glendale ech
TRANSCRIPT
GLENDALE ECHTale of Two Tech Cities – From Sunny So Cal
AG
EN
DA TALE OF TWO TECH CITIES
GETTING STARTED.
Brief Overview of City Economic Composition of the City Problem the City was Facing Present the Solution to the Problem Current Condition of the City Today Take Aways
About Glendale.OVERVIEW.
SNAPSHOT
LOCATION.
Population: 207,000
Size: 30 Square Miles
North of Los Angeles. Entertainment Epicenter
DIVERSITY.
Los Angeles County.
Median Age: 40 | Median Income: $55K
• White – 73% • Hispanic – 18%• Armenian – 40%
• Asian – 17%• Black – 2% • Other – 8%
About Glendale.OVERVIEW.
SNAPSHOT
LOCATION.
Population: 207,000
Size: 30 Square Miles
North of Los Angeles. Entertainment Epicenter
DIVERSITY.
• White – 73% • Hispanic – 18%• Armenian – 40%
• Asian – 17%• Black – 2% • Other – 8%
Los Angeles County.
Median Age: 40 | Median Income: $55K
What Makes Us Financially Tick?ECONOMICS.
SNAPSHOTHealthcare: 14,000 ee
Retail: 9,500 ee
Manufacturing: 7,500 ee
TOP EMPLOYERSGlendale Adventist 2,500City of Glendale 2,000GUSD 1,800DreamWorks Animation 1,500Glendale Community College 1,400Glendale Memorial 1,200Glenair 1,200Nestle 1,180USC Verdugo Hills Hospital 700Public Storage, Inc. 324
Professional
Services: 15,000
PR
OB
LE
MROCK BOTTOM.
Many of our office tenants left.BI G PROBLEM..
BYE BYE PROFESSIONAL SERVICES: FINANCIAL, INSURANCE, BANKING , TITLE
OFFICE SF
VACANCY RATE IN 2010
SO
LU
TIO
N GET THOSE OFFICE TENANTS
FILL THEM.
1. Concierge Services2. Aggressive Marketing Strategy3. Relationships with Brokers4. Deliberate Recruitment
DE
VE
LOP
‘PERPETUATE POWERFUL PHYSICAL IMAGE’
DOWNTOWN SPECIFIC PLAN.
Downtown Glendale will be an exciting, vibrant urban center which provides a wide array of excellent shopping, dining, working, living, entertainment and cultural opportunities within a short walking distance..
First adopted 2005
SO
LU
TIO
N 18-HOUR CITY
18-HOUR CITY.
Create vibrant environment for people to live, work and be entertained.
GO
. GO
.G
O.
GET THOSE OFFICE TENANTS
OFFICE.OFFICE.OFFICE.
disney expansion: adds 33,800 sf
HO
US
ING
3,500 LUXURY APARTMENTS
GET PEOPLE TO LIVE IN DOWNTOWN
ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT
HIP
ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT
An
taeu
sTh
eate
r C
om
pan
y
Laem
mle
Th
eate
r an
d
Art
ist
Loft
s
VACANCY RATE IN 2016
10%
TECH IN GLENDALE
CURRENT BIZ
#GLENDALETECH.
Examine who is here now in effort
to expand on growth
Offers high level of economic stability
tech industry and innovation is already in Glendale and growing
Attracting a diverse pool of companies in high-growth
industries will help Glendale stay sustainable through
future recessions.
.
PIPELINE OF TALENT
EDUCATION
#GLENDALETALENT
Demonstrate there is a pipeline of talent to fill these jobs
Clark Magnet High School Robotics Team Glendale Community College Close to JPL, CalTech, USC, Art Center School of
Design, Occidental Access to Centers for Research - Glendale Adventist,
Memorial Hospital & Verdugo-USC Hills Hospital
Schools and hospitals are an important part of the dialog in attracting and retaining tech companies. And we have that, too…
PIPELINE OF TALENT
EDUCATION
#GLENDALETALENT.
