1 ech 4102 environmental health engineering prepared by: dr. salmiaton ali x6297

11

ECH 4102ECH 4102

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENGINEERINGHEALTH ENGINEERING

prepared by:prepared by:

DR. SALMIATON ALIX6297

22

SOLID WASTE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

1.1. SOURCE, COMPOSITION & CHARACTERISTICS

2. BASIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

3. SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY OF MUNICIPAL

SOLID WASTE

4. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

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WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?SOLID WASTE – GENERAL DEFINITION

MATERIAL ARISING FROM HUMAN & ANIMAL ACTIVITIES THAT IS NORMALLY SOLID & IS DISCARDED AS BEING EITHER USELESS OR UNWANTED

44

WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?US RESOURCE CONSERVATION &

RECOVERY ACT (RCRA) 1976 – “GARBAGE, REFUSE, SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PLANT, OR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY, & OTHER DISCARDED MATERIAL INCLUDING SOLID, LIQUID, SEMISOLID, OR CONTAINED GASEOUS MATERIAL RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, MINING, & AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, & FROM COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES”

55

WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?SOLID WASTE – NOT INCLUDE SOLID OR

DISSOLVED MATERIALS IN IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS OR INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES

MANAGEMENT – CAREFULLY PLANNED, JUDIOUS USE OF MEANS TO ACHIEVE AN “END”

‘END’ – REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED MATERIAL

TO ACHIEVE – TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, ECONOMIC, & POLITICAL PROBLEMS MUST BE SOLVED

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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SWM SYSTEMSWM SYSTEMSOLID WASTE GENERATION

WASTE HANDLING SEPARATION & STORAGE AT

SITE

COLLECTION

DISPOSAL

SEPARATION, PROCESSING, &

TRANSFORMATION OF SW

TRANSFER & TRANSPORT

1313

SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW IN COMMUNITY – RELATED

TO LAND USE & ZONING

CLASSIFICATIONS NECESSARY – ADDRESS COMPLEX CHALLENGES OF SWM

SW DIVIDED INTO FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES

MUNICIPAL WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE

AGRICULTURAL WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE

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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW

1.1. MUNICIPAL WASTEMUNICIPAL WASTE – FROM HOUSEHOLD, INSTITUTIONAL, COMMERCIAL, MUNICIPAL, & INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (EXC. PROCESS WASTES)

RESIDENTIAL WASTERESIDENTIAL WASTE – – THIS CATEGORY OF WASTE INCLUDES REJECTED SOLID MATERIAL THAT ORIGINATES FROM SINGLE-FAMILY, MULTIFAMILY, & HIGH-RISE DWELLINGS; OFTEN CALLED HOUSEHOLD WASTES & CONSIST OF GARBAGE, RUBBISH & TRASH, BULKY WASTE & ASH

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GARBAGEGARBAGE – – RESULTS FROM FOOD PREPARATION, PACKAGING, CONSUMPTION, & ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES; QUICK REMOVAL FROM PLACE OF GENERATION, CAREFUL STORAGE, & DISPOSAL ARE NECESSARY – TENDS TO ATTRACT RATS & FLIES & PRODUCE STRONG ODORS

RUBBISH & TRASHRUBBISH & TRASH – – CONSISTS OF PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS, CANS, BOTTLES, PLASTICS, OLD CLOTHES, LEATHER PRODUCTS, METAL PRODUCTS, GLASS, CERAMICS, DIRT, DUST, GARDEN WASTES, ETC.

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BULKY WASTEBULKY WASTE – – INCLUDES HEAVY & LARGE WASTES SUCH AS APPLIANCES, FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TOYS, TIRES, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS; DUE TO SIZE, WEIGHT & IRREGULAR GENERATION – SPECIAL HANDLING & COLLECTION TECHNIQUES REQUIRED

ASHASH – – END PRODUCT FROM BURNING FIREWOOD, COAL, ETC. FOR HEATING OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW MUNICIPAL SERVICESMUNICIPAL SERVICES – – INCLUDES SOLID RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS & SERVICES

WATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGEWATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGE – – NEEDS TO BE PROPERLY DISPOSED OF TO PREVENT GROUND OR SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION; TREATMENT OPERATED BY MUNICIPALITY, PUBLIC UTILITY COMPANIES, OR SANITARY DISTRICT

STREET REFUSESTREET REFUSE – – RESULTS FROM COLLECTION OF STREET SWEEPINGS & DEBRIS THAT ARE PRIMARILY INORGANIC IN NATURE (SAND, DIRT); QUANTITY & CONTENT – DEPEND ON SEASON & FREQUENCY OF CLEANING OPERATIONS

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PUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSEPUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSE – – PEOPLE USING FACILITIES GENERATE REFUSE (BOTTLES, CANS, ETC); ALSO, WASTE RESULTS FROM MAINTANENCE TREES, LAWNS, ETC.

