agriculture of india
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AgricultureAgriculture
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What is AgricultureWhat is Agriculture
Agriculture is the production, processing,Agriculture is the production, processing,marketing, and use of foods, fibers and bymarketing, and use of foods, fibers and byproducts from plant crops and animals.products from plant crops and animals.
The word agriculture is the English adaptation of The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultra, from ager, "a field",[9] andLatin agricultra, from ager, "a field",[9] andcultra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillagecultra, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillageof the soil".Thus, a literal reading of the wordof the soil".Thus, a literal reading of the word
yields "tillage of a field / of fields".yields "tillage of a field / of fields".
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Indian Agriculture has made rapid strides sinceIndian Agriculture has made rapid strides since
independenceindependence
From food shortages and import From food shortages and import
to self to self--sufficiency and exports. sufficiency and exports.
From subsistence farming From subsistence farming to intensive and technology led cultivation.to intensive and technology led cultivation.
Today , India is the front ranking Today , India is the front ranking
producer of many crops in the world. producer of many crops in the world.
Ushered in through theUshered in through the
green, white, blue and yellow revolutions green, white, blue and yellow revolutions
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IndianIndian AgricultureAgriculture-- Some FactsSome Facts
Total Geographical AreaTotal Geographical Area -- 328 million hectares328 million hectares
Net Area sown Net Area sown -- 142 million hectares (approx 43%)142 million hectares (approx 43%)
Provides Employment to 58.4% of work force.Provides Employment to 58.4% of work force.
Agriculture is one of the strongholds of the Indian economyAgriculture is one of the strongholds of the Indian economyand accounts for 14.6 per cent of the country's gross domesticand accounts for 14.6 per cent of the country's gross domestic
product (GDP) in 2009 product (GDP) in 2009--10, and 10.23 per cent (provisional) of 10, and 10.23 per cent (provisional) of
the total exports.the total exports. Provides food toProvides food to 1.25Billion1.25Billion people people
India's agriculture and allied sector grew by 3.8 per cent in theIndia's agriculture and allied sector grew by 3.8 per cent in thefirst six months of the current fiscal (2010first six months of the current fiscal (2010--11)11)
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IndianIndian AgricultureAgriculture-- Some FactsSome Facts
Sustains 65% of the population : helps alleviateSustains 65% of the population : helps alleviate
poverty poverty
Produces 51 major CropsProduces 51 major Crops
Provides Raw Material to IndustriesProvides Raw Material to Industries
Contributes to 1/6Contributes to 1/6thth of the export earningsof the export earnings
One of the 12 BioOne of the 12 Bio--diversity centers in the world withdiversity centers in the world with
over 46,000 species of plants and 86,000 species of over 46,000 species of plants and 86,000 species of
animals recordedanimals recorded
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Milestones in AgricultureMilestones in Agriculture
DevelopmentDevelopment Green RevolutionsGreen Revolutions
Evergreen RevolutionsEvergreen Revolutions
Biotechnology RevolutionsBiotechnology Revolutions
ICT RevolutionsICT Revolutions
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Green RevolutionGreen Revolution
The world's worst recorded food disasterThe world's worst recorded food disaster
happened in 1943 in Britishhappened in 1943 in British--ruled India. Knownruled India. Known
as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four millionas the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million
people died of hunger that year alone in easternpeople died of hunger that year alone in eastern
India.India.
This shortf all of food grains continue till 1965.This shortf all of food grains continue till 1965.every year many people died due to starvation.every year many people died due to starvation.
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What was the Green RevolutionWhat was the Green Revolution
There were three basic elements in the method of theThere were three basic elements in the method of the
Green Revolution:Green Revolution:
(1) Continued expansion of f arming areas;(1) Continued expansion of f arming areas;
(2) Double(2) Double--cropping existing f armland;cropping existing f armland;
(3) Using seeds with improved genetics.(3) Using seeds with improved genetics.
