amorphous metal - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/26/2019 Amorphous Metal - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/6

Samples of amorphous metal, with

millimeter scale

Amorphous metalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An amorphous metal(also known metallic glassor glassy

metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a

disordered atomic-scale structure. Most metals are crystalline in

their solid state, which means they have a highly orderedarrangement of atoms. Amorphous metals are non-crystalline,

and have a glass-like structure. But unlike common glasses, such

as window glass, which are typically electrical insulators,

amorphous metals have good electrical conductivity. There are

several ways in which amorphous metals can be produced,

including extremely rapid cooling, physical vapor deposition,

solid-statereaction, ion irradiation, and mechanical alloying.[1][2]

In the past, small batches of amorphous metals have been

produced through a variety of quick-cooling methods. For instance, amorphous metal ribbons have beenproduced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk (melt spinning). The rapid cooling, on

the order of millions of degrees a second, is too fast for crystals to form and the material is "locked" in a

glassy state. More recently a number of alloys with critical cooling rates low enough to allow formation

of amorphous structure in thick layers (over 1 millimeter) had been produced these are known as bulk

metallic glasses(BMG). Liquidmetal sells a number of titanium-based BMGs, developed in studies

originally performed at Caltech. More recently, batches of amorphous steel have been produced that

demonstrate strengths much greater than conventional steel alloys.

Contents

1 History

2 Properties

3 Applications

4 Modeling and Theory

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

History

The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.),

Willens and Duwez in 1960.[3]This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely

rapidly (on the order of one megakelvin per second, 106K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Duwezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidmetalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_reactionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_liquids_and_glasseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Duwezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidmetalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_spinninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_alloyinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_irradiationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_reactionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_depositionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_rapid_coolinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_liquids_and_glasseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulk_Metallic_Glass_Sample.jpg


2/6

consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms

(typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one dimension was small so that heat could be extracted

quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rate. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few

exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometers.

In 1969, an alloy of 77.5% palladium, 6% copper, and 16.5% silicon was found to have critical cooling

rate between 100 to 1000 K/s.

In 1976, H. Liebermann and C. Graham developed a new method of manufacturing thin ribbons of

amorphous metal on a supercooled fast-spinning wheel.[4]This was an alloy of iron, nickel, phosphorus

and boron. The material, known asMetglas, was commercialized in the early 1980s and is used for low-

loss power distribution transformers (Amorphous metal transformer). Metglas-2605 is composed of 80%

iron and 20% boron, has Curie temperature of 373 C and a room temperature saturation magnetization

of 1.56 teslas.[5]

In the early 1980s, glassy ingots with 5 mm diameter were produced from the alloy of 55% palladium,

22.5% lead, and 22.5% antimony, by surface etching followed with heating-cooling cycles. Using boron

oxide flux, the achievable thickness was increased to a centimeter.

Research in Tohoku University[6]and Caltech yielded multicomponent alloys based on lanthanum,

magnesium, zirconium, palladium, iron, copper, and titanium, with critical cooling rate between 1 K/s to

100 K/s, comparable to oxide glasses.

In 1988, alloys of lanthanum, aluminium, and copper ore were found to be highly glass-forming. Al-

based metallic glasses containing Scandium exhibited a record-type tensile mechanical strength of about

1500 MPa.[7]

In the 1990s new alloys were developed that form glasses at cooling rates as low as one kelvin persecond. These cooling rates can be achieved by simple casting into metallic molds. These "bulk"

amorphous alloys can be cast into parts of up to several centimeters in thickness (the maximum

thickness depending on the alloy) while retaining an amorphous structure. The best glass-forming alloys

are based on zirconium and palladium, but alloys based on iron, titanium, copper, magnesium, and other

metals are also known. Many amorphous alloys are formed by exploiting a phenomenon called the

"confusion" effect. Such alloys contain so many different elements (often four or more) that upon

cooling at sufficiently fast rates, the constituent atoms simply cannot coordinate themselves into the

equilibrium crystalline state before their mobility is stopped. In this way, the random disordered state of

the atoms is "locked in".

In 1992, the commercial amorphous alloy, Vitreloy 1 (41.2% Zr, 13.8% Ti, 12.5% Cu, 10% Ni, and

22.5% Be), was developed at Caltech, as a part of Department of Energy and NASA research of new

aerospace materials. More variants followed.

