agriculture sector ghg inventory: issues and concerns for india sumana bhattacharya
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Agriculture Sector GHG Inventory: Issues and Concerns for India Sumana Bhattacharya 10 th February 2005 Shanghai, China. National Emissions - 1994. 743820. Sectoral Distribution of Emissions. Gas by Gas distribution across sectors. CH 4. Waste. 6%. All energy. 16%. Agriculture. 78%. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Agriculture Sector GHG Inventory: Issues and Concerns for India
Sumana Bhattacharya10th February 2005Shanghai, China
National Emissions - 1994
743820
Sectoral Distribution of Emissions
Agriculture28%
Industrial Processes
8%
Waste2%
LULUCF1%
Energy61%
Energy85%
Industrial Process
13%
LULUCF2%
Agri84%
Energy7%
waste4%
Ind. Proc.
5% N2O
CH4All energy
16%
Waste
6%
Agriculture 78%
CO2
Gas by Gas distribution across sectors
• Many activity data gaps exist, especially for reporting as per 17/CP.8, requiring major national efforts
• Procedures of reporting and collecting data for future inventories need to be established – reliability, coverage, and availability
• Sample size need to be enlarged for many categories to capture regional diversity in emission coefficients
Key lessons
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Project Management Cell
Steering Committee Technical Advisory
Institutional Arrangement
Inventory UR
Sectoral emissions- Agriculture
Enteric Fermentation
55%Rice
Cultuvation25%
Soils13%
Crop resid.1%
Manure6%
GHG Emission Distribution- Agriculture
Key sectors
1. Enteric fermentation
2. Rice Cultivation
3. Soils
Uncertainty Reduction Efforts
Rice Cultivation
Enteric fermentation
Percentage of the total National CO2
equivalent emissions
Percentage of total CO2 eq.
emissions from Agriculture sector
Tier used in the Initial NATCOM
Type of emission factor used
Agriculture sector
Enteric Fermentation 15.3 54.7 Tier III I
Rice Cultivation 7.0 24.9 Tier III I
Emission from Soils 3.7 13.1 Tier I D
Manure Management 1.6 5.9 Tier I D
Agricultural crop residue 0.4 1.4 Tier I D
Status of Preparation GHG inventory – Agriculture
I: Indigenously developed, D: IPCC Default Emission factors
Status of Preparation GHG inventory – Agriculture
Typicality's of Agriculture Sector in India
Livestock
80% indigenous low producing, non-descriptive with low feed req.- population going down
Crossbred increasing
Total population is projected to decrease
Manure not collected systematically
Rice cultivation
Total area almost constant over the years, Area under rainfed fluctuates
Not much cultivation on organic soils
Typicality's of Agriculture Sector in India
Crop Residue
Crop residue mostly used as fuel
Burnt on fields at few places
Soils
Diverse agriculture soils and management practices
Pattern and amount of fertilizer applied varies across regions
No quantification yet of application of organic fertilizers
Key lessons – Agriculture sector
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions emitted from the agriculture sector come from dispersed sources and hence are more uncertain w.r.t those from energy sources
Therefore procedures of reporting and collecting activity data for future inventories need to be established for improving their reliability, coverage, and availability
Sample sizes of measurements need to be enlarged for many categories to capture regional diversity in emission coefficients
Many activity data gaps exist, especially for estimating N2O from soils
Enteric Fermentation Data gathered on:
Livestock statistics Survey undertaken every 5 years (1987,1992, 1997,2003) Interpolation necessary- Identification and categorization of livestock species
Milk ProductionSame method
Body weight
Body weights of the indigenous cattle (constituting 80% of total population not well documented) not well documented
Feed IntakeBased on DMI - literature survey, regional variation exists in the type of feed.
Extensive survey necessary
Methane Conversion FactorData on methane from % of gross energy converted /dry matter intake confined to
higher bred
Body weights - published reports
BW of non-descript cattle taken 20% less than well-described breed.
DMI as percentage of body weight based on literature survey and expert judgment.
Feed intake in terms of kg DMI/100 kg livestock body weight / day is estimated.
Methane conversion factor in g CH4/kg DMI from published reports and dry matter intake of animals.
Aggregate national emission factor
Activity Data based Measurement based
Few CH4 measurements made for cross bred cattle using face
mask - SF6 technology
Sample size, statistically not adequate, all cattle types not covered. CH4 emission varies with temp. Therefore extensive measurements at all climate regions requires covering both indigenous and cross bred cattle.
Direct measurements - Enteric Fermentation
CH4 emission coefficient determined from cattle and buffalo
Manure Management
Based on animal population statistics and IPCC default emission factors
Three aspects to be noted
Manure is not systematically collected
Where it is collected, it is
- dried as dung cakes and used as fuel
- collected for bio gas plants for CH4 use as energy
Therefore over estimation in the 1st communication
Rice Cultivation
Govt. reports on rice harvest area under cultivation are in terms of
irrigated
rainfed
Distribution of harvest area according to IPCC in India made based on area under various soil types and type of water management
Data on application of Organic Carbon not available
Emission factors for all rice ecosystems not statistically significant
Measurements of CH4 flux vs. different rice cultivars are minimal
CH4 emission measurements from rice cultivation
Chamber Box technique – samples collected and analysed using Gas chromatography
Based on extensive measurements carried out between 1991 and 2002 for different cultivars
Inter comparison of samples with national & international standards
Measurements made over the entire cropping season for different water regimes
Classification of areas under various water regimes based on soil characteristics
Onsite CH4 measurement
Emission Coefficient – Rice cultivation
Crop Residue
Activity data is crop production based
Residue to crop ratio determined so far only for selected crops
Extensive surveys required to estimate the Fraction left on field for burning – now based on expert judgement
Dry matter fraction needs to be studied further in terms of crop produced, irrigation practices, and other farming practices
Emission factors of CO, CH4, NOx, NMVOC – Inadequate measurements
Emission from soils
N2O emissions data requirements:
Synthetic fertilizer – fraction of nitrogen that volatilizes as NH3 and NOx from applied synthetic fertilizer needs to be country specific,
including factors due to leaching & runoff
Application of animal manure
Data on Incorporation of crop residue in soils
Distribution of organic soils
Disposal of sewage/effluents
Extensive direct measurements to be made on all agricultural soils for all cropping systems