DEAD ANIMALSDEAD ANIMALS – – MAJOR PROBLEM IN AREAS CLOSE TO HABITATS WITH LARGE POPULATION OF WILD ANIMALS (DEER, GOPHERS) OR IN COMMUNITIES THAT EITHER DO NOT HAVE ANIMAL CONTROL LAWS OR DO NOT ENFORCE THEM; MUNICIPALITY RENSPONSIBLE FOR REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF DEAD ANIMALS

1919


““ABANDONED” WASTEABANDONED” WASTE – – EVEN THOUGH IT’S AGAINST THE LAW, PEOPLE STILL PITCH BOTTLES, CANS & PAPER PRODUCTS INTO STREETS, DRAINAGE DITCHES & PARKS; JUNKED APPLIANCES ALSO ABANDONED ON PUBLIC GROUND; OLD AUTOMOBILES ABANDONED ON STREETS AFTER REMOVING LISENCE PLATES.

DEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTEDEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTE – – INCLUDES WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE, BRICKS, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.; MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING & PAVEMENT & THAT ARE REMOVED BY DESTRUCTION – QUANTITY & COMPONENTS CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE

2020

SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTECOMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE – – ORIGINATES FROM STORES, RESTAURANTS, OFFICES, HOTELS, ETC. SUBDIVIDED INTO GARBAGE & RUBBISH; GARBAGE – GENERATED IN RESTAURANT, ETC.; RUBBISH – GENERATED IN OFFICES (PAPER), STORES (PLASTIC, WOOD); SPECIAL WASTE – GENERATED BY HOSPITALS & RESEARCH LAB – MAY INCLUDE TOXIC CHEMICALS, EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS, PATHOLOGICAL MATERIALS – REQUIRE SPECIAL COLLECTION, HANDLING & DISPOSAL

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2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTEINDUSTRIAL WASTE – – 2 GENERAL SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTECOMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE – – GENERATED BY OFFICE,CAFETERIA, & OTHER PERSONNEL-RELATED ACTIVITIES; INCLUDED IN CATEGORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE

2222


2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTEINDUSTRIAL WASTE – – 2 GENERAL SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

PROCESS WASTEPROCESS WASTE – – GENERATED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES; INCLUDE CHEMICAL PLANTS, REFINERIES, ETC.; SOME MAY BE HAZARDOUS; MANAGE ON SITE BY GENERATING INDUSTRIES, SOME LANDFILLED

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3.3. AGRICULTURAL WASTEAGRICULTURAL WASTE – – GENERATED FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS & CROPS; SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF MANURE ARE GENERATED FROM FEEDING OPERATIONS OF CATTLE, HOGS, ETC.; MANAGING THESE LARGE QUANTITIES – MAJOR COST TO FEEDLOT OWNERS

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COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

DESCRIBE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS MAKING UP SW STREAM & THEIR RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION, USUALLY BASED ON WEIGHT %

INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT WHEN EVALUATING EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS & MANAGEMENT PLANS

COMPOSITION OF SW HAS CHANGED CONSIDERABLY OVER THE YEARS – RESULTS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, LIFESTYLE CHANGES, & REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS

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BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN USUS

WASTE SOURCERANGE (wt

%)TYPICAL (wt%)

RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL (NONHAZARDOUS)

50-75 62

SPECIAL WASTE (e.g. bulky) 3-12 5

HAZARDOUS 0-0.99 0.1

INSTITUTIONAL 3-5 4

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION 8-20 14

STREET SWEEPINGS 2-5 4

LANDSCAPING 4-9 6

TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE 3-8 5

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TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC WASTEDOMESTIC WASTE

COMPOSITION (%) US UKPOLAN

DCHINA

FOOD WASTES 9 25 24 36

PAPER, CARDBOARD 40 29 11 2

PLASTICS 7 7 2 1.5

GLASS 8 10 6 1

METALS 9.5 8 2 1

CLOTHING/TEXTILES 2 3 10 1.5

ASHES, DUST 3 14 45 57

UNCLASSIFIED (e.g. garden, yard)

21.5

4 - -

2727Solid waste composition in New Zealand, 2007

SingaporeSingapore

2828

3030

QUANTITIES & QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

AVERAGE VALUES ARE SUBJECT TO WIDE VARIATIONS FROM CITY TO CITY, SEASON TO SEASON & WITH RESPECT

TO METHODOLOGY USED

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4.4. HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE MANY PRODUCTS USED EACH DAY INSIDE HOME CONTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

EX.: FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT, BATTERIES, HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS, LAWN & GARDEN PRODUCTS (HERBICIDES, PESTICIDES, FUNGICIDES), ETC.