In 2004, two groups succeeded in producing bulk amorphous steel (actually rather cast iron owing to

high C content), one at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the other at University of Virginia. The Oak

Ridge group refers to their product as "glassy steel," while the University of Virginia group referred to

theirs as "DARVA-Glass 101".[8][9]The product is non-magnetic at room temperature and significantly

stronger than conventional steel, though a long research and development process remains before the

introduction of the material into public or military use.[10][11]

Properties
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreloyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohoku_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal_transformerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metglashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_spinninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_cooling_rate&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre


3/6

Amorphous metal is usually an alloy rather than a pure metal. The alloys contain atoms of significantly

different sizes, leading to low free volume (and therefore up to orders of magnitude higher viscosity than

other metals and alloys) in molten state. The viscosity prevents the atoms moving enough to form an

ordered lattice. The material structure also results in low shrinkage during cooling, and resistance to

plastic deformation. The absence of grain boundaries, the weak spots of crystalline materials, leads to

better resistance to wear and corrosion. Amorphous metals, while technically glasses, are also much

tougher and less brittle than oxide glasses and ceramics.

Thermal conductivity of amorphous materials is lower than that of crystalline metal. As formation of

amorphous structure relies on fast cooling, this limits the maximum achievable thickness of amorphous

structures.

To achieve formation of amorphous structure even during slower cooling, the alloy has to be made of

three or more components, leading to complex crystal units with higher potential energy and lower

chance of formation. The atomic radius of the components has to be significantly different (over 12%),

to achieve high packing density and low free volume. The combination of components should have

negative heat of mixing, inhibiting crystal nucleation and prolonging the time the molten metal stays in

supercooled state.

The alloys of boron, silicon, phosphorus, and other glass formers with magnetic metals (iron, cobalt,

nickel) have high magnetic susceptibility, with low coercivity and high electrical resistance. Usually the

conductivity of a metallic glass is of the same low order of magnitude as of a molten metal just above

the melting point. The high resistance leads to low losses by eddy currents when subjected to alternating

magnetic fields, a property useful for e.g. transformer magnetic cores. Their low coercivity also

contributes to low loss.

Amorphous metals have higher tensile yield strengths and higher elastic strain limits than polycrystalline

metal alloys, but their ductilities and fatigue strengths are lower.

[12]

Amorphous alloys have a variety ofpotentially useful properties. In particular, they tend to be stronger than crystalline alloys of similar

chemical composition, and they can sustain larger reversible ("elastic") deformations than crystalline

alloys. Amorphous metals derive their strength directly from their non-crystalline structure, which does

not have any of the defects (such as dislocations) that limit the strength of crystalline alloys. One modern

amorphous metal, known as Vitreloy, has a tensile strength that is almost twice that of high-grade

titanium. However, metallic glasses at room temperature are not ductile and tend to fail suddenly when

loaded in tension, which limits the material applicability in reliability-critical applications, as the

impending failure is not evident. Therefore, there is considerable interest in producing metal matrix

composite materials consisting of a metallic glass matrix containing dendritic particles or fibers of a

ductile crystalline metal.

Perhaps the most useful property of bulk amorphous alloys is that they are true glasses, which means

that they soften and flow upon heating. This allows for easy processing, such as by injection molding, in

much the same way as polymers. As a result, amorphous alloys have been commercialized for use in

sports equipment, medical devices, and as cases for electronic equipment.

Thin films of amorphous metals can be deposited via high velocity oxygen fuel technique as protective

coatings.

Applications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_velocity_oxygen_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moldinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_matrix_compositehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(mechanics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreloyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_corehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy


4/6

Currently the most important application is due to the special magnetic properties of some ferromagnetic

metallic glasses. The low magnetization loss is used in high efficiency transformers (amorphous metal

transformer) at line frequency and some higher frequency transformers. Amorphous steel is a very brittle

material which makes it difficult to punch into motor laminations.[13]Also electronic article surveillance

(such as theft control passive ID tags,) often uses metallic glasses because of these magnetic properties.

Amorphous metals (metallic glasses) exhibit unique softening behavior above their glass transition and

this softening has been increasingly explored for thermoplastic forming of metallic glasses.[14]It hasbeen shown that metallic glasses can be patterned on extremely small length scales ranging from 10 nm

to several millimeters.[15]It has been suggested that this may solve the problems of nanoimprint

lithography where expensive nano-molds made of silicon break easily. Nano-molds made from metallic

glasses are easy to fabricate and more durable than silicon molds. Such low softening temperature allows

for developing simple methods for making composites of nanoparticles (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and

BMGs. The superior electronic, thermal and mechanical properties of BMGs compared to polymers

make them a good option for developing nanocomposites for electronic application such as field electron

emission devices.[16]

Ti40Cu36Pd14Zr10is believed to be noncarcinogenic, is about three times stronger than titanium, and its

elastic modulus nearly matches bones. It has a high wear resistance and does not produce abrasion

powder. The alloy does not undergo shrinkage on solidification. A surface structure can be generated

that is biologically attachable by surface modification using laser pulses, allowing better joining with

bone.[17]

Mg60Zn35Ca5, rapidly cooled to achieve amorphous structure, is being investigated, at Lehigh

University, as a biomaterial for implantation into bones as screws, pins, or plates, to fix fractures. Unlike

traditional steel or titanium, this material dissolves in organisms at a rate of roughly 1 millimeter per

month and is replaced with bone tissue. This speed can be adjusted by varying the content of zinc. [18]

Modeling and Theory

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have now been modeled using atomic scale simulations (within the

density functional theory framework) in a similar manner to high entropy alloys.[19][20]This has allowed

predictions to be made about their behavior, stability and many more properties. As such, new BMG

systems can be tested, and tailored systems fit for a specific purpose (e.g. bone replacement or aero-

engine component) without as much empirical searching of the phase space and experimental trial and

error.