Demonstrate there is a pipeline of
talent to fill these jobs
Clark Magnet High School Robotics Team
Glendale Community College Close to JPL, CalTech, USC,
Art Center School of Design, Occidental
Access to Centers for Research -Glendale Adventist, Memorial Hospital & Verdugo-USC Hills Hospital
Schools and hospitals are an important part of the dialog
in attracting and retaining tech companies. And we have
that, too…
COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES & RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
Art Center College of DesignCal Tech
Cal State LACal State Northridge
City of HopeGlendale Community CollegeLos Angeles Mission College
UCLAUniversity of the West
USC
TECH INITIATIVE
ESTOLANO LESAR PEREZ TEAM
Cecilia V. Estolano Cynthia Guzman Tulsi Patel
Data & Sector Analysis
Strategic Planning & Goal Setting
Experts in Entrepreneurship and Technology Sector
Economic Development Best Practices
Richard Weil Madeline WanderMark Goodstein
TECH INITIATIVE
PROGRAM APPROACH: SCOPE
Task 4. Determine Subsectors
Task 3. Strengths and opportunities for tech cultivation in Glendale
Task 2. Assess Glendale’s Current Role in Tech
Task 1. Define the Term “Technology”
Task 5. Identify Opportunities, Strategies, Initiatives
Task 6. Assess Potential/Desirability of Tech Incubator
Task 7. Determine Quality of Life Improvements
Task 8. Develop Strategic Plan
Task 9. Project Administration
HO
W T
OTOP FIVE TAKEWAYS
TAKE AWAYS.
1. Define the term “Tech” 2. Think Regionally 3. Make sure Council is on board. 4. Just Start. 5. Have a Beer.
GLENDALE ECHTale of Two Tech Cities – From Sunny So Cal
Darlene SanchezDeputy Director, Economic [email protected]
AgTech
Ecosystem
ON CENTRAL COAST
HOUSEHOLD INCOME: $49,728
POPULATION: 152,340
EDUCATION: 60.6% HIGH SCHOOL
MEDIAN AGE: 28.8 YEARS
ETHNICITY: 76% HISPANIC
$
THE CITY OF SALINASRich in land, rich in values
VALUE OF CROPSIn Monterey County
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Leaf
Lettuce
Strawberries Head Lettuce Broccoli Nursery Wine Grapes
Mil
lio
ns
$
SIZE OF LOCAL AG INDUSTRYMonterey County
76,000 jobs
$4.3b farm gate
$8b+ impact
“In the next 40 years, farmers will have to grow as much food as they have in the last 10,000 years —combined.”
— Norman Borlaug
“By 2050 the world’s population is expected to have reached 9 billion and the demand for food to have increased by between 70% and 100%.”
— FAO & OECD
THE CHALLENGE & THE OPPORTUNITYHow do we feed a rapidly growing world, with lower inputs?
2010 2020 2030 2040 20506.9b 9b
AGRICULTURE MUST CHANGELower inputs, greater output
WATER
ENERGY
FERTILIZERS
PEST CONTROL WASTE
OUTPUT
AGRICULTURE MUST CHANGEEmbrace new technologies
BUILDING AN AGTECH ECOSYSTEMSilicon Valley meets the Salinas Valley
PUBLIC/PRIVATEPARTNERSHIP
CAPITAL
NETWORKING &PUBLICITY
INFRASTRUCTURE
SKILLED WORKFORCE
ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT
ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENTFertile soil for smart ideas
THRIVE ACCELERATOR
WESTERN GROWERS
DIGITAL NEST
SKILLED WORKFORCEBetter jobs, higher productivity
SKILLED WORKFORCEBetter jobs, higher productivity
CS-IN-3
CODER DOJO
2+2 AGRIBUSINESS
NAT’L RESOURCE NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURESupporting innovaton
DARK FIBER
PUREWATER
DEEPWATER DESAL
PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPAligning goals for the greater good
LEADING CORPORATIONS
COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES
CAPITALEnergizing growth
WESTERN GROWERS
ANGEL INVESTORS
NETWORKING & PUBLICITYOwning the brand of AgTech Hub
FINANCIAL TIMES
FAST COMPANY
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8-page Collect ing supplementThe lat est sales, event s and t rends
USA $2.50 Canada C$3.00 | Saturday June 29 / Sunday June 30 2013 | USA
Gold price
Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream
$ per troy ounce
Apr 2013 Jun1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Yellow metal slid to athree-year low, Page 14
News Brief ing
BlackBerry squeezedTurnround falters asfiscal first-quarter resultsdisappoint. Page 10
US court empoweredRuling on gay rights hasrevealed new powers ofSupreme Court. Page 3
Empire St at e t ussleThird offer on table forNew York skyscraper in$2.1bn cash bid. Page 10
Int el ’s TV discont entGroup faces struggle tomove into TV business,new chief admits. Page 11
German poll st alls EUNearing elections stifleEU leaders’ moves onfiscal integration. Page 2
CIC set f or new chiefDing Xuedong expectedto head China’s $500bnsovereign fund. Page 3
Person in the NewsQatar’s Sheikha Moza,matriarch of themodern Gulf. Page 9
World Business Newspaper
Vatican hit byfresh financial scandal
By Giulia Segreti and
Guy Dinmore in Rome
The Vat ican has been rock ed bya fresh financial scandal afterItal ian pol i ce ar rested a seniorcler ic, a former secret serv iceagent and a middleman accusedover an al leged plot to smuggle€20m from Swi tzer land.
