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Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy - Mahatma Gandhi

Agriculture is backbone of livelihood security system - Dr M. S. Swaminathan2

Seminar on

Means of Agriculture Livelihood in India

Speaker:Ladani Kuldeep J.Reg. no. J4-01310-2014

Advisor:Prof. H .Y. MahetaAssist Professor, PGIABMJAU, Junagadh.3

Content4 Introduction Concept of livelihood Livelihood assets Sources of livelihood Livelihood options Livelihood strategy Schemes for agriculture development Limitation Conclusion

IntroductionAgriculture is pivotal sector for ensuring food and nutritional security, sustainable development and elimination of poverty. Being a foremost source of livelihood, it influences almost every sphere of life in rural areas.It includes, crop production, horticulture, forestry and allied activities like dairy, piggery, poultry, goat rearing, fisheries, non-timber forest produce collection and agricultural processing sector.

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Cont The Agriculture and Allied Sector contributed approximately 13.9% of Indias GDP (at constant 2004-05 prices) during 2013-14.

Share of Agriculture and Allied Sector in the GDP from 14.6 % in 2010-11 to 13.9% in 2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. Falling share of Agriculture and Allied Sectors in GDP is an expected outcome in a fast growing and structurally changing economy.

Source: (Dept of agriculture report 2013-14)

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ContShift of small and marginal farmers due to increasing un sustainability. (Hiremath, 2007) Agriculture provides employment to women also along with men.7

WHAT IS LIVELIHOOD ?A Livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (Natural, Physical, Human, Financial and Social Capital) and activities required for the means of living. (Chambers and Conway, 1992).8

Livelihood assetsThese are the assets on which livelihoods are built. They can be divided into five core categories (types of capital):

Human capital Natural capital Financial capital Physical capital Social capital9

MigrationTradeEmploymentSmall businessAgricultureCombination of activityLivelihoods

10Sources of LivelihoodFig-1: sources of livelihoodSources : Care India 2009

Sources of agriculture livelihoodCrop cultivationLivestock HorticultureFishriesAllied activities viz: Dairry Piggery Poultry Goat rearing Non-timber forest produce collection Agricultural inputs and agricultural processing sub-sectors Agriculture labour Others

Livelihood Sources11

Agriculture-based LivelihoodAgriculture based-Livelihood

Land holdersLandless people LivestockWomenYouth12Fig 2: Agri-based livelihhodSource : FICCI 2015

MAJOR AREAS OF ACQUIRING LIVELIHOOD1 Production based livelihood:

2 Labour based livelihood:

3 Exchange or market based livelihood:

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Livelihood Enhancement AimsIncrease in IncomeReduction in ExpenditureIncrease in EmploymentReduction in Risk

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Share of GDP at Constant (2004-05) Prices

Source: Planning Commission, FICCI Research 15Fig-4: GDP Level

Table-1: Agriculture GDP ItemsYear2009-102010-112011-122012-132013-14GDP of Agriculture and Allied Sectors6,60,9877,17,8147,53,8327,64,5107,99,996Per cent to total GDP14.614.5614.413.913.9

(Rs. in crore)Sources: CSO16

Table-2: Population and Agriculture workersYearTotal PopulationRural PopulationAgricultural WorkersCultivatorsAgricultural LabourTotal1951361.1298.669.927.397.21961439.2360.399.631.5131.11971548.2439.078.247.5125.71981683.3525.692.555.5148.01991846.4630.6110.774.6185.320011028.7742.6127.3106.8234.120111210.6833.5118.7144.3263.0

(In Million)Source: Registrar General of India.17

Total workforce vs. Agricultural Workforce (2011-12) Total Population 1.2 BillionTotal Workforce467 millionRest of population743 millionAgriculture Sector228.3 MillionSecondary Sector110.7 millionTertiary Sector 127.8 Million Sources: FICCI Agriculture report (2015)18Fig-5: Agriculture workforce

Table-3: Distribution of labour force engaged for their livelihoods in different sectors (20092010)Sr.SectorsGDP 200910 (Rs. Bn)% of GDPLabour force participation in million% of peopleemployedPer capitaGDP (Rs.)1Agriculture, forestry and fishing 6,6251522653.229,3712Mining and quarrying1,042230.6409,6893Manufacturing7,197164711154,3164Electricity, gas and water supply883210.3693,9155Construction3,5578419.687,3916Trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and communications11,972276415.1186,9947Finance, insurance, real estate and business services7,6991792.1864,6488Community, social and personal services, public admin, defiance and other services6,10114358.2175,476Total45,076100424100106,312IndiaAnonymous (2012)

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People Employed in Agriculture and Overall Employment

