afla stop: : storage and drying for aflatoxin prevention project

AflaSTOP

Sophie Walker, CoP

Highlighted areas are known to have aflatoxin problems

Equates to ~ 1.7 million acres of farm land

If 24% of the maize is contaminated in highlighted areas, then:

2.4 million children could be affected

Over 320,000 mt contaminated maize being eaten

How is aflatoxin affecting Kenya?

Comparison of aflatoxin range in two regions

57% of maize tested looked fine to eatAverage aflatoxin level ~1,900ppbAverage fumonism level of maize at beginning on-farm testing ~1.9 ppm
Makueni

97% of maize looked good enough to eatAverage aflatoxin level ~500ppbAverage fumonism level of maize at beginning on-farm testing ~1.6 ppm

MeruBelow 10 ppb10-49 ppb50-99 ppb100-149 ppbAbove 150 ppb

4%16%11%8%61%

Below 10 ppb10-49 ppb50-99 ppb100-149 ppbAbove 150 ppb

21%26%9%8%35%

Storage Activity

Better picture?

Aflatoxin increases through 6 months storage

Meru maize stored in PP bags (normal storage method for smallholder farmers) which started with aflatoxin levels at ~1,900ppb increased at a rate of 24% per month

Makueni maize stored in PP bags which started at ~ 500ppb increased at a rate of 92% per month

All hermetic storage decreased the rate of aflatoxin increase but not all hermetic storage was as good at reducing the rate of increase

Devices prone to insect damage suffered higher aflatoxin increase levels particularly in the later months

The plastic silo worked as well as any other device in 75% of replicates but the remaining 25% failed dismally

While different moisture levels made no difference to the rate aflatoxin increases (testing at below 13.5% and between 14 15%), in replicates with higher moisture levels other anaerobic activity caused problems which makes storage of wet grain in hermetic devices unviable

Hermetic storage stopped significant insect damage increasing, maintained moisture content and slowed up discolouration of the grains

Hermetic devices which controlled aflatoxin increases

Device% increase in aflatoxin level per monthPurchase price in Kenya

Grain Pro Bulk Bag: Up to 1000 kgNo increase$190 + frame

PICs Bag: 90 kg1.8%$2.50

Metal Silo: 90 3000 kgs 3.1%$144 (e.g. 300 kgs)

Over 63% of farmers still had maize in store at 6 months, around 40% at 9 months

93% of smallholder farmers in Makueni purchase insecticide to treat the maize they are going to store between Ksh80 120 per bag.

Only ~6% of farming families did not have a dedicate place of storage

Farmers sell because they need cash they have had no income during the planting season not because they cannot store their maize

Rat damage has been seen in 2.67% of susceptible devices

1.79% of farmers have had significant problems with insects all in metal silos

Less 1% have had a problem with mould

Economics of purchasing storage devices

The upfront cost of metal silos and the grain safe are too much to be affordable for nearly all farmers.

Farmers like the no insecticide aspect of the PICs bags and adopt its use because it controls insects and they do not eat insecticide

Longer term implication with reference to aflatoxin is household maize will be stored without significant increases, but maize for the market will be stored as cheaply as possible

Portable Shallow Bed Batch Dryer

https://youtu.be/XH7ZtcXlLVo

Investment cost (Kenya) around $750

Handles between 1.5 2.5mt per day

Burns 12 kgs cobs per hour as heat source

1.4 litre petrol per hour

Requires one full time furnace operator

Transport by trailer, pick up, donkey cart, motor bike

Manufacturing requires some specialized skills but can be built by the informal sector

Manufacture and service provider make a profit and therefore it may be appealing to the market

Key features

Drying activity

If grain has to be below a certain moisture level for effective storage we need drying solutions to make the storage solutions work

Portable Shallow Bed Batch Dryer

https://youtu.be/XH7ZtcXlLVo

Investment cost (Kenya) around $750

Handles between 1.5 2.5mt per day

Burns 12 kgs cobs per hour as heat source

1.4 litre petrol per hour

Transport by trailer, pick up, donkey cart, motor bike

Manufacturing requires some specialized skills but can be built by the informal sector

Offers profit margins to manufacturers and service providers

Key features

Operating costs for 1 or 3 dryers

Running 3 machines in one location is 4.9 times more profitable than running one machine

Vision

Medium to large scale farmers investing in 2 3 units

SMEs investing in 1 6 units servicing smallholder farmers (1 5 acres)

Grain aggregators (including cooperatives and traders) or equipment operators running fleets of dryers 6 50 units

Lease financing options to increase rapid scale out of technology

[email protected]/aflastop-publications

http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktn/index.php/video/watch/2000098148/-the-next-frontier-a-machine-that-dries-maize-to-minimize-potential-losses

www.acdivoca.org

Since 1963 and in 146 countries, ACDI/VOCA has empowered people to succeed in the global economy.

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afla stop: : storage and drying for aflatoxin prevention project

Presentations & Public Speaking