advanced reefer technology

The Advance Reefer Technology for

Vegetables and Fruits 報告：朱榮義

Dec 20 2017

Regional / Local Seasonal Cargo Region JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECUSEC ( Charleston) Grapfruit GrapefruitUSWC Apple Summer Fruits AppleChile Salmon and TroutPeru OnionSouth Africa CitrusBrazil, Urguuay, Argentina Fresh FruitsNorway Frozen Fish ( Mackerel )Japan Apple AppleKorea Apple, PearChina - Qingdao Apple Garlic Apple Dalian Apple

Frozen StrawberryMushroom

Xiamen Orange OrangeTaiwan Banana Frozen FishThailand DurianWestern Coast of India Grape

Ribbon Fish Ribbon FishFresh Fruits

Pakistan Orange Orange

11 O2

CO2 Ethylene

Volatiles

• The Ventilator (fresh air exchange) on a reefer removes harmful gases from reefers carrying sensitive perishable commodities. • The gases are produced by the produce respiring. • The ventilator is adjustable to accommodate a variety of fruits / vegetables in chilled load operating conditions. • The ventilator should be tightly closed in carrying frozen cargo.

Fresh Air Exchange ( Ventilator )

Atmosphere Control For

Fruits

• Modified Atmosphere ( MA )and Control Atmosphere ( CA )

• Purfresh Ozone Control

• De-humidity Control • Cold Treatment

Managing post-harvest life of Horticultural Commodities

• For longer life span • For better quality maintain • Post-Harvest life is being

affected by: –Temperature –Atmosphere Content –Humidity

Optimal Temperature Control

• With each 10°C rise respiration will increase 2 to 3 Times & Post-Harvest life will decrease by 1/2 to 2/3

Atmospheres in Containers

•Common Components

–Carbon Dioxide •By-product of respiration •Harmful if not managed (i.e., too high levels not avoided)

•Beneficial in some instances decay & insect control, slows aging


•Common Components –Oxygen

•Consumed during respiration •Harmful if not managed (i.e., sufficient levels not maintained)

•Beneficial in some instances Extend shelf life, ripening, insect control


•Common Components Ethylene

•Ripening and aging hormone •Produced by plants •Harmful if not managed

accelerates aging & ripening

Atmosphere Management Systems

• Manual Fresh Air Exchange • Modified Atmosphere

– Transfresh Tectrol© • Controlled Atmosphere

– Transfresh Tectrol© – Nitec © – Everfresh ©

• Advanced Fresh Air Management

Manual Fresh Air Exchange

◆Flushes inside gases with fresh air ◆Alters O2, CO2, Ethylene density ◆Benefits

•Maintains safe environment in reefer

•Simple & cheap

Manual Fresh Air Exchange

–Inexact at best –High likelihood of operator error –Confusion:

•Flow rate vs. percent opening –Air exchange rate is based on:

•product, void volume, • temperature, leak rate

Modified Atmosphere (MA)

• More Sophisticated & Costly • One shot deal

•Desired gas mixtures injected into reefer

•Process lacks precise control •No active control of changes in gas mixtures

• Dependent on leak rate of container • Less costly than Controlled Atmosphere

A commodity - generated atmosphere technology that relies on product respiration to manage the air composition that the cargo is exposed to. Regulated Atmosphere (RA) system is generally used on commodities that require atmosphere management to prolong freshness but do not need a full CA application.

Regular Atmosphere (RA)

Controlled Atmosphere (CA)

•Most advanced & costly •Precise computerized control •Benefits

•Shelf life extension •Decay & ripening control •Consistent quality outturns •Computerized records & fail safe


• Similar to Modified Atmosphere • Adds active vent to allow O2

replenishment and CO2 “Scrubbing” • Dependent on leak rate of container • Ranging $1,300 to $1,800 charge

Leak Test finished

Air exchange vents sealed

Leak Test Label

Installed

Any leaks founded are now sealed

ATMOSPHERE DYNAMICS IN MAXtend CONTAINER

Atmosphere Control System

Absorb O2 Emit CO2

Respiring cargo

Leakage of ambient air

21% O2, 0.02% CO2

Air freshening thru M-valve

Initial Gassing with Nitrogen

THE MAXTEND AVCA2 CONTROLLER


Low-power miniaturized ‘external’ MAXtend controller

Battery powered (does not need container power)

Controller can maintain CA set point even if temperature fluctuates

THE MAXTEND AVCA7 CONTROLLER


Internal battery allows use of optional CO2 sensor and/or GPRS data transmission device.