Nunzio Scarano, ar rested in
Rome yesterday, had been dis-missed more than a month agoas senior accountant in the Vat i -can ’s admin ist r at ion after i temerged that he w as underinvest igat ion by Ital ian author i -t ies for suspected money laun-der ing using his accounts in theVat ican bank , the Holy See said.
I tal ian pol ice said that theyalso ar rested Giovanni Mar iaZi to, a former agent who is nowa Carabinier i pol ice offi cer , andGiovanni Carenzio, a brok er .
The ar rests come at a sensi-t i ve t ime for the Vat ican asPope Francis presses ahead wi threforms to br ing the Holy See
into l ine wi t h i nternat ionalfi nancial standards, fol lowing aser ies of scandals involving theInst i t ute for Rel igious Works(IOR), the Vat ican bank . OnWednesday he set up a commis-sion to char t the bank ’s future.
Si lver io Sica, a lawyer for thedetained pr iest , said that fr iendsasked his cl ient to help recover€20m that they had given MrCarenzio to invest . Mr Sica saidthat the pr iest ask ed Mr Caren-zio to return the money and MrZi to offered to go to Swi tzer landto col lect i t , using an Ital iangovernment plane.“ The t r ansfer never t ook
place, cer tainly not t hroughMonsignor Scarano,” Mr Sicatold the Financial Times. Thepol i ce off i cer had claimed a€400,000 commission, Mr Sicasaid. Lawyers for the other twodetainees could not be reachedfor comment .
Nel lo Rossi , a Rome prosecu-tor also leading a separate probeinto suspected money launder -ing at IOR, said that FatherScarano was planning to br ingthe money from Swit zer land fora fami ly of shipbui lders in theci t y of Salerno. The or igins ofthe money were as yet unclear .
A pr i vat e plane w ent t o
Locarno from Rome and wai tedseveral days before returningwi thout the money. The cashnever left Swi tzer land becauseof disagreements and nervous-ness among the three suspects,Mr Rossi told Reuters.
A ccor ding to cour t docu-ments, Father Scar ano w asunder invest igat ion by prosecu-tor s in Salerno on suspicion oflaunder ing money from localbusinessmen through his twoaccounts at the Vat ican banksince 2009.
Cour t documents obtained byMr Sica ci t e t he pr iest asexplaining he had used his Vat i -
can bank account to pay off amor tgage on a proper t y so thati t could be sold to finance theconst ruct ion of a home for theterminal ly i l l i n Salerno. Thepr iest , who is a former banker ,denies any wrongdoing.
The Vat ican bank has beenunder invest igat i on for sus-pected money launder ing since2010 in a case involving Et toreGot t i Tedeschi , t he former bankchai rman who was dismissedlast year , and Paolo Cipr iani , i t sdir ector -general .
Both deny any wrongdoing.
New test of resolve, Page 2
Threeheld over alleged€20m smuggling plot
Senior cleric amongthose accused in case
Islamists gatheredin Cairo’s NasrCity district on theeve of a weekendof potentialclashes betweensupporters andopponents ofPresidentMohamed MorsiReport, Page 4
Comment, Page 8
Supporters of the presidentprotesting in Nasr City Reuters
Egyptiansfear furtherviolence
Silicon Valley meetsSalinasValley inpartnership to makefarming ‘smart’By April Dembosky
in Salinas, California
Big data is on i ts way to thedinner table. Si l i con Val leyexecut ives are for the fi r st t imeforming agr icul ture par t ner -ships using the latest sensorand mobi le technologies to cre-ate “ smar t farms” .
