while

the other has a power rating of 100 W.

Which one has the greater

resistance?

1) the 25 W bulb

2) the 100 W bulb

3) both have the same

4) this has nothing to do with resistance

Follow-up: Which one carries the greater current?

Two light bulbs, one “50 W” bulb and one “100 W” bulb, are connected in parallel with a standard 120 volt ac electrical outlet. The brightness of a light bulb is directly related to the power it dissipates. Therefore, the 100 W bulb appears brighter. How does the brightness of the two bulbs compare when these same bulbs are connected in series with the same outlet?

a) Both bulbs will be equally bright.

b) The “100 W” bulb will be brighter.

c) The “50 W” bulb will be brighter.

The voltage is the same (10 V) across each

resistor because they are in parallel. Thus,

we can use Ohm’s Law, V1 = I1 R1 to find the

current I1 = 2 A.

ConcepTest 21.5a Parallel Resistors I

In the circuit below, what is the

current through R1?

10 V

R1= 5 W

R2= 2 W

1) 10 A

2) zero

3) 5 A

4) 2 A

5) 7 A

Follow-up: What is the total current through the battery?

The current divides based on the

ratio of the resistances. If one of the

resistances is zero, then ALL of the

current will flow through that path.

ConcepTest 21.6a Short Circuit

Current flows through a

lightbulb. If a wire is now

connected across the

bulb, what happens?

1) all the current continues to flow through the bulb

2) half the current flows through the wire, the other half continues through the bulb

3) all the current flows through the wire

4) none of the above

Follow-up: Doesn’t the wire have SOME resistance?

ConcepTest 21.8a More Circuits I

1) increase

2) decrease

3) stay the same

What happens to the voltage

across the resistor R1 when the

switch is closed? The voltage will:

With the switch closed, the addition of R2

to R3 decreases the equivalent

resistance, so the current from the battery

increases. This will cause an increase in

the voltage across R1 .

V

R1

R3R2

S

Follow-up: What happens to the current through R3?

What is the approximate equivalent resistance of the five resistors shown in the circuit?

a) 21

b) 7

c) 11

d) 14

e) 19

Electrical Measurements Voltages are measured

across (in parallel with) the circuit element(s) in question. Voltmeters ideally have infinite resistance.

Currents are measured in series with the circuit element(s) in question. Ammeters ideally have zero resistance.

The same current must flow

through left and right

combinations of resistors. On

the LEFT, the current splits

equally, so I1 = I2. On the

RIGHT, more current will go

through R5 than R3 + R4 since

the branch containing R5 has

less resistance.

ConcepTest 21.9 Even More Circuits

1) R1

2) both R1 and R2 equally

3) R3 and R4

4) R5

5) all the same

Which resistor has the greatest

current going through it?

Assume that all the resistors

are equal.

V

R1R2

R3R5

R4

Follow-up: Which one has the smallest voltage drop?