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL – HARMFUL TO PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT IF IMPROPERLY USED OR DISPOSED

ANOTHER SOURCE – COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS: SOLVENTS FROM REPAIR SHOP, INKS FROM PRINT SHOP, ETC.

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MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE

MOST EFFECTIVE WAY – ELIMINATE (SMALL QTY IN MSW) IS SEPARATE THEM AT POINT OF GENERATION

CITIZENS SHOULD ALSO BE EDUCATED ABOUT PROPER USE, STORAGE, & DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING1. PREPROCESSING – PRODUCE A WASTE

STREAM WITH GREATER HOMOGENEITY & PERMIT RECOVERY OF MATERIALS

WEIGH STATIONS – PROVIDE ACCURATE INFO ON QTT RECEIVED & ALLOWS EQUITABLE FEES FOR PROCESSING

RECEIVING & STORAGE AREAS – RECEIVE INCOMING VEHICLES, PROVIDE SPACE FOR THEM TO UNLOAD & ALLOW STORAGE WASTE MATERIAL BEFORE PROCESSING

REFUSE CONVEYING – VARIETY OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES TO MOVE SW INTO, AWAY FROM, & BETWEEN PROCESSING STAGES

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in USAin USA

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING

2. PHYSICAL PROCESSING

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF UNPROCESSES SW – RAW SW IS A MIXTURE WITH VARYING SIZES & SHAPES

SHREDDING & SIZE REDUCTION – REDUCE SIZE OF WASTE & PRODUCE A RELATIVELY UNIFORM MATERIAL

SEPARATION OF WASTE COMPONENTS – CAN SEPARATE EITHER BY PARTICLE SIZE, DENSITY, OR MAGNETIC SEPARATION

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING3. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

(COMBUSTION)

ENGINEERED PROCESS THAT EMPLOYS THERMAL DECOMPOSITION VIA THERMAL OXIDATION AT HIGH T (≥ 1400OF) TO CONVERT WASTE TO LOWER-VOLUME, NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIAL OR ENERGY

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN FUEL – C, H, O, SOME S CONTENT, SOME N CONTENT.

WHEN ADEQUATE OXYGEN AVAILABLE – C OXIDIZE TO CO2, H TO H2O, S TO SO2, N TO NO

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING COMBUSTION – CHEMICAL REACTION, THUS,

FOLLOWS THE LAWS OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETICS & THERMODYNAMICS

COMBUSTION REACTION – FUNC. OF OXYGEN, TIME, TEMPERATURE, TURBULENCE

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

ORGANIC MATTER IN MSW – HAVE DISPOSAL PROBLEM, - BUT HAVE POTENTIAL TO BE CONVERTED INTO USEFUL CHEMICALS & FUELS

MICROORGANISMS BIODEGRADE THE ORGANICS INTO GASES, SOLIDS & ENERGY

TO CONTINUE REPRODUCE & FUNCTION PROPERLY, HOWEVER, THESE ORGANISMS MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY: CARBON TO SYNTHESIZE NEW CELLS, INORGANIC ELEMENTS (i.e. nutrients), PROPER pH & TEMPERATURE, & A NONTOXIC SUBSTRATE

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

(CONT.)

TYPES OF MOs USED DURING BIODEGRADATION ALSO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED (AEROBIC/ ANAEROBIC)

ONE IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES – IN PROCESS OF COMPOSTING SW

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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING5. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION

MATERIAL PROCESSING

PRODUCT MANUFACTURIN

G

PACKAGING & DISTRIBUTION

USE & SERVICE

RETIREMENT

TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

THE EARTH & BIOSPHERE

PRODUCT REUSE

SOLID WASTES, AIR & WATER EFFLUENTS,

WASTE HEATS & ENERGY RECOVERY

OPEN-LOOP RECYCLING

(MATERIAL DOWN-CYCLING INTO

ANOTHER PRODUCT SYSTEM)

REMANUFACTURING

RECYCLING

ENERGY, RAW

MATERIALS, AIR, WATER

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

Minnesota, USAMinnesota, USA

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SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &

RECOVERYRECOVERY ACCORDING TO US EPA - STATES,

MUNICIPALITIES, & WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY SHOULD FOLLOW THIS HIERARCHY TO REDUCE SWM PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY

1. SOURCE REDUCTION

2. REUSE

3. RECYCLING

4. TREATMENT

5. DISPOSAL

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RECOVERYRECOVERY “WASTE THAT IS NOT PRODUCED DOES NOT

HAVE TO BE COLLECTED” – VERY GOOD CONCEPT

CONSEQUENTLY, PREVENTING WASTE & POLLUTION HAS BECOME A MAJOR ISSUE

SOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS – INCLUDE THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, & PACKAGING OF PRODUCTS WITH LITTLE OR NO TOXIC CONTENT, A MINIMUM VOLUME OF MATERIAL, AND/OR A LONGER PRODUCT LIFE-TIME

INVOLVES CHANGING THE WAY PRODUCTS ARE MADE & MARKETED

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RECOVERYRECOVERY EFFECT - LANDFILL CAPACITY & NATURAL

RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED, LESS ENERGY IS USED IN MANUFACTURING, & LAND, AIR, & WATER POLLUTION ARE REDUCED

ELEMENTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION ACTIVITIES - INCLUDE PRODUCT REUSE, REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME, REDUCED TOXICITY, INCREASED PRODUCT LIFETIME, & DECREASED CONSUMPTION

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RECOVERYRECOVERY EX. OF PRODUCT REUSE – REUSABLE

SHOPPING BAGS, CLOTHES & OTHER ITEMS AT SALVATION ARMY, RETREADED TIRES,& RECHARGED BATTERIES

REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME – POSSIBLE BY USING CONCENTRATES, LIGHTER-METAL CANS, & GLASS CONTAINERS

TYPICAL PACKING ITEM – 1/3 NATIONAL WASTE STREAM BY WEIGHT, & POTENTIAL TARGET FOR WASTE REDUCTION

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RECOVERYRECOVERY SOME PACKAGING IS ESSENTIAL FOR

PROTECTING, TRANSPORTING, & MARKETING, BUT WASTE REDUCTION IS POSSIBLE BY ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY PACKAGING - DESIGNING BETTER PACKAGES, & REUSING & REFILLING

IN EUROPE, DRAMATIC STEPS HAVE REDUCED PACKAGING WASTE – STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT “THE POLLUTER PAYS”

THIS MAKES THE PRODUCERS RESPONSIBLE FOR PACKAGING WASTE, IN EFFECT “INTERNALIZING” COST OF WASTE MANAGEMENT & PROVIDING INCENTIVES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION

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REDUCING QUANTITY & REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITYTOXICITY

REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY OF WASTE & REUSE OF MATERIALS BEFORE ENTERING WASTE STREAM ARE PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED BY MANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS

PRODUCTS CAN BE DESIGNED & FORMULATED BEFORE MANUFACTURING TO CONTAIN LESS-OR EVEN NONE- OF SUBSTANCES THAT POSE RISKS WHEN BECOME PART OF WASTE STREAM

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REDUCING QUANTITY & REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITYTOXICITY

TOXIC MATERIALS IN HOUSEHOLD WASTES - AS SYNTHETICS REPLACED MANY TRADITIONAL MATERIALS - DERIVED TOXIC MATERIALS IN SUCH WASTE HAVE INCREASED APPRECIABLY; TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN SW INCLUDE HEAVY METALS, CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, & USED MOTOR OIL

REDUCTION IN TOXICITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY USING LESS (OR NO) PROBLEMATIC SUBSTITUTES FOR TOXIC CONSTITUENTS

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING SEPARATION OF A GIVEN WASTE MATERIAL

FROM WASTE STREAM FOR REUSE OR PROCESSING TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING

AFTER SOURCE REDUCTION (TOP PRIORITY IN SWM HIERARCHY), RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FOR RECYCLING & COMPOSTING IS THE NEXT IMPORTANT ACTIVITY

COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEF’N. OF SW RECYCLING – TO USE ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS IN A WAY THAT THEY ARE NOT DEPOSITED IN A SANITARY LANDFILL & THAT CONSERVES NATURAL RESOURCES

5252

RECYCLINGRECYCLING MOST RECYCLING PROGRAMS -

SUBSIDIZED FINANCIALLY - THE COLLECTION & TRANSPORT OF WASTE FOR RECYCLING REQUIRE SUBSTANTIAL AMT. OF LABOUR & ENERGY

RECYCLING PROCESS - INCLUDES SEPARATING RECYCLABLES BY TYPE, COLLECTING THEM, PROCESSING THEM INTO NEW FORMS, MANUFACTURING THEM INTO PRODUCTS, & MARKETING THEM AS GOODS MADE FROM REPROCESED MATERIALS

5353

RECYCLINGRECYCLING SEPARATION (USUALLY) COMES BEFORE

COLLECTION – GENERALLY DONE BY GENERATORS

RECYCLABLES – THEN DELIVERED OR PICKED UP FOR DELIVERY TO A MATERIAL-PROCESSING CENTRE OR A SCRAP PROCESSOR

SOURCE - SEPARATED WASTES MAY BE COLLECTED AT CURBSIDE OR DELIVERED TO DROP OFF CENTRE

5454

RECYCLINGRECYCLING YEARS AGO, RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING &

COMPOSTING HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE TOTAL WASTE STREAM

DECREASING LANDFILL CAPACITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, IMPROVING MARKETS, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES & POLITICAL SUPPORT - STRONG EMPHASIS ON RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) DEVELOPED

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS

PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS – USED TO MAKE NEWPRINT, PAPERBOARD FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BOXES, CONTAINER BOARD, & CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS; VARIOUS PAPER PRODUCTS RECOVERED FROM SW CAN BE REPULPED & MADE INTO NEW PRODUCTS; PROPORTION OF RECYCLED PAPER BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FIBERS DEPENDS ON QUALITY OF RECYCLED MATERIAL; HOWEVER, RESULTS IN SHORTENING OF PAPER FIBER WHICH SOON REACHES A SIZE THAT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO USE ANYMORE

5656


(CONT.)

PLASTICS – MOST ARE SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF POLYMERS CONTAINING HYDROGEN, CARBON & OXYGEN, & ARE USUALLY MANUFACTURED FROM PETROLEUM & ITS DERIVATIES; REQUIRES GREAT CARE BECAUSE OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BY PRODUCTS THE PLASTIC ONCE CONTAINED OR EVEN BY A SMALL QUANTITY OF DIFF. TYPES OF PLASTICS WITH DIFF. RESINS; SORTING NOT NECESSARY BECAUSE COMINGLED PLASTICS (MIXTURES) CAN BE SHREDDED, MELTED & EXTRUDED INTO USEFUL FORMS

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(CONT.)

ALUMINUM – HAS BEEEN SUCCESSFUL, ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM CANS; ECONOMIC INCENTIVE IS DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE FACT THAT RECYCLED ALUMINUM USES ONLY 2-3% OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO MAKE NEW ALUMINUM FROM BAUXITE ORE; RECYCLYING HELPS TO REDUCE PLACED ON LANDFILLS & SAVES SIGNIFICANT AMT OF ENERGY

5858


(CONT.)

GLASS – GLASSMAKERS RETURN GLASS THAT IS BROKEN DURING MANUFACTURING TO GLASS FURNACE; MANY MANUFCTURING PLANTS ALSO HAVE A BUY-BACK PROGRAM FOR BROKEN GLASS WHEN THEIR OWN SUPPLY IS IMPROPER;BROKEN GLASS MIXED AT RATIO 15% WITH RAW MATERIAL USED FOR NEW PRODUCT MANUFACTURE; AS LONG AS THE SAME COLOR, CAN BE USED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL REFINING

5959

RECYCLINGRECYCLING CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION

WASTES

ASPHALT - OLD PAVEMENT MATERIAL IS PROCESSSED WITH CONCEREE & STONES OR BY ITSELF

CONCRETE – CRUSHED & SCREENED FOR USE AS ROAD BASE, OR MIXED WITH NEW CONCRETE OR USE IN MAKING NEW PRODUCTS

WOOD – CLEAN WOOD IS PROCESSED FOR FUEL & LANDSCAPING; REMAINING IS SHREDDED & PASSED THRU CLASSIFIER, WHERE LARGE PIECES ARE SEPARATED

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES

(CONT.)

USED TIRES – POSE A MAJOR DISPOSAL PROBLEM; PILES IF TIRES ARE EYESORES & CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS; ALSO FIRE HAZARD, CAN PRODUCE NOXIOUS BLACK SMOKE & FUMES; TIRE COLLECTORS SEPARATE TIRES THAT CAN BE REUSED AFTER RETREADING, REMAINDER ARE STORED OR SHREDDED FOR LANDFILL DISPOSAL; PRESENT RECYCLING PROGRAM – INCINERATED OR BURNED AS A FUEL IN A SPECIALLY DESIGNED POWER PLANTS & UTILIZED FOR MISCHELLANOUS PURPOSES (PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT)

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS

OIL RECOVERY – USED LUBRICATING OILS CAN BE RECOVERED TO A QUALITY ESSENTIALLY EQUAL TO THAT OF VIRGIN LUBRICATING OILS; DIRT & SLUDGE THAT BUILD UP IN THESE OILS MAKE DECONTAMINING & RECLAIMING IT CALLED OIL RE-FINING; PREFERRED METHOD FOR RE-FINING – DISTILLATION

SOLVENT RECOVERY – SEPARATE CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTE SOLVENTS THUS RESTORING SOLVENT TO ITS ORIGINAL QUALITY OR TO LOWER-GRADE SOLVENT; COMMON USED IS DISTILLATION. EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, ETC.

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS

(CONT.)

ACID REGENERATION – USUALLY INVOLVES SEPARAION OF UNREACTED ACID FROM AN ACID WASTE; IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED AS A PRECIPITATE BY COOLING THE ACID

METALS RECOVERY – CAN BE RECOVERED BY USING DIFFERENCES IN THE MELTING & BOILING PROPERTIES TO SEPRATE THEM AT HIGH T; ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY REMOVES & CONCENTRATES METALS FROM LIQUID WASTE BY USING PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION, ION EXCHANGE, MEMBRANE FILTRATION, SOLVENT STRIPPING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS

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RECYCLINGRECYCLING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – REDUCE

POLLUTION & ENERGY USE THUS RESULTING IN ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

WHEN SECONDARY MATERIALS ARE USED IN MANUFACTURING, VIRGIN RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED

LIMITATIONS TO THE RECOVERABILITY OF MATERIALS RESULT FROM PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS

RECYCLING EFFECTS ARE NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE; INVOLVES REPROCESSING OR REMANUFACTURING MATERIALS THAT HAVE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW

LANDFILL IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM THAT IS DESIGNED & CONSTRUCTED TO DISPOSE OF DISCARDED WASTE BY BURIAL IN LAND TO MINIMIZE THE RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

CURRENTLY A SIGNIFICANT PART OF MSW MANAGEMENT & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

IN US, LANDFILL – MOST WIDELY USED METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH ~ 80% OF NATION’S MSW IS LANDFILLED

6565


BECAUSE OF INCREASED CONCERN AMONG CITIZENS & GOVERNMENT REGARDING THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROPERLY LOCATED, DESIGNED & OPERATED LANDFILLS, ALSO HARD TO FIND NEW LANDFILL SITE – THE “3-R’s” ARE BEGINNING TO HAVE SOME EFFECT ON PUBLIC OPINION

“3-R’s” – REDUCTION, REUSE, & RECYCLING

6666


NUMBER OF LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM HAVE BEEN PROPOSED

CLASS DESIGNED TO HANDLE

I (SECURE LANDFILLS) HAZARDOUS WASTE

II (MONOFILLS) DESIGNATED WASTE

III (SANITARY LANDFILLS) MSW

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SITING CONSIDERATIONS – PROPER SITING IS CRUCIAL TO PROVIDE ECONOMICAL DISPOSAL WHILE PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

FOUR MAJOR ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OF LANDFILL SELECTING

1. DATA COLLECTION – MANY MAPS & OTHER INFORMATION (e.g. solid waste volume, landfill volume) MUST BE STUDIED TO OBTAIN DATA WITHIN THE SEARCH AREA

6868


2. LOCATION CONSTRAINTS – A SEARCH FOR A SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE TYPICALLY BEGINS BY ELIMINATING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE LOCATIONS; CERTAIN TYPES OF LAND ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE (flood plains, wetlands, land near airports)

6969


3.ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC REACTION – PUBLIC SHOULD BE INFORMED REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF LANDFILL IN THEIR AREA AS SOON AS A LIST OF POTENTIAL SITES IS DEVELOPED; LESS SUSPICIOUS & MORE OPEN TO DISCUSSION; PUBLIC CONCERN: ODORS, HEALTH HAZARDS, PROPERTY VALUES, LEACHATE

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4. AREA REQUIREMENTS – IN SELECTING POTENTIAL SITS, IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT SUFFICIENT LAND AREA IS AVAILABLE; SITE SIZE BASED ON QUANTITY OF SW TO BE DISPOSED IN PROPOSED LANDFILL DURING ITS LIFETIME; ADDITIONAL LAND IS REQUIRED FOR BUFFER ZONE, ACCESS ROADS, OFFICE & SERVICE BUILINGS & UTILITIES – REACTORS RANGING ~ 1.25 FOR AREA METHOD & 2.0 FOR TRENCH METHOD

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SITE SUITABILITIY

SOIL PROPERTIES –TYPES & QUANTITIES OF SOIL AVAILABLE ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN THE COST OF OPERATING A LANDFILL; SOILS ARE NEEDED AS A COVER & AS A MOISTURE BARRIER IN LANDFILL BOTTOM; ALSO ABLE TO SUPPORT EQUIPMENT USED TO TRANSPORT & PLACE THE SW, & ON COMPLETION OF A LANDFILL, A SOIL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING A GOOD VEGETATIVE COVER IS PROVIDED; SUCH PROPERTIES INCLUDE PERMEABILITY, SWELLINGS & CRACKING, SUPPORT OF VEGETATION

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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW PERMEABILITY – FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE

& DISTRIBUTION; LOW PERMEABILITY WILL PREVENT PASSAGE OF WATER INTO LANDFILL & LOSS OF LEACHATE FOM IT; EFFECTIVE PURPOSE - TIGHT CLAY