The St ei nbeck Innovat i onCluster , named after John Stein-beck , the author who set hisclassic novel Grapes of Wrath inthe Sal inas Val ley where theventure is based, is a coal i t ionof top technology and agr icul -tural companies, universi t iesand venture capi tal ists focusedon pr omot i ng t echnologyresearch and entrepreneurshipin agr i cul ture.
The Sal inas Val ley, which ishome to an $8bn farming indus-t r y, produces frui t and vegeta-
other fresh vegetables in the US.Investors say that the val ley
is the per fect test ing ground fornew agr icul tural technologiesaimed at improving effi ciencyand yields in the fresh food sys-tem. Wi th the global populat ionexpected to reach 9bn by 2050,and an increasing emphasis onfresh produce to combat obesi ty ,food product ion needs to doubleto feed the wor ld’s people.
Farmers are already test ingsoi l sensors that help moni tormoisture levels from thei r iPads500 mi les away. Var ious devicest r ack veget abl es fr om t heground t o the grocery st or eshelves to ident i fy sources ofpotent ial contaminat ion. Dronesare being considered for deploy-ing pest icides, or determiningwhich sect ions of a field areready for harvest .
Larger farms in Midwestern
ers are adapt ing them for fresh,per ishable crops, whi le theSt ei nbeck group hopes t hatinnovat ions wi l l ar i se from theSi l icon Val ley par tnerships.
Organisers hope that agr icul -tural companies, such as TaylorFarms and Dr iscol l ’s, the lead-
ing producers of ready-to-eat sal-ads and st rawber r ies, w i l l invest$5m, wi th Si l icon Val ley groupsand investors put t ing in $20m.
John Har tnet t , a par tner atSVG Par tners in San Jose andfounder of the Steinbeck project ,
develop new technologies: “Thisis an oppor tuni t y to connectthem together .”
The Steinbeck ini t iat ive aimsto al ign the interests of big tech-nology companies, such as IBMand Cisco, w i th large agr icul -tural groups to research andtest technical developmentsbefore using venture capi tal i ststo help take them mainst ream.
Si l icon Val ley venture capi tal -ists have histor ical l y shied awayfrom agr icul tural technology,prefer r ing inst ead the h ighreturns of internet and softwareventures. L ik ew ise, far mer shave eschewed investor rela-t ionships that would cut intothei r al ready sl im margins.“When you own the land and
you take the crop r i sk , guesswhat – VCs aren ’t get t ing 90 percent of that ,” said Dennis Dono-hue, a radicchio grower and
‘When you own theland and you take thecrop risk, guess what– VCs aren’t getting90 per cent of that’
Cent ral banks inTreasuries sell-of f
Central banks sold a recordlevel of US Treasury debt asmarkets shuddered at the
prospect of the Fed slowing
its quantitat ive easingprogramme. The debtholdings of official foreign
institut ions dropped a record$32.4bn to $2.93tn. It was
the third week of outflows in
the past four.
Report, Page 10
Markets, Page 14
FINANCIAL TIMES JUNE 29/ JUNE 30 2013 ★ 15
NEW SILICON VALLEYS
Technology is helping to address farm labour shortages in the f ields of California, writes April Dembosky
Robots rising in ‘salad bowl of the world’The “ help wanted” signs dot t ing thefarms in the Sal inas Val ley are goingunheeded. Even immigrant labourersare not tak ing the gruel l ing jobsA mer icans have long proven they donot want , leaving a dwindl ing numberof people wi l l ing to bend over in thehot Cal i fornia sun to pick st rawber -r ies and let tuce by hand.