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Continued expansion of f arming areasContinued expansion of f arming areas
The area of land under cultivation was beingThe area of land under cultivation was being
increased right from 1947. But this was notincreased right from 1947. But this was not
enough in meeting with rising demand. Otherenough in meeting with rising demand. Other
methods were required. Yet, the expansion of methods were required. Yet, the expansion of
cultivable land also had to continue. So, the Greencultivable land also had to continue. So, the Green
Revolution continued with this quantitativeRevolution continued with this quantitative
expansion of f armlands. However, this is NOT theexpansion of f armlands. However, this is NOT the
most striking feature of the Revolution.most striking feature of the Revolution.
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DoubleDouble--cropping existing farmlandcropping existing farmland
DoubleDouble--cropping was a primary feature of the Greencropping was a primary feature of the Green
Revolution. Instead of one crop season per year, theRevolution. Instead of one crop season per year, the
decision was made to have two crop seasons per year.decision was made to have two crop seasons per year.
The oneThe one--seasonseason--per per--year practice was based on theyear practice was based on thefact that there is only natural monsoon per year. Thisfact that there is only natural monsoon per year. This
was correct. So, there had to be two "monsoons" per was correct. So, there had to be two "monsoons" per
year. One would be the natural monsoon and theyear. One would be the natural monsoon and the
other an artificial 'monsoon.'other an artificial 'monsoon.'
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Artificial Monsoon or IrrigationArtificial Monsoon or Irrigation
Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
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Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
Artificial monsoon came in the form of hugeArtificial monsoon came in the form of huge
irrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrestirrigation f acilities. Dams were built to arrest
large volumes of natural monsoon water which large volumes of natural monsoon water which
were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigationwere earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation
techniques were also adopted.techniques were also adopted.
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Seeds with superior geneticsSeeds with superior genetics
This was the scientific aspect of the GreenThis was the scientific aspect of the Green
Revolution. TheRevolution. The Indian Council for AgriculturalIndian Council for Agricultural
ResearchResearch was rewas re--organized in 1965 and then again inorganized in 1965 and then again in
1973. It developed new strains of high yield value1973. It developed new strains of high yield value(HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice. The most(HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice. The most
noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat.noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat.
The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P.The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P.
Singh who is also regarded as the hero of India'sSingh who is also regarded as the hero of India's
Green revolution.Green revolution.
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Statistical Results of the GreenStatistical Results of the Green
RevolutionRevolution The Green Revolution resulted in a record grainThe Green Revolution resulted in a record grain
output of 131 million tons in 1978output of 131 million tons in 1978--79. This79. This
established India as one of the world's biggestestablished India as one of the world's biggest
agricultural producers. No other country in the worldagricultural producers. No other country in the worldwhich attempted the Green Revolution recorded suchwhich attempted the Green Revolution recorded such
level of success.level of success.
Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30
per cent between 1947 (when India gained political per cent between 1947 (when India gained political
independence) and 1979 when the Green Revolutionindependence) and 1979 when the Green Revolution
was considered to have delivered its goods.was considered to have delivered its goods.
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The crop area under HYV varieties grew from 7 per The crop area under HYV varieties grew from 7 per
cent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area duringcent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area during
the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70
per cent of the wheat crop area, 35 per cent of the rice per cent of the wheat crop area, 35 per cent of the ricecrop area and 20 per cent of the millet and corn cropcrop area and 20 per cent of the millet and corn crop
area, used the HYV seeds.area, used the HYV seeds.
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Different Types of Cropping PatternsDifferent Types of Cropping Patterns
Rabi CropsRabi Crops
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October Rabi crops are sown in winter from October
to December.to December.
Harvested in In summer from April to JuneHarvested in In summer from April to June
Important Rabi cropsImportant Rabi crops ± ± wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.
Kharif CropsKharif Crops
These crops are grown with the onset of These crops are grown with the onset of
monsoon and harvested in September monsoon and harvested in September--October.October.
Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy),Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy),maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,groundnut and soyabean.groundnut and soyabean.
..
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Zaid CropsZaid Crops
In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season.months known as the Zaid season.
Some of the crops produced during µzaid¶ are watermelon,Some of the crops produced during µzaid¶ are watermelon,
cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops and Sugarcane.cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops and Sugarcane.
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Major AchievementsMajor Achievements
India isIndia is
Largest producer in the world of pulses , tea , and milk
Largest producer in the world of pulses , tea , and milk
Second Largest producer of fruits, vegetables, wheat , rice,Second Largest producer of fruits, vegetables, wheat , rice,
groundnut and sugarcane.groundnut and sugarcane.
