almacenamiento de baja presion-dr. thomas davenport

7/27/2019 Almacenamiento de Baja Presion-Dr. Thomas Davenport

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Long Distance Shipment of Fresh Commodities

& Control of Quarantine Insect PestsUsing Low-pressure Intermodal Containers

Tom Davenport

Stan Burg


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Mature Fruit

All Fruits and Vegetables

Approach a Stage of MaturityAs They Develop

With Full Flavor & Peak Quality

Immature FruitAre Slow to Ripen after Harvest

With inferior Flavor and Quality


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Refrigerated Intermodal Container

Temperature Control

Fresh Air Exchange


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Mangoes Harvested Immature to Survive Shipment

but too Immature for Good Eating Quality


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Air Cargo

Advantage

QuickMature Fruit

Flowers

Disadvantage

Heat

$ Cost $


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Controlled Atmosphere Intermodal Containers

Modified Atmosphere Intermodal ContainersMinimal Temps.

O2 1% to 5%

CO2 3% to 5%Ethylene scrubbed

Optimum RH


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Prototype 20 ft VacuFresh Intermodal Container

for Long Distance Shipment of Horticultural Commodities

and Disinfestation of Quarantine Pests


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Benefits of Low-pressure Shipmentand Storage of Fresh Commodities

Disease Control

Insect Disinfestation


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Low-pressure Environment

Temperature-controlled Container WallsChiller

VacuFresh System is Simple

Temperature 13 C

Restricted

Air Flow

Humidifier

Vacuum

Pump

[O2] 0.2% at 15 mm Hg[CO2] 0%

[Ethylene] 0%

RH near 100%

Gas-tight Components are Essential


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Leak Rate (mm Hg/hr):

0.3 (VacuFresh)27.6 (NASA)

Empty Chamber Conditions:

0C

one water-saturated low pressure air

change/hr

Ambient Conditions:25C, 50% RH


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Effect of Pressure on Respiration Rate

CA limited to 50% reduction in respiration below NA before fermentation sets in.

Optimal LP produces 5X less respiratory heat than CA and 10X less than NA.


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Total calculated water loss based on respiratory heat compared to actual

measured water loss from apples during 2 and 5 months storage at 2C

either in 75mm Hg (LP) or 760 mm Hg (NA) from Bangerth (1973).

Water lossStorage NA LP

Variety (months) Calculated (Actual) Calculated (Actual)

. . . .

5 7.6 (6.3) 3.2 (3.5)Boscoop 2 3.2 (2.1) 0.8 (0.8)

5 6.8 (5.1) 1.6 (1.2)


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All Horticultural Commodities

Benefit from Low Pressure


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Cut Flower Preservation


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Vase life of carnations following storage in a prototype

Fruehauf 6.1 m (20 ft.) hypobaric container operated at a pressure

of 6.67 kPa (50 mm Hg) and temperature of2C


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Ethylene (left) and CO2 (right) production of bud cut White Sim carnations

at 20C immediately after harvest (fresh cut) or following five weeks storage

at 0C and an LP pressure of 50 mm Hg. (Carpenter and Dilley, 1975)


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sease ontro


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Figure 7.02.Mean percent growth, compared to growth in air of Pseudomonas fluorescens,

Erwinia carotovora, and Erwinia atroseptica, in (upper left) different concentrations of O2 + 3% [CO2];

(upper right) different concentrations of O2 + 0% [ CO2 ]; (lower left) different concentrations of

CO2 + 21% [ O2]; (lower right) different concentrations of CO2 + 3% [O2]. Growth in the dark at 21C

on a buffered asparagine-yeast extract broth during 16 hours forE. carotovora, 20 hours forP. fluorescens,

and 24 hours forE. atroseptica. High purity N2 gas was used to formulate the gas mixtures (Wells, 1974).

VacuFresh

Reefer

CA


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Figure 7.06.Effect of hypobaric pressure on (left) colony growth of Geotrichum candidum

var. citri aurantii,Penicillium digitatum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternata,

and (right)spore germination at 23C(Apelbaum and Barkai-Golan, 1977).


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Figure 7.07.Incidence of decay in papayas shipped from Hawaii to New York City in an intermodal

hypobaric container operated at 10C and a pressure of 2.67 kPa (20 mm Hg), and in a random sampling

of the same lot of fruit stored in a refrigerated container at the same temperature and atmospheric pressure.

There was no significant advancement in softening or colour development during the 21-day interval from

harvest to the first day of the shelf-life test. Hypobaric stored fruits had 63% less peduncle infection, 55%

less stem-end rot, and 45% fewer fruit surface lesions than papayas stored at atmospheric pressure in a

refrigerated container. Treatments included: W = wax (); B = benomyl plus wax ();

T = thiabendazole (TBZ) plus wax (); C = untreated control () (Alvarez, 1980).


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CARAMBOLA

Stored One Month at 13 C

15 mm Hg

760 mm Hg


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LP Preserves

Fully Mature Fruits for Months

Depresses

Pathogen Growth

During Shipment


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Lack of Maturity

Has Risks


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Insect Quarantine

Methyl Bromide FumigationIrradiation

Vapor Heat Treatment

Hot Water Treatment


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Batch Process Hot-water Treatment of Mangoes

Up to 90 minutes at 46.1 C


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Problems Associated

with ImmatureMangoes in Hot Water


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Postharvest Problems in Mangoes Imported

to the United States in Refrigerated Containers


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Immature Mangos

Can End up Like -THIS

Following Hot Water

Treatment


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Internal DamageBelow Collapsed

Shoulder


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Water Enters Fruit via Laticifers

To Balance Osmotic PotentialLatex is Forced Out

of Laticifers

Water Migrates into Cells

Surrounding Laticifers

to Balance

Osmotic Potential of Cells

Cells Explode Due to Excess

Turgor Pressure Releasing

Cell Contents into Laticifers

Leaving Cell Walls


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Internal DamageBelow Collapsed

Shoulder

Caused by Exchange

of Latex and Adjacent

Cell Contentswith Water Leaving

Cell Walls (White Tissue)


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Water Entering Fruit Also Carries

Microorganisms

Yeast


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Internal BreakdownCaused by Yeast

O h P h P bl


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Other Postharvest Problems

Fungi

Bacteria

External Postharvest Disorders


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External Postharvest Disorders

Skin Discoloration Lenticel Breakdown

C di i A P d i LP


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Commodities Are Preserved in LP

Due to Low O2

Can insects Get Enough O2

To Survive?


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C ibb F it Fl


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Caribbean Fruit Fly

Anastrepha suspensa


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Lab Scale Low Pressure Apparatus


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Vacuum Line

Vacuum Pump

Pressure RegulatorSystem


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Temperature

Controlled

Chamber

TreatmentDesiccators

Ambient

Vacuum

Line

Pump

A bi t C t l P


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Ambient Control Pump

Draws Humidified Air Through Control Desiccators

Treatment Desiccators


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Treatment Desiccators

Vacuum

Desiccator # 2

ow ontro

&Humidifiers

Ambient PressureControl

VacuumDesiccator # 1


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Vacuum Desiccator

Mylar Shield

Post-treatment Incubation at 29 C


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Incubation Bowl


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Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae


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Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae

Caribbean Fruit Fly Pupae


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Caribbean Fruit Fly Pupae

Average mortality of all eggs exposed over time to 20 mm Hg LP


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g y gg p g

and ambient control. Proportion of the original number of eggs.

Probit 9

10.6 days

Average mortality of all eggs exposed over time to 15 mm Hg LP


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ve age o ta ty o a eggs e posed ove t e to 5 g

and ambient control. Proportion of the original number of eggs.

Probit 9

9.44 days

Egg Mortality After 7 Days at 15 mm Hg


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Egg Mortality After 7 Days at 15 mm Hg


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Maggotometer yields

About 300 Larvae

Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae Mortality


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Ca bbea u t y a ae o ta ty

13 C

15 mm Hg

LP in VacuFresh Intermodal Containers Stores


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Virtually any Perishable Commodity forMonths

Cut FlowersPotted Ornamental Plants

a ure rop ca ru

Mango

Papaya

Mature VegetablesMeat

Prototype VacuFresh Intermodal Container


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Innovative Rectangular Design


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Requirements for Success


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Requirements for Success

Demonstrate Insect Kill

at Probit 9 Statistical Level

in Fruit

Develop Infrastructure for Container

Manufacture and Distribution

Ship Fully Mature Fruits & Vegetables

Anywhere in the WorldWhile Suppressing Decay

Killing 100% Quarantine Insects During Shipment

Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum Chamber


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Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum Chamber


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Atlas Technologies Lab Scale Vacuum

Chambers in Temperature-controlled Room


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p


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Humidifiers


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Humidifiers

Conclusions


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LP is superior to CA and 1-MCP storage treatmentsin controlling ethylene production, intercellular

concentration, and action.

LP stora e re laces meth l bromide, heat, and

chilling treatments to kill quarantine insects.

LP stores produce for months by eliminating all

major causes of commodity spoilage.


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Thank You

almacenamiento de baja presion-dr. thomas davenport

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