agriculture-power-water woes in india
TRANSCRIPT
Indian Agriculture statistics
Crops Area (million ha)Production
(million ton)
Electricity consumption (billion kWh)
Food 128 260 95
Commercial 44 103 13
Horticulture 24 269 19
Grand Total 196 622 129
Source: planningcommission.gov.in/sectors/agri_html/selagri/T1.27.xls
18 million
electrified pump
sets & 7 million
diesel pump sets
Declining Indices – a concern
Electricity-Area Index (MWh/ha) 2.30
Electricity-Crop Index (MWh/ton) 0.51
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1982-8
3
1983-8
4
1984-8
5
1985-8
6
1986-8
7
1987-8
8
1988-8
9
1989-9
0
1990-9
1
1991-9
2
1992-9
3
1993-9
4
1994-9
5
1995-9
6
1996-9
7
1997-9
8
1998-9
9
1999-0
0
2000-0
1
2001-0
2
2002-0
3
2003-0
4
2004-0
5
2005-0
6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
Electricity-Crop index
Electricity-…
Note: Estimated
Resources Foot print in
agriculture - India
Crops India
Wheat 1,654
Rice 2,850
Sugarcane 159
Cotton 18,694
Milk 1,369
Eggs 7,531
Chicken 7,736
Crops India
Rice 1,894
Wheat 2,088
Sugarcane 823
Cotton 1,412
Horticultural
crops391
(kWh/ton)(Lit/kg)
Source: Water Scarcity And Security In India, Dr. N.G.Hegde
Note: Estimated
Worldwide comparison of
indices
Countries
Crop-Energy
Index
(ton/MWh)
Energy-Area
index (ha/MWh)
Energy-water
index in
agriculture
(cu.m/MWh)
Water
productivity in
agriculture (US
$/cu.m.)
India 0.51 2.30 4,359 0.57
China 0.19 1.66 4,103 1.96
Brazil 0.16 5.80 2,163 3.72
South Africa 0.47 3.77 1,396 1.25
United States
of America0.29 5.24 1,679 0.92
Germany 0.16 16.81 923 4.27
Italy 0.27 1.94 3,751 2.08
Spain 0.31 1.52 4,416 1.59
Canada 0.19 13.74 502 3.85
Russia 0.25 3.68 806 5.45
Note: Indices are estimated
base data availed from http://www.nationmaster.com, FAO statistics 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org
Population-Food grain-
Electricity consumptionYear
Electricity
Consumption for
Agricultural Purposes
('000 GWh)
Area under
agriculture (million
ha)
Agriculture
production (million
ton)
Population
(crore)
1982-83 21 125.10 129.52 68.3
1983-84 25 131.16 152.37 69.9
1984-85 30 126.67 145.54 71.6
1985-86 33 128.02 150.44 73.3
1986-87 35 127.20 143.42 75.1
1987-88 39 119.69 140.35 76.9
1988-89 44 127.67 169.92 78.7
1989-90 48 126.77 171.04 80.6
1990-91 49 127.84 176.39 82.5
1991-92 53 121.87 168.38 84.6
1992-93 59 123.15 179.48 86.4
1993-94 63 122.75 184.26 88.3
1994-95 63 123.86 191.50 90.2
1995-96 67 121.01 180.42 92.1
1996-97 73 123.58 199.44 94.1
1997-98 77 123.85 192.26 96.1
1998-99 77 125.17 203.61 98.2
1999-00 81 123.10 209.80 100.3
2000-01 88 121.05 196.81 102.8
2001-02 92 122.78 212.85 104.5
2002-03 91 113.86 174.77 106.2
2003-04 95 123.45 213.19 108.0
2004-05 102 120.00 198.36 109.8
2005-06 106 121.60 208.60 111.6
2006-07 105 123.71 217.28 113.4
2007-08 109 124.07 230.78 115.3
2008-09 117 122.83 234.47 117.2
2009-10 121 121.33 218.11 119.1
2010-11 119 125.73 241.57 121.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Food production - Area - Electricity consumption
Electricity Consumption for Agricultural Purposes ('000 GWh) Area under agriculture (million ha)
Agriculture production (million ton) Population (crore)
Year
Annual change in
electricity
consumption (%)
Annual change in
food production
(%)
1982-83
1983-84 16% 18%
1984-85 19% -4%
1985-86 13% 3%
1986-87 6% -5%
1987-88 10% -2%
1988-89 13% 21%
1989-90 9% 1%
1990-91 3% 3%
1991-92 7% -5%
1992-93 11% 7%
1993-94 7% 3%
1994-95 1% 4%
1995-96 5% -6%
1996-97 10% 11%
1997-98 6% -4%
1998-99 0% 6%
1999-00 4% 3%
2000-01 9% -6%
2001-02 5% 8%
2002-03 0% -18%
2003-04 3% 22%
2004-05 8% -7%
2005-06 4% 5%
2006-07 -1% 4%
2007-08 3% 6%
2008-09 7% 2%
2009-10 4% -7%
2010-11 -1% 11%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Food production & electricity
consumption change pattern
Annual change in food
production (%)
Annual change in
electricity consumption
(%)
Population-Food grain-Electricity
Decade wise summary
YearPopulatio
n (million)
Foodgrain
productio
n (million
tons)
Electricity
to
agricultur
e (billion
kWh)
Irrigated
area
(million
ha)
Growth %
Population Food grain
Electricity
to
agriculture
Irrigated
area
1990-91 846 175 50 63
1995-96 937 185 86 71
2000-01 1,028 195 85 78 22% 11% 68% 24%
2005-06 1,119 208 90 82
2010-11 1,210 245 119 85 18% 26% 41% 9%
68%
41%
◦ Electricity consumption in agri is increasing much faster than the population, food production and irrigated area.
Decrease in Energy use efficiency
Reasons
Increased inefficiency in the pumping system
Depleting water table
Indiscriminate use of electricity because of subsidy
◦ Low water use efficiency
◦ Average power cost in India -3.6 ` / kWh
◦ Realization from agriculture-1.2 `/kWh
◦ 42,000 ` spent from government towards electricity to agri
◦ Domestic and commercial sectors facing acute power shortage
◦ Approx. 1.8K ` is spent on each ton of production, but market value of crop is 9K-35K ` per ton
◦ Depleting water table posing threat of unviable agriculture