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Indian Agriculture ScenarioIndian Agriculture Scenario
STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS
Rich BioRich Bio--diversitydiversity
ClimateClimate
Strong and well dispersedStrong and well dispersed
researchresearch
OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES ExportsExports
AgroAgro--based Industry based Industry
WEAKNESSWEAKNESS Fragmentation of landFragmentation of land
Low Technology InputsLow Technology Inputs
Unsustainable Water ManagementUnsustainable Water Management
Poor InfrastructurePoor Infrastructure
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National Agriculture Policy National Agriculture Policy
The First Ever National Agriculture Policy wasThe First Ever National Agriculture Policy was
announced in July 2000. The Policy seeks to overcomeannounced in July 2000. The Policy seeks to overcome
these constraints and achievethese constraints and achieve
A Growth rate in excess of 4 percent per annum inA Growth rate in excess of 4 percent per annum in
the agriculture sector.the agriculture sector.
Growth that is based on efficient use of resources,Growth that is based on efficient use of resources,
and conserves our soil, water , and bio diversity.and conserves our soil, water , and bio diversity. Growth that is sustainable ,technologically ,Growth that is sustainable ,technologically ,
environmentally, and economically.environmentally, and economically.
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The Policy has indicated a nineThe Policy has indicated a nine--fold package of policyfold package of policy
initiatives to achieve the objectivesinitiatives to achieve the objectives
Development of Sustainable agricultureDevelopment of Sustainable agriculture
Food and Nutritional securityFood and Nutritional security
Generation and Transfer of TechnologyGeneration and Transfer of Technology
Improvement of input efficiencyImprovement of input efficiency
Provision of incentives for agricultureProvision of incentives for agriculture
Promotion of Investments in agriculturePromotion of Investments in agriculture
Better risk managementBetter risk management Introduction of Management ReformsIntroduction of Management Reforms
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TARGETSTARGETS
Food Grain Production will be doubled in ten years, so as toFood Grain Production will be doubled in ten years, so as to
make India hunger free .make India hunger free .
Special emphasis will be on horticulture production in order toSpecial emphasis will be on horticulture production in order toachieve a quantum increase.achieve a quantum increase.
Allied sectors like live stock, dairy poultry, fisheries, will beAllied sectors like live stock, dairy poultry, fisheries, will be
promoted promoted
Production of oilseeds and pulses will be raised substantially.Production of oilseeds and pulses will be raised substantially.
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India¶s International TradeIndia¶s International Trade -- 20012001--0202
500
0
1000
1500
2000
2500
Exports Imports
Agriculture
Non-Agriculture
2 8 9
1 7 3 62 1 4 8
1 2 0
Rs Billions
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India¶s Agricultural Export PotentialsIndia¶s Agricultural Export Potentials
Marine ProductsMarine Products
RiceRice
WheatWheat
Condiments and SpucesCondiments and Spuces CashewCashew
TeaTea
CoffeeCoffee
Castor Castor
JuteJute
Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables-- Onions, Mango, Grapes, Banana,Onions, Mango, Grapes, Banana,Tomato , Potato , Lichchi ,etc.Tomato , Potato , Lichchi ,etc.
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Current ConcernsCurrent Concerns
Pressure of the Population on LandPressure of the Population on Land
Land DegradationLand Degradation Water BalanceWater Balance
Low level of mechanizationLow level of mechanization
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UpshotsUpshots
Agriculture is set to play a more dynamic role inAgriculture is set to play a more dynamic role in
economy, to achieve thiseconomy, to achieve this
Efforts should be given on policies, strategies andEfforts should be given on policies, strategies andframework framework
Partnerships in Genomics,TransPartnerships in Genomics,Trans--Boundary DiseaseBoundary DiseaseMonitoring and Managing Biodiversity of crops,Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity of crops,
vegetables & fisheriesvegetables & fisheries Opportunities for Germplasm & technologyOpportunities for Germplasm & technology
exchange.exchange.
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"If we seed the agriculture, it will feed the"If we seed the agriculture, it will feed the
Nation". Nation".