See also

Glass-ceramic-to-metal sealsMaterials scienceBioabsorbable metallic glassLiquidmetalStructure of liquids and glasses

References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_liquids_and_glasseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidmetalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioabsorbable_metallic_glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-ceramic-to-metal_sealshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_entropy_alloyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_functional_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinkage_(casting)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_resistancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_electron_emissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal_transformer


5/6

1. Some scientists only consider amorphous metals produced by rapid cooling from a liquid state to be glasses.

However, materials scientists commonly consider a glass to be any solid non-crystalline material, regardless

of how it is produced.

2. Ojovan, M. I. Lee, W. (B. E. (2010). "Connectivity and glass transition in disordered oxide systems".

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids356 (4449): 2534. Bibcode:2010JNCS..356.2534O.

doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.05.012.

3. Klement, W. Willens, R. H. Duwez, POL (1960). "Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon

Alloys".Nature187 (4740): 869870. Bibcode:1960Natur.187..869K. doi:10.1038/187869b0.

4. Libermann H. & Graham C. (1976). "Production Of Amorphous Alloy Ribbons And Effects Of ApparatusParameters On Ribbon Dimensions".IEEE Transactions on Magnetics12(6): 921.

Bibcode:1976ITM....12..921L. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1976.1059201.

5. Roya, R & Majumdara, A.K. (1981). "Thermomagnetic and transport properties of metglas 2605 SC and

2605".Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials25: 8389. Bibcode:1981JMMM...25...83R.

doi:10.1016/0304-8853(81)90150-5.

6. Inoue, A. (2000). "Stabilization of metallic supercooled liquid and bulk amorphous alloys".Acta Materialia

48: 279306. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00300-6.

7. Inoue, A. Sobu, S. Louzguine, D. V. Kimura, H. Sasamori, K. (2011). "Ultrahigh strength Al-based

amorphous alloys containing Sc".Journal of Materials Research19 (5): 1539.

Bibcode:2004JMatR..19.1539I. doi:10.1557/JMR.2004.0206.

8. U.Va. News Service, "University Of Virginia Scientists Discover Amorphous Steel Material is three timesstronger than conventional steel and non-magnetic" (http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases2004/poon-july-

2-2004.html), U.Va. News Services, 7/2/2004

9. Google Patents listing for Patent WO 2006091875 A2, "Patent WO 2006091875 A2 - Amorphous steel

composites with enhanced strengths, elastic properties and ductilities (Also published as US20090025834,

WO2006091875A3)" (http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006091875A2?cl=en),Joseph S Poon, Gary J

Shiflet, Univ Virginia, 8/31/2006

10. "Glassy Steel". ORNL Review38(1). 2005.

11. Ponnambalam, V. Poon, S. J. Shiflet, G. J. (2011). "Fe-based bulk metallic glasses with diameter thickness

larger than one centimeter".Journal of Materials Research19(5): 1320. Bibcode:2004JMatR..19.1320P.

doi:10.1557/JMR.2004.0176.

12. Russell, Alan & Lee, Kok Loong (2005). Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals. John Wiley &Sons. p. 92. ISBN 9780471708537.

13. Ning, S. R. Gao, J. Wang, Y. G. (2010). "Review on Applications of Low Loss Amorphous Metals in

Motors".Advanced Materials Research. 129-131: 1366. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.1366.

14. Saotome, Y. Iwazaki, H. (2000). "Superplastic extrusion of microgear shaft of 10 m in module".

Microsystem Technologies6 (4): 126. doi:10.1007/s005420050180.

15. Kumar, G. Tang, H. X. Schroers, J. (2009). "Nanomoulding with amorphous metals".Nature457 (7231):

868872. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..868K. doi:10.1038/nature07718. PMID 19212407.

16. Hojati-Talemi, Pejman (2011). "High performance bulk metallic glass/carbon nanotube composite cathodes for

electron field emission".Applied Physics Letters99 (19): 194104. Bibcode:2011ApPhL..99s4104H.

doi:10.1063/1.3659898.

17. Maruyama, Masaaki (June 11, 2009). "Japanese Universities Develop Ti-based Metallic Glass for ArtificialFinger Joint". Tech-on.