Source: NSSO, FICCI Research (2015) 20Fig-6: Employment in agriculture

Table-4: Agriculture Daily wages in IndiaSources : Agril economics & statistics report 2010-11StateAvg annual wages Field Labour (Male)july-june (2010-11)Avg annual wages Field Labour (Female) july-june (2010-11)Avg annual wages Skilled Labour (Male) july-june (2010-11)ANDHRA PRADESH162.01123.72131.53ASSAM117.9495.15147.31BIHAR129.48112.09203.64CHHATTISGARH85.2666.50126.72GUJARAT118.48106.63190.94HARYANA224.10184.21315.05HIMACHAL PRADESH157.87127.74210.20JHARKHAND105.7999.64150.29KARNATAKA130.35125.34157.70KERALA305.96235.92419.62MADHYA PRADESH103.1991.82158.28MAHARASHTRA100.0080.00ORISSA102.3979.67154.78PUNJAB201.08-268.87RAJASTHAN148.1490.03206.88TAMIL NADU160.3083.29210.50TRIPURA187.63140.33204.19UTTAR PRADESH124.46-221.30UTTRAKHAND215.00-WEST BENGAL130.04110.14147.70All India Average147.91115.02201.78

(In Rs.)21

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DistrictsType of workerNormal Daily W.hoursPloughingSowingWeedingHarvestingOther agri labourRajkot (April-2015)Man8 221213160183150Women8169150180138Dahod (April-2015) Man8186157157157129Women8157157157129Rajkot ( Dec -2014)Man8219214156183150Women8163147178139Dahod (Dec -2015)Man8207164164164136Women8164164164136

Table-5: Daily agriculture wages of two districts of Gujarat ( In Rs.)Sources: Agril situation in India July-201522

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Table-6: Distribution of Agricultural Income and Contribution of Female Workers in Darrang disrict of Assam.Farm size categoryPer house hold income(Rs.)From agricultureFemale Workers share in Income (Rs.)Percentage share of Female in IncomeLandless324742326871.65Marginal603672461540.78Small799662060625.77Big2227652574511.55

(N=160)Goswami (2013)23

Farmers categoryField cropsPlantation cropVegetable & other cropsSub TotalDairyWage Labour & JobGovt. SchemesGrand TotalMarginal18.21.54.924.69.157.88.5100Small24.40.41438.816.244.40.6100Medium620.92.565.412.6202100Semi-medium54.813.25.473.413.113.5-100Large33.535.31.169.94.924.40.8100Average39.6184.361.99.7271.4100

Table-7: Percentage contribution of different sources of livelihood to the total income in south region of Karnataka for the year 2010-11.(N=120)Aditya et al. (2013)24

Table-8: Seasons wise employment of women labours in agriculture from Guntur district of A.P.Season Employment days per workerDaysPercentKharif65.5242.13Rabi77.7549.99Summer12.257.88Total155.52100

(N=80)Tirupathaiah and kishorbabu july 201525

Table-9: Income generation by women through marketing of finger millet productsSr.ProductsQuantity of rawmaterial(kg.)Prepared product(kg.)Amount(Rs.)1Finger Millet papad2450.01592.50 95,5502Finger Millet-soya biscuits600.0450.0270003Finger Millet-soya laddu175.0175.0 8000Total3225.02217.501,30,550MaharashtraKharde et al. (2009 & 2010)

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Table-10: Land-size wise annual income of farm households by source categories in U.P.Sources of incomeMarginal farmerSmall farmerMedium farmerLarge farmerAgriculture3425481359126582263158Livestock14030220932025319181Agri & Allied48284103488146835282339Industry1457344562242444Wages1451432562025355Services18384209302531654105Others10275140261962522279Non agriculture44630416575319179181Total92913145145200027361520

(N=3474)Ajitsingh (2013)27

TalukasRespondents (Number / Percentage )CropcultivationLivestockproductionServiceHorticul-tureNonAgricu-lturelabourAgricult-urelabourOther*Karad2020174103Khataw2020103515Patan2020134612Phaltan2020114221Satara2019112103Total10099622015414* Petty shops, letting house/rooms on rent, machinery repair etc.DharwadDesai (2009)

Table-11: Families engaged in different livelihood sources in western region of Maharashtra (N=100)28

Table-12: Percentage contribution of different sources of livelihood to the total household income in western region of Maharashtra (N=100)TalukasPercent contribution Crop CultivationHorticultureLivestockproduction AgriculturelabourNonAgriculturelabourServiceOther*Karad29.351.7520.510.000.1047.540.76Khataw30.03 0.4518.63 0.106.27 42.55 1.98Patan 32.531.3520.58 0.40 8.20 34.712.22Phaltan34.851.87 33.90 0.501.5927.000.33Satara 38.98 0.96 26.75 0.00 0.63 30.49 3.15 * Petty shops, letting house/rooms on rent, machinery repair etc.DharwadDesai (2009)

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Table-13: Income and employment generation through KAWAD Project (N=120)Sr.IncomegeneratingactivitiesAverage mandaysAdditionalmandays/annumAverage annualincome(Rs.)Averagedifferentialannualincome (Rs.)BeforeAfterBeforeAfter1Cow rearing1282641361551330199146862Buffalo rearing1222381161241323650112373Cow+ Buffalo rearing1112461352114234708135664Buffalo + Goat rearing1072331261835530848124935Sheep rearing1082111031285323643107906Goat rearing10220098103142008597717Goat + Sheep rearing99202103943221183117518Kirani shop10323713487002126012560Average110229119135902569712107DharwadBiradar (2008)