Instead there are machines. High-tech cont rapt ions are in developmentor being tested in the fields to addressthe farm labour shor tage. For exam-ple, automated let tuce harvesters thatrequi re hal f the number of workersusual ly needed in the field to operate– and al low those workers to standupr ight , in the shade of the machine –and do thei r job.“We’ve had to design our harvest ing
systems for growth in an indust r ywhere the labour si tuat ion is in ques-t ion, so there is a work load thatfuture generat ions of farm workersare wi l l ing to do,” said Jer ret t Stoffel ,vice-president of operat ions for TaylorFarms’ r etai l di vision, which proc-esses 5m pounds of let tuce per weekfor Walmar t , Costco, and other com-mercial food retai lers.
Where state and federal governmenthave been slow to pass immigrat ionreforms and other food safety regula-t ions, mark et pressures and compet i -t i on have forced companies such asTaylor Farms to develop technologies.
A host of innovat ions coming out ofSi l i con Val ley – fr om sensors to bigdata and even drones – are gainingmomentum among agr icul tural com-panies, which are desperate to addressthese chal lenges.
Farmers in the US Midwest havebeen explor ing some of these technol -ogies to manage enormous fields ofwheat , corn and soyabeans. They arelook ing at data from soi l moisturesensors to set i r r igat ion levels, orusing algor i thms to predict weatherpat t erns. Remote “ camera t r aps”al low them to ident i fy t raff i c pat ternsof pests or an infested field patch thatwould easi ly be missed on a walk -through.
But the growers of fresh produce inthe Sal inas Val ley – k nown as the“ salad bowl of the wor ld” – faceunique chal lenges developing technol -ogy that can handle the speed, andthe cold, wet , caust ic condi t ionsrequi red to keep frui t and vegetablesfrom spoi l i ng on a one to two-weekjourney from the farm to shelves inthe US and to 22 di fferent count r ies.“ In the 90s, we had to adapt machin-
ery for other indust r ies that werepack ing break fast cereal and candy,”said Lor r i Koster , chief execut i ve ofvegetable processor Mann Pack ing.“Pack ing fi lms were for wrapping tur -keys and hams, not let tuce.”
The region was shaken in late-2006when bags of pre-washed spinachbecame tainted wi th E. col i bacter ia.The outbreak k i l l ed three people andsickened 200 across more than a dozenstates in the US. Though the contami -nant was traced back to one farm, al lcompanies suffer ed. Consumer sstopped buying spinach for months,and processors were on the hook forseveral crops they had paid for inadvance. For some, the losses were inthe mi l l i ons of dol lars.
New federal regulat ions spur red bythe outbreak have yet to be final ised.But in the meant ime, market for cespushed pr ivate companies to begininvest ing in food safety technologyimmediately fol lowing the cr isi s.
Today, at the Taylor Farms process-ing plant , mountains of fresh romainelet tuce are loaded on to conveyorbel t s to be cut , sent through a special -i sed chemical “ j acuzzi ” wash, andpack aged in to nanot echnology-inspi red plast i c bags. Work ers bun-dled i n sweat sh i r t s and gloves
beneat h thei r w hi t e smock s t oweather the warehouse’s fr igid 36degrees scan bar codes from each binof let tuce to t rack which batch fromwhich farm passed which par t of theprocessing cycle at what minute.
A t Mann Pack ing, a Taylor compet i -tor , the t rack ing cont inues even aftervegetable packages are loaded on tot rucks. Mann is test ing new GPS sen-sors and chips embedded in pal letsthat constant ly measure the tempera-ture sur rounding the produce. So i fmembers of a dr i ving crew swi tchingt rucks in Tennessee happen to leavethe pal lets in the sun whi le they tak ea 10-minute break , processors can pin-point exact ly where a shipment mayhave spoi l t .“The big benefi t is we can
log on from anywhere,” MsKoster said. “Our sales peo-ple can be at home and findthis informat ion onl ine.”
The var ious t rack ing products areaiming for a broader system of “ t r ace-abi l i t y” to ident i fy the source of spoi l -age or contaminat ion – or prevent ion.
Today, the industr y bel ieves i t canident i fy the source of a contaminantin 10 days, w i th the goal of reducingthat to 48 hours. But one problem isthat the data are accumulat ing in di f-ferent propr ietary databases, and com-pi l ing i t into one rel iable source ofinformat ion “ is a daunt ing task at the
ver y l east ” , sai dNorm Groot , execu-t i ve director of theMonter ey Count yFarm Bureau.