GC type controllers with CO2 sensors are undergoing field tests presently

LEAK TESTING


A new leak testing system developed specifically for MAXtend allows direct measurement of container leakage rate (leakage of container must be less than respiration rate of cargo)

CO2 SCRUBBERS


CO2 scrubbers are packed in

a protective carton

CO2 SCRUBBERS


If necessary CO2 scrubbers are placed on the top of the load

CURTAIN INSTALLATION


A Curtain is Installed across the door to minimize leakage

GAS FLUSHING Required gas concentration is quickly achieved by gas flushing


EASY INSTALLATION


Controller and valve externally mounted

EASY INSTALLATION


Controller and valve

Assembly is sealed

EASY INSTALLATION


Vent Cover is

replaced

GPRS SYSTEM under field test


Auto transmission of data to MAXtend server

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PURFRESH TRANSPORT - Key Benefits for the Grower • Increases Shelf Life

– Produce freshness is maintained; no grade degradation – Longer shelf life provides more time to reach the buyer

• Increases Market Opportunity – Able to ship more sensitive commodities – Ship longer distances – Shipping chemical free as differentiator – Able to use ocean freight over air

• Reduces Waste – Reduces claims – Minimizes repack

• Helps Ensure Quality Arrivals – Maintains natural taste of produce – Trip monitoring of atmospheric conditions – Avoids negative impact of prolonged temperature events

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PURFRESH TRANSPORT Key Features • 100% Residue-Free Decay Control

– Kiss surface and airborne microorganisms, stops nesting of decay, and shuts down mold sporulation

– 100% natural, leaves no residue on the produce – Ideal for organic produce and sensitive commodities

• Superior Ripening Control Over CA/MA – Consumes and regulates ethylene levels – Outperforms CA systems in side-by-side comparisons – Maintains produce pressure

• Certified Safe For Produce – USDA and FDA approved – Certified organic – Does not impact natural characteristics of produce

• Enhanced Food Safety – Kiss bacteria and viruses in air and on surfaces

• Load Protection Monitoring – 24/7 trip monitoring of atmospheric conditions – Immediate notifications for temperature events

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PURFRESH EFFECTIVENESS – How it works

• Made from oxygen in the air, leaves no residue • Kills molds, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses—air and

surfaces • Fast acting—1000x’s faster than traditional chemicals • Consumes and regulates ethylene • Certified organic / FDA & USDA approved

Purfresh

Humidity Issues

• De-humidity Control – Not humidity control, which can increase the humidity

level. – De-humidity control can only reduce the relative

humidity to a preset level.

How to? In order to dry out more water from the container, the machine will limit the evaporator coil size and thus the delta-T (temperature differential) on the coil will raise. More moisture will condense.

Control Range Relative humidity 55-95% (+/- 5% of set point). The settings is made on the micro-processor.

Return air

Supply air

Evaporator coil (water condense here)

Temperature differential

(delta-T)

COLD TREATMENT

LOAD PRIORTO STACK

VENT SETTING

CLOSE (HRS) IN CMH

T107 a Apples, Pears -1.3 Closed 1.1 14 YES -0.5USA

T107-e Citrus -1.5 15 -0.6 24 YES -0.5

JAPAN Citrus -1.5(SC1) -0.6+-0.6 12 YES -0.6Grapes

S/KOREA Citrus -1.5(SC1) -0.6+-0.6 24 YES -0.6Grapes

CHINA Citrus -1.5(SC1) -0.6+-0.6 24 YES -0.6Grapes

INDONESIA Citirus -1.3(SD3), -1.5(SC1 0.0 12 -0.5Grapes -1.0(SD4 / SC4) 0.55 13 -0.5

-0.5(SD2 / SC2) 48 Closed 1.1 14 -0.5 -0.5(SD2 / SC2) 15 1.6 16 0.5 -0.5(SD2 / SC2) 2.2 18 0.5

TAIWAN Citirus -1.3(SD3), -1.5(SC1 3 Portable- 24 Closed 0.0 12 -0.5Grapes -1.0(SD4 / SC4) spear 15 1.67 14 YES 0.5

-0.5(SD2 / SC2) or 3 Onboard 3.3 18 0.5

1. SAMPLE FRUIT TO BE SUPPLIED BY EXPORTER FOR CALIBRATION OF EMPTY CONTAINER TEST2. SHIPPING LINE RECOMMENDATION

RECOMMENDED COLD STORE DELIVERY AIR NOT COLDER THAN -1.5ºC

ALL FRUIT MUST BE PRE-COOLED FOR 72 HOURS BUT FOR USDA THE LAST 24 HOURS THE PRODUCT MUST BE ON TEMPERATURE

3 Onboard

DAYS

15

TA

RG

ET

TE

MP

15

-1.5 -0.6 22 YES

15

3 Onboard

4 Onboard

-0.6T107-e Grapes, Nectarines,Peches and Plums

3 Onboard

COLD TREATMENT PROTOCOLSCONTAINERS

COUNTRY FRUIT SET POINT IN ºC PROTOCOL GENSETSPROBES

48 Closed

3 Onboard

Landbaseor in transitreferimportpermit

48

48

48

ALL FRUITS MUST BE PRE-COOLED FOR 72 HOURS TO THE TARGET TEMPERATURE

COLD TREATMENT

0.6 degree C -- 14 days 0.8 degree C -- 16 days 1.1 degree C -- 17 days 1.4 degree C -- 19 days 1.7 degree C -- 20 days 1.9 degree C -- 22 days 2.2 degree C -- 24 days