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Human capital Physical capitalSocial capital Financial capital DharwadBiradar (2008)

49.20 %56.67 %59.17 %46.67 %Fig-7: Change in asset due to income generating activities of KAWAD Project31

River as a source of income generation : A case study of the river Kapili in Marigaon, Assam, IndiaThe Kapili River is a vital source of income generation for the basin communities of Marigaon district Assam, India, which not only has significance for its direct water requirement to society and natural ecosystem functioning but also for promoting various economic activities. The total basin area of the river is more than 15000 km out of that about 95% falls in Assam and rest is in Meghalaya. Few villages are select along the river Kapili have been taken under consideration for assessing the economic importance of the river to its population32

Showing percentage wise distribution of income each category in the study area.33Fig-8: Percentage of income

Sample villages wise of income generated by fishery to total fishery income34Fig-9: Village wise fishery income

Table-14: River through Village wise average monthly income from different sources in Assam. (in Percentage)VillagesAgricultureFisheryLivestockQuarryingIndustryOthersBangthai75.577.0211.332.740.512.82Hayimukh73.037.9712.313.990.452.25Borkulli72.935.8715.372.251.552.03Chotabori76.646.568.943.153.581.12Mansha kasari 63.3620.1612.050.820.732.83Bagla bori69.9911.5311.631.660.974.21Kumoni65.2210.698.202.276.926.70Bhaktgaon68.046.9016.073.281.793.91Borpayak 2 60.072.847.4417.0210.392.24

Jaiswal et al (2013)35

LIVELIHOOD OPTION

Definition:Other than major resources of income hold by an individual to sustain the life called livelihood options.36

Livelihood OptionsPeri urban youngPeri urban oldRural youngRural oldAverage(%)Agriculture2539364536.25Industries 251013513.25Business32122.00Services3730302430.25Foreign sources1019202418.25IARI, New DelhiLetha et al. (2010)

Table-15: Distribution of rural women based on livelihood options (N=160)37

Livelihood occupations Income /annum/family (Rupees 000)Krishna (Coastal AP) Mahabubnagar (Telangana) Kurnool (Rayalaseema)Overall in A.P.Livestock enterprisesDairy (n=190)27.1913.1724.6121.66Sheep & Goat (n=43) 23.50 17.29 27.94 22.91Piggery (n=25) 27.59 30.81 41.49 33.30Agricultural enterprises (n=258)Agricultural enterprises 69.2630.6332.3644.08TOTAL147.54 91.90126.4 121.95Mean Income 36.88 22.97 31.60 30.49Hyderabad, APSatyanarayana et al. (2012)

Table-16: Livestock and crop enterprises as their income generation for ensuring livelihood in three regions of A.P. 38

Table-17: Constraints to follow agriculture as livelihood option as perceived by rural women. (N=160)Sr.Constraints1Poor access to resourcesLabourLand Capital/credit Seed/planting materialMachineryIrrigation waterFertilizer2Poor access to informationCrop protection methodsScientific planting methods Mechanization Improved crop varietiesPost harvest technology 3Poor access to marketStable price Market availability4Poor economic factorsRegular income Profit 5Risk factorsMarketing risk Production risk IARI, New Delhi Letha et al. (2010)

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National Rural Livelihood Mission National Food Security Mission Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) Agricultural CreditDifferent schemes on Agriculture Development40

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How do people combine their income-generating activities?The way in which they use their assets.Which assets they chose to invest in?How do they manage to preserve existing assets and income?Livelihood strategies are diverse not just across households but even within households.LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES41

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Sustainable Livelihoods GoalImproved Local Food, Health and Nutrition Security.Increased Resource Access and Levels of Income.Sustained Creation & Maintenance of Economic and Social Assets.Resilience to Stresses and Shocks.Improved Household and Community Well Being and Equity.Sustainable Management of Natural Resources.42

Be Aware of LimitationsNot possible to improve livelihood of everyone.People like to exercise their own choices for livelihood.Potential opportunities only can be shown.Sustaining livelihoods involve more and separate issues from improving livelihoods.43

Even in present time at macro level, the agriculture works as key sector for livelihood and at micro level agriculture and animal husbandry found as major sources for small farmers but for marginal and labours have to go with available options for their livelihood security.ConclusionThe small farmers are more diversified in combination of farming and non-farming activities than marginal farmers further the small farmers are more diversified towards food + cash / plantation crops + livestock/ poultry combination and marginal with cash / plantation crops alone.44

ContEspecially, project based approach, value oriented training to women SHGs and FLDs found competent for livelihood security.

During off seasons, rural to urban and urban to urban migration develops positive influences on migrants results more investment in agriculture.

It can be concluded that agriculture is the best livelihood source for farming communities and welfare of the societies.

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