ammar akhtar

8/14/2019 AMMAR AKHTAR

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AMMAR AKHTARAMMAR AKHTAR

ROLL NO.176ROLL NO.176

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YEARYEARM.B.B.SM.B.B.S


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GOLGIGOLGIAPPARATUSAPPARATUS


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DISCOVERYDISCOVERYTheThe Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus (also called the(also called the GolgiGolgi

bodybody,, Golgi complexGolgi complex, or, or dictyosomedictyosome) is an) is anorganelleorganelle found in mostfound in most eukaryoticeukaryotic cells. It wascells. It wasidentified inidentified in 18981898 by the Italian physicianby the Italian physician

Camillo GolgiCamillo Golgi and was named after him. Theand was named after him. Theprimary function of the Golgi apparatus is toprimary function of the Golgi apparatus is toprocess and package theprocess and package the macromoleculesmacromoleculessuch assuch as proteinsproteins andand lipidslipids that arethat aresynthesized by the cell. It is particularlysynthesized by the cell. It is particularlyimportant in the processing of proteins forimportant in the processing of proteins forsecretionsecretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of. The Golgi apparatus forms a part ofthethe endomembrane systemendomembrane system of eukaryotic cellsof eukaryotic cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle


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The Golgi is composed of membrane-The Golgi is composed of membrane-

bound stacks known asbound stacks known as cisternaecisternae..

Between five and eight are usuallyBetween five and eight are usually

present; however, as many as sixtypresent; however, as many as sixty

have been observed.have been observed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae


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TheThe Trans faceTrans face of the trans-Golgiof the trans-Golgi

network is the face of Golginetwork is the face of Golgi

apparatus from which vesicles leaveapparatus from which vesicles leave

the Golgi apparatus and proceed tothe Golgi apparatus and proceed to

further compartmentsfurther compartments


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AA cisternacisterna (plural(plural cisternaecisternae) comprises a) comprises a

flattened membrane disk that makes up theflattened membrane disk that makes up the GolgiGolgi

apparatusapparatus. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3

to 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like ato 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like a

stack of dinner plates, but there are usuallystack of dinner plates, but there are usuallyaround 6. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes toaround 6. The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to

help or to modify cargo proteins traveling throughhelp or to modify cargo proteins traveling through

them destined for other parts of the cell.them destined for other parts of the cell.


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FUNCTIONFUNCTION

The cisternae carry Golgi enzymes toThe cisternae carry Golgi enzymes to

help or to modify cargo proteinshelp or to modify cargo proteins

traveling through them destined fortraveling through them destined for

other parts of the cellother parts of the cell


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Enzymes within theEnzymes within the cisternaecisternae are able toare able tomodify substances by the addition ofmodify substances by the addition ofcarbohydrates (carbohydrates (glycosylationglycosylation) and) andphosphate (phosphate (phosphorylationphosphorylation) to them. In) to them. In

order to do so the Golgi transportsorder to do so the Golgi transportssubstances such as nucleotide sugars intosubstances such as nucleotide sugars intothe organelle from the cytosol. Proteins arethe organelle from the cytosol. Proteins arealso labeled with aalso labeled with a signal sequencesignal sequence ofof

molecules which determine their finalmolecules which determine their finaldestination. For example, the Golgidestination. For example, the Golgiapparatus adds aapparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphatemannose-6-phosphatelabel to proteins destined forlabel to proteins destined for lysosomeslysosomes..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna


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The Golgi also plays an importantThe Golgi also plays an important

role in the synthesis ofrole in the synthesis ofproteoglycansproteoglycans

, molecules present in the, molecules present in the

extracellular matrixextracellular matrix ofofanimalsanimals, and it, and itis a major site ofis a major site ofcarbohydratecarbohydratesynthesissynthesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycans


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GAGA

VesicularVesicular

transporttransport


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GAGA

Exocytotic vesiclesExocytotic vesicles VesicleVesiclecontains proteins destined forcontains proteins destined forextracellular release. After packagingextracellular release. After packaging

the vesicles bud off and immediatelythe vesicles bud off and immediatelymove towards themove towards the plasma membraneplasma membrane,,where they fuse and release thewhere they fuse and release thecontents into the extracellular spacecontents into the extracellular spacein a process known asin a process known as constitutiveconstitutivesecretionsecretion..AntibodyAntibodyrelease byrelease byactivatedactivated plasma B cellsplasma B cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane


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GAGA

Secretory vesiclesSecretory vesicles Vesicle containsVesicle containsproteins destined for extracellularproteins destined for extracellularrelease. After packaging the vesicles budrelease. After packaging the vesicles bud

off and are stored in the cell until a signaloff and are stored in the cell until a signalis given for their release. When theis given for their release. When theappropriate signal is received they moveappropriate signal is received they movetowards the membrane and fuse totowards the membrane and fuse to

release their contents. This process isrelease their contents. This process isknown asknown as regulatedregulatedsecretionsecretion..NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter release fromrelease from neuronsneurons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_pathway


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GAGA

Lysosomal vesiclesLysosomal vesiclesVesicle contains proteins destined forVesicle contains proteins destined for

thethe lysosomelysosome, an organelle of, an organelle ofdegradation containing many aciddegradation containing many acid

hydrolaseshydrolases, or to lysosome-like, or to lysosome-like

storage organelles.Digestivestorage organelles.Digestive

proteasesproteases destined for thedestined for the lysosomelysosome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome


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GAGA SS

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