1. Treatment required for citrus (sweet oranges, tangelos, grapefruit, clementine/tangerine/mandarin) and grapes. Cold treatment eradicate fruit insects.

2. Temperature: Fruit must be pre-cooled 72 hours and on temperature last 24 hours. CT start´s at customer´s warehouse in presence of Sanitary Dpt. If temperature range is broken at POL, container will be returned to customer´s warehouse to start again. If any fail on temperature, GNDP will inform Shipper and instruct to return to day one count, make COD or return back to PE. 3. Equipment : Carrier Brand Containers no older than 2009. Container can´t be opened during sailing. Seal can´t be removed until cargo arrives to US port. 4. Cold Treatment: need 17 days to complete CT if temperature is at 37°F (1.67 °C) or less. Need 15 days to be completed if temperature is less than 34°F (1.11 °C).

5. Sensors: should be placed within first 2.5cm from fruit. Sensor must be closer than 1.5 meters from container door. Sensor must be capable to read temperature for 30 days. Need 3 monitoring sensors for fruit and 2 monitoring sensors for entry and exit from air

COLD TREATMENT FOR EXPORT

COLD TREATMENT FOR EXPORT 6.Power interruption: short power interruption both legs (max. 0.5 hrs. each leg), 2 hours monitoring.

7.Monitoring reports: EVL must send daily monitoring report to GNDP until CT is completed and the download on the day 15 to 17. GNDP will send the monitoring report/download to USDA/APHIS to get the authorization to proceed with t/s or if need to hold units more time - with copy to local Evergreen office POD. Also GNDP will coordinate instructions to PACCT to proceed with transhipment.

8.Costs: Energy and DMDT costs at POL or t/s port will be on Carriers Acct. (included on OF). APMT grants 6 c/days free energy when loading, then USD 44.84/day + monitoring and inspection USD 17.70 per event.

9.In the event of failure during sea passage, EVL´s entry point should be able to instruct vessel`s technicians of setting variations to be implemented in order to avoid Cold Treatment rejection.

10.Discharging Ports: USNYC - New York Port, Maher Terminals USLAX – Port of Los Angeles San Juan, PR – San Juan Intership. Port agent = P.R. Importing & Stevedoring, Vessel Port Agent is Oceanic for express line.

COLD TREATMNET PROCESS 1 Booking Received

2 Equipment Selection (EMCU / EGHU / EISU / LTIU Series)

3 Equipment PTI and released to Shipper

4 Datacorder configuration to read sup/ret/dc3/dc4/dc5

5 Stuffing, Probes, Insertion and Probe Calibration

6 Download to verify calibration record and temp records in place

7 Cold Treatment container ready for loading, seal, place/door close

8 Cold Treatment days begin

9 Laden return to Terminal

10 Load on Board vessel

11 CT operating instruction pass on to vessel

12 Submit PPQ certificate for discharge port's quarantine clearance

Note :For Transhipment Ports,ensure (1) Short power interrupcion both legs (max. 0.5 hrs each leg)(2) 2 hrs monitoring(3) CT operating instruction passed on to connecting vessel

Short Power Interruption

Counting days with w/t at CCT

CUSTOMERS WAREHOUSE (1)

• DAY 1

OUTSIDE DEPOT (1) • DAY 2

APMT = 1 DAY • DAY 3

ON BOARD (1) • DAY 4

TRANSIT TIME CCT (8) • DAY 12

WAITING TIME CCT (3) • DAY 15

HOLD CCT (7) • DAY 22

T/S ONCE GET GREEN LIGHT FROM

USDA OFFICE ARRIVE

USNYC (6) • DAY 28

ADDITIONAL SENSORS FOR COLD TREATMENT

Terminal Procedures Implement the containers (The technician should

hadle the USDA sensor

USDA sensor route under the T- floor for EMCU 510001-532700, EGHU 500001-501500, EISU 564851-570850 and LTIU 900075-900674.

Terminal Procedures

USDA SENSOR THERMISTOR P/N: 12-00342-03

Terminal Procedures

Calibration of Cold

Treatment Sensors with

ice bath

Cold Treatment Benefits Effectively exterminates Mediterranean and tropical fruit flies and larvae. Eliminates the need for fumigation using chemicals

that are prohibited in many countries. Allows perishables to get to market much faster

and in optimum condition compared to land-based cold treatments in storage.