18. "Fixing bones with dissolvable glass". Institute of Physics. October 1, 2009.

19. King, D.M. Middleburgh, S.C. Liu, A.C.Y. Tahini, H.A. Lumpkin, G.R. Cortie, M. (January 2014).

"Formation and structure of VZr amorphous alloy thin films".Acta Materialia83: 269275.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.016.

20. Middleburgh, S.C. Burr, P.A. King, D.M. Edwards, L. Lumpkin, G.R. Grimes, R.W. (November 2015).

"Structural stability and fission product behaviour in U3Si".Journal of Nuclear Materials466: 739744.

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.04.052.

External linksLiquidmetal Design Guide(http://info.liquidmetal.com/Portals/202786/docs/Liquidmetal%20Design%20Guide%20Rev%201.0%2024January2013.pdf)
http://info.liquidmetal.com/Portals/202786/docs/Liquidmetal%20Design%20Guide%20Rev%201.0%2024January2013.pdfhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnucmat.2015.04.052https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actamat.2014.10.016https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/40573http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20090610/171551/?P=1https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3659898https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApPhL..99s4104Hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212407https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07718https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..868Khttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs005420050180https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.129-131.1366https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471708537https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sonshttp://books.google.pl/books?id=fIu58uZTE-gChttps://dx.doi.org/10.1557%2FJMR.2004.0176https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JMatR..19.1320Phttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttp://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v38_1_05/article17.shtmlhttp://www.google.com/patents/WO2006091875A2?cl=enhttp://www.virginia.edu/topnews/releases2004/poon-july-2-2004.htmlhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1557%2FJMR.2004.0206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JMatR..19.1539Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6454%2899%2900300-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-8853%2881%2990150-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JMMM...25...83Rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.1976.1059201https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ITM....12..921Lhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=22822&arnumber=1059201&count=158&index=111https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F187869b0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Natur.187..869Khttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnoncrysol.2010.05.012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JNCS..356.2534Ohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science


6/6

"Metallic glass: a drop of the hard stuff" (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624931-000-metallic-glass-a-drop-of-the-hard-stuff/) at New ScientistGlass-Like Metal Performs Better Under Stress(http://focus.aps.org/story/v15/st20) PhysicalReview Focus, June 9, 2005"Overview of metallic glasses"(https://jshare.johnshopkins.edu/thufnag1/Public_html/metallicglass.html)

New Computational Method Developed By Carnegie Mellon University Physicist Could SpeedDesign and Testing of Metallic Glass(https://www.cmu.edu/mcs/news/pressreleases/2004/0902-

widom.html) (2004) (the alloy database (http://alloy.phys.cmu.edu/) developed by MarekMihalkovic, Michael Widom, and others)Materials Today: The case for bulk metallic glass (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?

_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6X1J-4BSCDTG-R-M&_cdi=7244&_user=10&_pii=S1369702104001245&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2004&_sk=999929996&wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkzV&md5=104fc8b85860bed5084ae3b29beeade4&ie=/sdarticle.pdf)

New tungsten-tantalum-copper amorphous alloy developed at the Korea Advanced Institute ofScience and Technology [1](http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200505/200505060005.html)

Amorphous Metals in Electric-Power Distribution Applications(http://www.metglas.com/downloads/lit/amor_elec_pow_dist_appl.pdf)Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Soft Magnets(http://www.vacuumschmelze.de/dynamic/docroot/medialib/documents/pdf/fipublikationen/Amor

phousNano_1996.pdf)glass transition temperatures of bulk metallic glasses(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586724/table/t1/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amorphous_metal&oldid=703056470"

Categories: Alloys Amorphous metals Emerging technologies Metallurgy

This page was last modified on 3 February 2016, at 06:16.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional termsmay apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metallurgyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Emerging_technologieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amorphous_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alloyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amorphous_metal&oldid=703056470http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586724/table/t1/http://www.vacuumschmelze.de/dynamic/docroot/medialib/documents/pdf/fipublikationen/AmorphousNano_1996.pdfhttp://www.metglas.com/downloads/lit/amor_elec_pow_dist_appl.pdfhttp://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200505/200505060005.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6X1J-4BSCDTG-R-M&_cdi=7244&_user=10&_pii=S1369702104001245&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2004&_sk=999929996&wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkzV&md5=104fc8b85860bed5084ae3b29beeade4&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://alloy.phys.cmu.edu/https://www.cmu.edu/mcs/news/pressreleases/2004/0902-widom.htmlhttps://jshare.johnshopkins.edu/thufnag1/Public_html/metallicglass.htmlhttp://focus.aps.org/story/v15/st20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientisthttps://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624931-000-metallic-glass-a-drop-of-the-hard-stuff/

amorphous metal - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents