air pollution & health effects dr. n. abdullah for ech 4201 (environmental health engineering)
TRANSCRIPT
AIR POLLUTION amp HEALTH EFFECTS
Dr N Abdullah
For ECH 4201 (Environmental Health Engineering)
Learning Objectives
bullTo describe types of air pollutants and propose its control
bullTo assess the impact of air pollutant on human health
Earth Atmosphere
bull Mixture of gases form ~400km around earth
bull Trophosphere (~16km) contains gt75 of the total air
bull Composition of earth air
ndash 78 Nitrogen
ndash 206 Oxygen
ndash 14 others ( 09 Argon
05 GHG)
ndash GHG are CO2 Methane CFC
O3 N2OH2 Neon Helium
krypton
Definition of Air Pollution
Kuching Sarawak- 1997 Forest Fires
It is defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they produce undesirable effects on humans and environment
History London smog 1952
bull Coal contain S when burn becomes SO2
bull SMOG Smoke + fog SO2 amp particlesbull 4000 death London 1952bull 700 death London 1962
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Learning Objectives
bullTo describe types of air pollutants and propose its control
bullTo assess the impact of air pollutant on human health
Earth Atmosphere
bull Mixture of gases form ~400km around earth
bull Trophosphere (~16km) contains gt75 of the total air
bull Composition of earth air
ndash 78 Nitrogen
ndash 206 Oxygen
ndash 14 others ( 09 Argon
05 GHG)
ndash GHG are CO2 Methane CFC
O3 N2OH2 Neon Helium
krypton
Definition of Air Pollution
Kuching Sarawak- 1997 Forest Fires
It is defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they produce undesirable effects on humans and environment
History London smog 1952
bull Coal contain S when burn becomes SO2
bull SMOG Smoke + fog SO2 amp particlesbull 4000 death London 1952bull 700 death London 1962
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Earth Atmosphere
bull Mixture of gases form ~400km around earth
bull Trophosphere (~16km) contains gt75 of the total air
bull Composition of earth air
ndash 78 Nitrogen
ndash 206 Oxygen
ndash 14 others ( 09 Argon
05 GHG)
ndash GHG are CO2 Methane CFC
O3 N2OH2 Neon Helium
krypton
Definition of Air Pollution
Kuching Sarawak- 1997 Forest Fires
It is defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they produce undesirable effects on humans and environment
History London smog 1952
bull Coal contain S when burn becomes SO2
bull SMOG Smoke + fog SO2 amp particlesbull 4000 death London 1952bull 700 death London 1962
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Definition of Air Pollution
Kuching Sarawak- 1997 Forest Fires
It is defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they produce undesirable effects on humans and environment
History London smog 1952
bull Coal contain S when burn becomes SO2
bull SMOG Smoke + fog SO2 amp particlesbull 4000 death London 1952bull 700 death London 1962
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
History London smog 1952
bull Coal contain S when burn becomes SO2
bull SMOG Smoke + fog SO2 amp particlesbull 4000 death London 1952bull 700 death London 1962
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
bull Smelter at Sudbury Ontariobull 12 km tall smokestackbull The goal emit pollutants so high that by the
time they reach ground level theyrsquove been diluted by clean air to non-hazardous levels
bull It (mostly) worked BUT SO2 + oxidant = H2SO4 (cause acid rain)
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Effects of Human activities on Environment
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Global Warming
bull Naturally occurring GHG ndashless than 05bull Human activities risen the level of these GHG
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
1) Greenhouse Gases1) Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring gases - CO methane Anthropogenic gases ndash CO2 nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Greenhouse Effect
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV radiation
Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) methyl chloroform carbon tetrachloride halons methyl bromide
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
2) Ozone Layer Depletion
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV
related biological damageHalocarbons release chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquoa
Increase in ultraviolet-related biological damage
Stratospheric ozone layer depleted
Chlorine and bromine lsquoradicalsrsquo destroy ozone molecules
Increase in ultraviolet irradiance at ground level
1
2
3
4
Source McMichael 1993
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
bull From diesel biomass amp coal burning
Scattering (Cooling)
Absorption(Atmospheric Warming)
Dimming of Surface Surface Cooling
Absorption (Column Warming)
Cloud Evaporation(Warming)
Cloud Seeding(Cooling)Suppression of Rain increase of life time hellip Cooling
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Acid Rain
bullEmissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produce Acid Aerosols - H2SO4 HNO3 (also regional pollutant)
bullCoal fired (and oil fired) power plantsbullTrans-boundary issue (especially in Europe and
North America)
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Early Control Measure
Government regulation UK Clean Air Act (1956) US Clean Air Act (1963 1970 amendement)
Malaysia National standards (1998) Standards to establish ldquosaferdquo thresholds
Control strategies to reduceprevent accidences
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Clean Air Act (CAA)
bullPhilosophy- Everybody should have the same degree of protection
bullEstablish uniform national standardsbull Most susceptible subgroups of individuals (eg
asthmatics children) are to be protected- element that drives much of the biomedical research
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
bullenvironmental agreement signed in 2002 between all ASEAN nations to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia
bullclearing via open burning in the Indonesian island of Sumatra
bullFrom Sumatra monsoon winds blew the smoke eastward and hence creating negative environmental externalities on other Southeast Asian nations
bullThick haze covered much of Southeast Asia for weeks and caused noticeable health problems among the populace
bullAs of June 2007 eight countries have ratified the agreement
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Air Quality Index (AQI)
bullstandardized indicator of the air quality in a given location It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count) but may also include sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Health classifications used by the EPA 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Malaysian Air Quality
bull reported as the API or Air Pollution Indexbull Four of the indexs pollutant components (ie carbon
monoxide ozone nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μgmsup3
bullUnlike the American AQI the index number can exceed 500 Above 500 a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area Usually this means that non-essential government services are suspended and all ports in the affected area closed 0-50 Good 51-100 Moderate 101-200 Unhealthy 201-300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Categories of Air Pollutants
bullStationary sources
ndash 1 Point
ndash 2 Fugitive
ndash 3 Area
bullMobile sources
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Types of Air Pollutants
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Types of Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Particulate Matter (PM)
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Air ToxicHAPS
Diverse range of toxic compoundsndash Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
bullformaldehyde lung eye skin irritants bullbenzene 13-butadiene carcinogens
ndash Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)bullDDT PCB dioxins toxic persistent bioaccumulate
ndash Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)bullBenzo[a]pyrene Incomplete combustion of organic
matter ndash lung cancer immune system suppression respiratory problems
ndash Toxic Metals (associated with PM or as gases) bullArsenic cadmium lead mercury nickel chromium
persistent bioaccumulate toxic - kidneyliver damage CNS disorders
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Inversion
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
1048708 Interferes with photosynthesis carbohydrate production
1048708 Damage to leaf tissue needles and fruit
1048708 Reduction in growth rate or suppression of growth
1048708 Increased susceptibility to disease pests and adverse
weather
1048708 It reduces crop yields and makes fruit smaller lighter
and less nutritious
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Whatrsquos the Problem to human
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Respiratory System
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Some other health endpoints Some other health endpoints of interestof interest
Cardiovascular disease (AMI heart failure) ECG changes Hospital admissions Mortality
Perinatal outcomes Birth weight and gestational age Neonatal and infant mortality
Cancer incidence ndash lung cancer
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Determinants of exposure dose and Determinants of exposure dose and biologically effective dose that underlie biologically effective dose that underlie
the development of health effects the development of health effects (Modified from Jaakkola (Modified from Jaakkola et alet al 1994) 1994)
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Particulate size in air pollution
fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction)
lt = 10 m
PM25 (respirable fraction)
lt = 25 m
PM1 lt = 1mUltrafine (UFP or UP) lt =01 mPM10-PM25 (coarse fraction)
25m ndash 10 m
A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Size amp distribution of particles in the atmosphere (NSW SOE 2000)
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
PM10 ndash Health effects
asthma lung cancer cardiovascular issues and premature death
PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems
PM25 tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung (high plaque deposits in arteries causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis mdash a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems)
very small particles (lt 100 nm) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs (even more damaging to the cardiovascular system can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs including the brain )