Enables products to command premium value and

meet consumers’ preference for non-fumigated produce.

UPON SHIPPERS REQUEST, EVERGREEN MAY PROVIDE COLD TREATMENT SERVICE AND ASSESS THE CHARGE FOR THE SERVICE. COLD TREATMENT SERVICE INCLUDES SUPPLYING CONTAINERS WITH USDA SENSORS, MONITORING OF TEMPERATURE, DOWNLOADING AND REPORTING OF TEMPERATURE DATA AND PROTECTING AGAINST EXTENDED POWER INTERRUPTIONS AT DESTINATION TERMINAL. THE SHIPPER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THE SENSORS ARE FULLY INSERTED INTO THE CORE OF THE PRODUCT AND FOLLOWING THE COLD TREATMENT PROTOCOL OF THE RESPECTIVE DESTINATION COUNTRIES.

IN THE EVENT THE CONTAINER FAILS TO PASS COLD TREATMENT PROTOCOL

DUE TO SENSOR MALFUNCTION OR TEMPERATURE ABOVE THRESHOLD, AND IT IS DEEMED TO BE THE FAULT OF EVERGREEN, AND PROVIDED THAT THERE IS NO DAMAGE TO THE CARGO CONTAINED WITHIN, THE COLD TREATMENT SERVICE WILL INCLUDE RETURN OF THE CONTAINER TO ORIGIN OR DIVERSION, PLUG-IN CHARGES AND/OR DEMURRAGE AT PORT OF DISCHARGE, IF REQUESTED.

IF IT IS DETERMINED THAT FAILURE TO PASS THE COLD TREATMENT PROTOCOL IS BECAUSE SENSORS WERE NOT PROPERLY INSERTED INTO THE CORE OF THE CARGO OR THE SHIPPER FAILED TO FOLLOW THE COLD TREATMENT PROCEDURES, ALL CHARGES INCLUDING RETURN TO ORIGIN OR DIVERSION WILL BE FOR THE ACCOUNT OF THE SHIPPER.

Cold Treatment Policy

Temperature Re-Setting Procedures 1. To get prior approval from Cargo Owner first for any

temperature resetting 2. Cargo Owner have to inform ship operator and address the

correction notice to Ship Master. 3. To get LOI from shipper to waive Operators for any damage loss

incurred for this Temperature and/or ventilation open change

4. To pay the extra opertion charge to ship operator if any. 5. POD Operation have to get the mail copy for further filing and

make correction of Temp /Vent resetting

Temperature Step up and down 1. Reefer setting temperature of Step up and Step down are followed up

our prior resetting procedures. 2. PPECB has to provide the hard copy of temperature resetting program

to loading ship master 3. PPECB also addresses this Step up and Step down schedule to Taipei

headquarters for further monitoring. 4. Taipei headquarters / Reefer Support Team will keep monitoring with

these reefer units.

5. The loading port is requested to address step up reefer container box number with BL notice to POD for following up to monitor reefer temperature accordingly.

Temperature Step up and down

Refrigerated Cargo

Damage Claim

Incurred

The Major Damage Reason for Refrigerated Cargo shipment

Pre-Shipment Nature Improper Stuffing Wrong Booking Data Setting Container Air Leakage Malfunction Caused Negligence Made By Carrier

and Sub-Contractor Operation

Reefer Cargo Claim Prevention

What cause claims ?

Reefer malfunction

Documentation mistakes

Third parties’ liability

Hot-load / Pre-shipment condition

Reefer malfunction -

Symptoms : temperature sensors problem, refrigerant leakage, compressor/motor problem.

Causes : PTI (pre-trip inspection) process not fully executed. According to our observation, most of the reefer malfunction can be avoided if proper PTI are done.

Cures : The PTI process must be strictly executed.


Reefer Cargo Claim Prevention Documentation mistakes - Symptoms : Evergreen internal

documentation error, said input wrong temperature settings.

Causes : Our colleagues do not have enough reefer knowledge as well as awareness. The mistakes cannot be discovered/rectified immediately.

Cures : Enhance reefer training for reefer related personnel.


Third parties’ liability -

Symptoms : miss set temperature, reefer breakdown without repairing, gen-set out-of-fuel, power unplugged.

Causes : the third parties didn’t apply strict monitoring for reefers.

Cures : Enhance communications with third parties.

Hot Cargo handling options : Reject the acceptance of

cargo. Return to shipper for additional pre-cooling.

Clause the B/L, stating a temperature discrepancy. (may revoke LC).

Issue Letter of Indemnity. Not responsible for any damage loss.

Common Problems : Hot Load

Q & A Thank you for

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