SWELLING & CRACKING – CERTAIN ARE PRONE TO SWELLING WHEN WET & CRACKING WHEN DRY

SUPPORT OF VEGETATION – WHEN LANDFILL IS COMPLETED, A FINAL COVER OF SOIL IS PLACED; MUST SUPPORT GOOD VEGETATION TO PROTECT AGAINST EROSION & TO DISSIPATE THE WATER THAT MAY INFILTRATE INTO TOP LAYERS OF COVER

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES – OBJECTIVE

IS TO REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY LEACHATE FROM THE FILL; TO PREDICT THE FATE OF LECHATE THAT LEAVES A LANDFILL SITE & ITS POTENTIAL FOR CONTAMINATING GROUNDWATER

UNDERSTANDING HOW WATER FLOWS THROUGH SUBSURFACE MATERIALS IS NECESSARY

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LANDFILLING TECHNIQUES – VARIOUS TITLES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE LANDFILLING, BUT ONLY 2 BASIC TECHNIQUES ARE INVOLVED

AREA METHOD – SW IS DEPOSITED ON THE SURFACE, COMPACTED, & THEN COVERED WITH A LAYER OF COMPACTED SOIL AT THE END OF THE WORKING DAY; THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR MOST TERRAIN

TRENCH METHOD – SW IS SPREADED & THEN COMPACTED IN AN EXCAVATED TRENCH THAT MAY BE 10 – 15 FT DEEP

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LANDFILL COVER DESIGN – WATER INFILTRATING THE LANDFILL COVER PICKS UP SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS DURING ITS PASSAGE THROUGH SW; THID LIQUID (i.e. leachate) IS A POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT; THEREFORE, ONE IMPORTANT DESIGN CONSIDERATION IS TO MINIMIZE LEACHATE PRODUCTION DURING THE OPERATION OF LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE

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SURFACE VEGETATIVE LAYER – COMPLETED LANDFILL SITES ARE NOW BEING DEVELOPED AS PARKS, GOLF COURSES, & BICYCLE PATHS; AS A RESULT, EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH MUST BE ESTABLISHED & MAINTAINED ON THE SURFACE LAYER; THIS GROWTH HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE WATER BALANCE & TOPROTECT THE SURFACE COVER; ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT EROSION & ENCOURAGES EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

7777


FILTER LAYER – PROTECTS THE OVERLYING COVER SOIL; SOIL IS SELECTED FOR ITS PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION & GEOTEXTILE FIBER MAY ALSO BE USED; INTENT IS TO PREVENT DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL PARTICLES FROM VEGETATIVE LAYER INTO DRAINAGE LAYER, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, ALLOW PASSAGE OF INFILTRATING WATER; MOVEMENT OF SOIL PARTICLES MAY CUSE PLUGGING OF DRAINAGE LAYER AND/OR GAS COLLECTION IN GRAVEL LAYER

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DRAINAGE LAYER – REMOVES WATER THAT INFLTRATES THE TOP LAYER OF THE COVER; THIS FUNCTION TAKES ON ADDED IMPORTANCE IN AREAS OF HIGH PRECIPITATION & LOW EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PERMEABLE DRAINAGE LAYER, SLOPED TO A DRAIN LINE TO REMOVE LIQUID; SUITABLE COARSE – UNIFORM SAND OR GRAVEL (LESSENS CONTACT TIME OF LEACHATE WITH WATE BY CONDUCTING PERCOLATION AWAY FROM THE WASTE)

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HYDRAULIC LAYER – MINIMIZES THE INFILTRATION THAT REACHES THE SW; PREFERRED MATERIAL – TIGHT CLAY, SYNTHETIC CLAY LINER, OR SYNTHETC MEMBRANE

FOUNDATION LAYER – SEPARATES GEOMEMBRANE (i.e. hydraulic barrier) FROM THE SW & PROTETS THE GEOMEMBRANE FROM DAMAGE; CAN BE BUILT FROMLOCAL SOILS W/O STONES OR OBJECTS THAT MAY DAMAGE THE MEMBRANE

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LANDFILL DESIGNLANDFILL DESIGN

Secured landfillSecured landfill

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LANDFILL LANDFILL DESIGNDESIGN

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LANDFILL LINERS – A BARRIER TO INTERCEPT LEACHATE & DIRECT IT TO A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

MOISTURE IN LANDFILLS – LEACHATE IS GENERATED BY PERCOLATION OF WATER OR SOME OTHER LIQUID THROUGH ANY WASTE & THE SQUEEZING OF THAT WASTE BY SELF-WEIGHT; QUANTITY OF LECHATE GENERATED DURING ACTIVE OF A LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE IS IMPORTANT IN MANAGING A LANDFILL