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
DPM
bullDiesel Particulate Matter (DPM) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
bullContain diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates metallic abrasion particles sulfates and silicates
bullsize range of 100 nanometres bullcarry carcinogenic components like
benzopyrenes adsorbed on their surface
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Indoor air pollution
bull Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day
bullThis can include the air space in the office classroom motor vehicle shopping centre hospital and home
bullThe quality of indoor air is influenced by two major factors
ndash amount and quality of outdoor air getting in
(ventilation rates deposition and chemical decay)
ndash indoor sources of emissions of air pollutants
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Particulate Matter Air Pollutionand
Health Risks
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
What is Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM)bull a wide variety of airborne
material bull dust smoke and soot) that are
directly emitted into the air or result from the transformation of gaseous pollutants
bull Particles come from natural sources (eg volcanic eruptions) and human activities such as burning fossil fuels incinerating wastes and smelting metals
Image from httpwwwepagoveogapti1 module3distribudistribuhtm
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
How is PM Regulated
PM is one of the six EPA ldquocriteria pollutantsrdquo that have been determined to be harmful to public health and the environment (The other five are ozone sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide and lead)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from exposure to these pollutants Areas that exceed the NAAQS are designated as nonattainment and must institute air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the NAAQS
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
PM
Where Does PM Originate
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are transformed through atmospheric chemistry to form PM
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources(vehicles)
VOCs NO2 PM
Stationary Sources (power plants factories)
NO2 SO2 PM
Area Sources(drycleaners gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources (forest fires volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Determinants of PM Concentration
bull Weather patternsbull Windbull Stability (vertical movement of air)bull Turbulencebull Precipitationbull Topographybull Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of smokestack emissions
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level When particles accumulate in the air layer they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them
Source httpwwwepagovapti course422 ce1html
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
1930 Meuse River Valley Belgiumbull An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold damp weather
bull Main sources zinc smelter sulfuric acid factory glass manufacturers
bull 60 deaths recorded1948 Donora Pennsylvania
bull Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley bull Main sources iron and steel factories zinc
smelting and an acid plant bull 20 deaths observed
1952 London bull Killer fog (right)bull Primary source domestic coal burningbull 4500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in DecemberThe Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
bull Particles gt10 m are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs
bull Particles between 5 and 10 m are removed by physical processes in the throat
bull Particles smaller than 5 m reach the bronchial tubes
bull particles 25 m in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs
Image PM25 By D Hershey From New York State Department of Environmental Conservation httpwwwdecstatenyuswebsitedarbaqsmicrotwohtml
Particulate Matter Size Matters
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
bull Premature deathbull Lung cancerbull Exacerbation of COPDbull Development of chronic lung diseasebull Heart attacksbull Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung diseasebull Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthmabull Decreased lung functionbull Pre-term birthbull Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s most research focused on the association of PM exposure with respiratory disease Since then there has been growing evidence of cardiovascular health effects from PM
Source Pope and Dockery JAWMA 2006
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Toxicological clinical and epidemiological studies have increased understanding of the mechanism of action by which PM leads to mortality and lung and heart disease
For example at right are stained photomicrographs of abdominal arteries from mice exposed to filtered air and air polluted with fine particulate matter with the increased arterial blockage in the PM-exposed mice providing scientific support for the link between PM and atherosclerosis found in a study of human subjects (Kunzli et al 2005)
Sun et al JAMA 2005
Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects Theories include the following
4 PM causes inflammation of lung tissue resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function
5 PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks
1 PM leads to lung irritation which leads to increase permeability in lung tissue
2 PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections
3 PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases causing rapid loss of airway function
How Does PM Cause Health Effects
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of CO
bull colorless odorlessbull extremely toxicbull CO gets locked on hemoglobin in blood 250 x faster than O2 leading
to hypoxiabull 90 in atmosphere is from natural sourcesbull Most emissions through tailpipes of vehiclesbull Recent reductions due to cleaner burning enginesbull Effect heart disease
- lung diseases - central nervous system
response to external stimuli (symptoms similar of flu)
- Normal individual during strenuous work
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of CO
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
bullShort term exposure to gt3ppm - decrease lung function
bullgt01ppm ndashirritate lung decrease lung function in asthmatic person
bullProlonged exposure destroy lung emphysemabullSuppression of immune system
ability to fight off bacterial amp viral infections
bodys ability to generate antibodies ability to remove foreign particles
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
bull Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations Effects include ndash Bleaching or killing plant tissue ndash Causing leaves to fall ndash Reducing growth rate
bull Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes bull Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides)
bull Reduce visibility bull Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight can also react with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants or smog
bull Also NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
bull 90 of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2) a heavy colorless gas with an odor like a struck match
bull SO2 combines easily with water vapor forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) a colorless mildly corrosive liquid
bull This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
bull Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs bull Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage (Added in trace amounts to natural gas providing a leak-detecting warning odor)
bull Note The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal normally 07 to 2 by weight High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6 sulfur by weight
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor it can irritate the respiratory system
bull Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow making breathing difficult
bull Children the elderly those with chronic lung disease and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects
bull Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people
bull Impair the respiratory systems defenses against foreign particles and bacteria when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods
bull Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing)
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
bull Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals probably through the formation of acids (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry paint various fibers paper leather and electrical components
bull Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility Particulate sulfate much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Ozone
bull natural O3 in stratosphere goodbull anthropogenic O3 at surface badbull produced near surface by
ndash photochemical reaction ie sunlight + NO2 -gt O3
ndash Automobile and industrial NO2 exhaust
bull more readily oxidizes (burns) things than O2bull used to purify water (kill bacteria)bull very damaging to plantsbull Jogexercise in the morning to avoid high O3 concentrations
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Ozone
bull Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant
bull Ozone exposure may lead tondash Shortness of breath ndash Chest pain when inhaling deeply ndash Wheezing and coughing
bull Long-term repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function inflammation of the lung lining and increased respiratory discomfort
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Ozone- UV
bull Stratosphere O3- act as a sheild by absorb UVB (dangerous form) amp UVC
bull Depletion of ozone layer cause impact to human
ndash Skin cancer
ndash Cataract
ndash Immune suppressbull Depletion due to anthropogenic CFC CFC in lower
atmosphere stable up to 100yrs rsodence time Eventually moce up to stratosphere
bull In stratosphere UV breakdown CFC to release reactive Chlorine amp this chlorine breakdown O3 leads depletion of its layer
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
bull- Nerve damage IQ perceptual motor skills
- Anemia- Kidney damage - High blood pressure
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Health Effect of VOCs
bullVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)bullSolvents ie degreasing dry cleaningbullHydrocarbons (eg CH4)bullGlobally only 15 are anthropogenicbullPrimary source automobilesbullCan cause smog toxic to plants amp animals
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air effects of major air
pollutantspollutantsPollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
OzoneOzone Damage to vegetation reduced plant growth and crop yields increased susceptibility to pestsLong-term low-level exposure is of concern limited studies have been done on effects on Australian native vegetationDamage to fabrics rubber and construction materials
Irritation of eyes and air passages decreased function lung inflammation (potent oxidant) sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers possible increased susceptibility to infection
NONO33 Effects on vegetation damage to leaf surface reduced plant growthLimited research has been done on Australian native vegetation
Decreased lung function lung inflammation increased sensitivity of asthma patients to asthma triggers increased susceptibility to respiratory infection
COCO -- Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen can lead to decreased exercise capacity and aggravation of cardiovascular disease
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
Environmental amp human health Environmental amp human health effects of major air pollutants effects of major air pollutants
(cont)(cont)PollutanPollutantt
Effects ndash environmentalEffects ndash environmental Effects ndash human healthEffects ndash human health
SO2 Plant damage and growth inhibition little known about effects on Australian native vegetationAcid deposition acidification of soils and lakes change the availability of minerals to plantsCorrosion of construction materials
Decreased lung function lung inflammation may provoke wheezing and exacerbate asthma
Fine particles
Reduced visibility brown haze Increased rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms decreased lung function excess mortality from heart and lung disease exacerbation of symptoms in asthma patients
Lead Can accumulate in soil and food chain
Altered neurobegavioural function in children ie impaired intellectual development increase human blood pressure and impair renal function
Air toxics
Possible bio-accumulative effects (from accumulation in food chain)
Long-term health effects even at low concentrationsCompounds may be carcinogenic mutagenic teratogenic neurotoxic toxic or can cause reproductive dysfunction
Source NHMRC 1996 EPA 1997a
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-
How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
bull Every S atom in coal combust into
bull SO2 then comes down to H2SO4
bull Reaction occur in air cloud dropletbull Emission of SOx mostly from
ndash utilities such as industrial boiler
bull Eg 1000MW plant
ndash Use 500 metric tonhr coal
ndash Emit 26 metrics tonhr SO2
bull Emission control
ndash Change fuel (coal contain 1-3 S)
ndash Clean exhaust (for 1000MW plant must clean a lot 3x106 cubic feetmin)
ndash Use wet scrubberadsorbercycloneprecipitator etc
- Air Pollution amp health effects
- Learning Objectives
- Earth Atmosphere
- Definition of Air Pollution
- History London smog 1952
- Past Solution Talk Stalk (Smelter)
- Air Pollution ndashthe Problem
- Effects of Human activities on Environment
- Effect of Air Pollution amp Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Global Warning ndash greenhouse effect- acid rain
- Slide 12
- Greenhouse Effect
- 2) Ozone Layer Depletion
- Postulated steps from the release of halocarbons to increase in UV related biological damage
- Black Carbon A major Greenhouse Aerosol
- Acid Rain
- Early Control Measure
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze Pollution
- Air Quality Index (AQI)
- Malaysian Air Quality
- Categories of Air Pollutants
- Types of Air Pollutants
- Slide 25
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Slide 27
- Pollution Emission (1998-USA)
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Air ToxicHAPS
- Slide 34
- Inversion
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Slide 39
- Whatrsquos the Problem to human
- Respiratory System
- Slide 42
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Slide 50
- Slide 51
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- DPM
- Indoor air pollution
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- What is Particulate Matter
- How is PM Regulated
- Where Does PM Originate
- Sources of PM and PM Precursors
- Determinants of PM Concentration
- The Role of Inversions
- Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
- Particulate Matter Size Matters
- What Adverse Health Effects Have Been Linked to PM
- Increasing Evidence of Cardiovascular Effects
- Integrating Toxicology Epidemiology and Clinical Studies
- How Does PM Cause Health Effects
- Health Effect of CO
- Slide 94
- Health Effect of Nitrogen Oxides
- Other Health Impact of Nitrogen oxides
- Health Effect of Sulfur Dioxides
- Health Effect of other Sulfur Compound
- Health Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Other Effect of Sulfur Oxides
- Health Effect of Ozone
- Slide 102
- Ozone- UV
- Health Effect of Lead (Pb)
- Health Effect of VOCs
- Slide 106
- Slide 107
- How to Control Air Pollution (Case example SOx)
-