For now, most technology innova-t ion is inspi red by pr ivate companieswi l l i ng to invest in research anddevelopment , or test new technologywhen costs are st i l l h igh. Retai ler salso pass consumer demand for sus-tainabi l i t y on to farmers by some-t imes st ipulat ing the use of new wateror energy-saving measur es beforegrant ing cont racts.
Si l i con Val ley venture capi tal i st smay play an increasing role as cer taintechnologies gain t ract ion. A nd cus-tomers could end up helping on theback end i f the costs for technologyare passed on in raised pr ices.
But al l sides are vowing one keyeconomic change: new jobs – t houghnot necessar i ly more jobs.“ The work force may change,” said
Jim Bogar t , president of the Grower -Shipper A ssociat ion of Cent ral Cal i -fornia. “ I t w i l l be interest ing to see,five to 10 years from now, w i th theimpl i cat ions of science and technol -ogy, what k ind of jobs are needed todo the work here.”
Ripening ofskil ls required
Strawberry growers are ona mission to banish theterm “unskilled worker”
from the immigration
debate, writes AprilDembosky.
Unlike some vegetablesthat are ready to be
harvested in large swaths,each strawberry ripens at
its own pace.The same row of
strawberry plants will be
harvested three times a
week to capture the fruit
at just the right time.Workers must rely on a
keen, quick sense of
judgment on the size,shape, and colour of aberry before putt ing it intheir basket.
“Each one of those
pieces of fruit is selected
and harvested individuallyby people,” said Eric
Lauritzen, agricultural
commissioner for MontereyCounty, California.
The argument isbolstered by the technical
difficulty of replicating thatjudgment and dexterity in
non-human form.Prototypes of
mechanical strawberrypickers are currently being
built for use on farms in
northern California,borrowing optical lasers
from the medical industryto gauge berry colour.
Spain has already had
success developing its ownmachines – Europe faced
its labour crisis earlierthan the US, giving it a
jump-start on agriculturaltechnology development.
But those models do not
translate to the farmingstyle and comparativelymassive production scale
of US strawberry farms,
said Chris Christian of theCalifornia Strawberry
Commission. It will st ill be
several years before robots
dot American farms.Researchers are also
actively searching for analternative to controversial
fumigants that keep pests
away from strawberries.“Strawberries are attractive
to a lot of things,” said
Norm Groot, executive
director of the MontereyCounty Farm Bureau.
Environmental advocates
have raised concerns
about the impact ofchemicals on the air andland, but farmers have
struggled to find aneffective and commercially
viable replacement.
Now some scientists areeven trying to find a wayto grow strawberries in
new materials, instead ofsoil or dirt.
‘It will be interestingto see, five to 10years from now,with theimplications of . . .technology, whatkind of jobs areneeded to do thework here’
ON FT.COM
For more in-depth
analysis andincisive comment
on the technology
sector
www.f t .com/t echhubThere are fewer people willing
to pick strawberries by hand
‘Each one ofthose pieces offruit is selectedand harvestedindividually’
D’Arrigo Brothers*
Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital
Taylor Farms*
School Districts
Tanimura & Antle*
Hilltown Packing & Harvesting*
Natividad Medical Center
Mann Packing*
Monterey Mushrooms*
Leaf let tuce
Strawberry
Head lettuce
Broccoli
Nursery
Wine grapes
Celery
Spinach
Misc. vegetables
Cauliflower
$794 m
$785m
$4 76m
$ 316m
$ 30 8m
$ 214 m
$ 193m
$131m
$ 117m
$ 110 m
SalinasMonterey
San Jose
Santa Cruz
CALI FORNI A
SanFrancisco
Salinas Valley
Silicon Valley
50 km
Monterey County’stop cropsBy value, 2012
Top 10 employers in SalinasNumber of employees
* Farms or agricultural processors
FT Graphic
= 100 employees
MONTEREY COUNTY
Sources: ag.co.monterey.ca.us, 2012 Monterey County Crop Report; Salinas mayor’s office
1,0 00 -4 ,999
1,000-4,999
1,00 0 -4 ,999
1,000-4,999
50 0-999
50 0-999
500-999
50 0-999
50 0-999
A mechanical harvester gathers grapes in California Photo: AP
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