8686


ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE GENERATION RATES – DESIGN OF LEACHATE COLLECTION, TREATMENT, & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SHOULD CONSIDER THE ESTIMATED LEACHATE GENERATION; TYPICAL METHODS USED: HELP COMPUTER MODEL & WASTER BALANCE METHOD

LANDFILL OPERATION – A GOOD OPERATING SCHEDULE, PLAN, & METHODOLOGY RESULT IN PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY, MINIMIZED OPERATING COSTS & MINIMIZED LEACHATE PRODUCTION

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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW SITE OPERATIONS – SEVERAL TYPICAL

PROBLEMS

LITTER – CAN BE A PROBLEM DURING HIGH WINDS & A SOURCE OF COMPLAINTS FROM RESIDENCE CLOSE TO LANDFILL

ODOR – RESULT FROM ORGANIC WASTES,LANDFILL GASES, & LEACHATE

NOISE – CAN CAUSE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & LOSS OF HEARING IN WORKERS

DUST – CAUSE ALLERGIC REACTIONS & NUISANCE CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS & NEARBY RESIDENTS

INSECTS & RODENTS – NUISANCE & HAVE POTENTIAL FOR SPREADING DISEASE, BUT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY COVERING SW

8888

DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW ON-SITE OPERATION FACILITIES

FENCES & SIGNS – FENCES SHOULD BE BUILT AROUND THE LANDFILL TO LIMIT ACCESS BY PEOPLE &ANIMALS; SIGNS & NOTICES SHOULD BE POSTED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY & BETTER SITE OPERATION

PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA – SOME LANDFILL SITES MAY HAVE A PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA FOR REYCLABLE ITEMS; THIS AREA MAY ALSO BE COMBINED WITH A TRANSFER STATION; THE DROP-OFF FACILITY SHOULD BE SO DESIGNED & LOCATED SO THAT ITEMS CAN BE DROPPED OFF & TRANSFERRED FROM SMALL VEHICLES TO LARGE VEHICLES

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTSPUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

SOURCES OF DISEASE – UNDER WARM, MOIST CONDITIONS, MOST ORGANIC OR FOOD WASTES BECOME A HAVEN FOR DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISM

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDS – CERTAIN SW COMPONENTS CAN ALSO BE A SOURCE OF OTHER HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

DISEASE & OTHER HAZARD PREVENTION – INVOLVES CLEANLINESS, GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, & APPLICATION OF RECOMMENDED SANITARY CONTROL MEASURES (ELIMINATION OF FOOD, MOISTURE, & WARMTH)

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TRANSFER, PROCESSING, RECOVERY, & DISPOSAL FACILITIES – 2 TYPES OF PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES ARE INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN & OPERATION OF SW FACILITIES: 1) HEALTH & SAFETY OF GENERAL PUBLIC, 2) HEALTH & SAFETY OF WORKERS AT THOSE FACILITES

COMPOSTING – PROCESS OF CONVERTING MOST WASTE ORGANICS INTO USEFUL SOIL CONDITIONER; PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE INVOLVED – POTENTIAL FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE THE PROCESS

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AIR POLLUTION & WATER POLLUTION FROM SWM

PRODUCTION OF CH4 GAS BY

MICROORGANISMS THAT DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATERIAL ANAEROBICALLY; MAY SEEP THRU TRASH & ACCUMULATE IN UNDERGROUND POCKETS, & IF NOT PROPERLY VENTED, CAN BE A POTENTIAL FOR EXPLOSION

WATER POLLTION FOM IMPROPERLY DESIGNED & OPERATED LANDFILL

9292


INCINERATORS – PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ASH, WHICH CURRENTLY DISPOSED OF INSPECIAL SANITARY LANDFILLS OR HAZARDOUS WSSTE SITES; ASH CONTAINS TOXIC MATERIALS, INC. HEAVY METALS & DIOXIN

IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SW – CAN POLLUTE ATMOSPHERE THRU ODORS FROM DECAYING GARBAGE, SMOKE & FUMES FROM FIRES AT THE SITE, OR THE PRODUCTS OF OPEN BURNING

OTHER HAZARDS – TOXIC, EXPLOSIVE, & IGNITABLE WASTES – CAN BE MINIMIZED THRU CAREFUL SEPARATION & THEIR DISPOSAL AS HAZARDOUS WASTE

Class AssignmentClass Assignment

1. Work in a group of 3

2. Choose one type of solid waste in Malaysia except plastic bottles, paper products, aluminum cans and glass to be studied

3. Explain why you choose this type of solid waste, advantages of recycling or recovering this solid waste

4. Design a simple process using Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for recycling or recover valuable product based on characteristics or properties of the waste

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1 ech 4102 environmental health engineering prepared by: dr. salmiaton ali x6297

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