adapting to climate change in eastern europe and the former soviet union

8/14/2019 Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

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KBK\RNEC RF

IANHKRJ I@KECJ

NE JKYRJ_E JZ_F\JKEB IJER_KA KYNK

Hkrnkeej Gky, _ki`ja N. Oafim,

keb Dkej Jonecjr,Jbntfrs

N


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RZ_MHJENYRKEZ_MHJENYRKE

RZ_MJ^Z_MJ^

\FAKEBFAKEB

OJAK_ZYJAK_ZY

ZM_KNEJM_KNEJ_FHKENKFHKENK

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_ZYYNKE GJBJ_KRNFEZYYNKE GJBJ_KRNFE

JYRFENKYRFENK

AKRWNKKRWNK

_ZYYNKE GJB.ZYYNKE GJB

ANR@ZKENKNR@ZKENK

HFABFWKFABFWK

OZACK_NKZACK_NK

K_HJENK_HJENK

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KTJ_OKNDKETJ_OKNDKE

@ZECK_^ZECK_^

YAFWJENKAFWJENK

I_FKRNK_FKRNK

OFYENK KEBFYENK KEB

@J_TJCFWNEKJ_TJCFWNEK

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G^_^_

HKIJBFENKKIJBFENK

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OJAK_ZY

ZM_KNEJ_FHKENK

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_ZYYNKE GJBJ_KRNFE

JYRFENK

AKRWNK

_ZYYNKE GJB.

ANR@ZKENK

HFABFWK

OZACK_NK

K_HJENK

CJF_CNK

KTJ_OKNDKE

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YAFWJENK

I_FKRNK

OFYENK KEB

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YAFWKM _J\.

ZTOJMNYRKE

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HFERJEJC_F

JZ_F\J KEBIJER_KA KYNK

R` n s hkp wks p r fbuijb oy t `j Hkp Bj s n ce Ze n t f g R`j Sfr a b Okem .

R`j ofuebk r n j s , if a f r s , bjefh n ek t n fes keb key f t `j r n e g f rhk t n fe

s`fwe fe t ` n s hkp bf ef t n hp a y , fe t `j pk r t f g R`j Sfr a b Okem

Cr fup , key d ubchjet fe t `j a j ck a s t k t u s f g key t j r r n t f r y , f r key

jebf r sjhjet f r k iijp t keij f g su i` ofuebk r n j s .

NO_B 92;>0_; YJ\RJHOJ_ ?


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KBK\RNEC RF

IANHKRJ I@KECJ NE

JKYRJ_E JZ_F\J KEB

IJER_KA KYNK

Hkrnkeej Gky

_ki`ja N. Oafim

Dkej Jonecjr,

Jbntfrs


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?


7/208

v

Ifetjets

Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs xn

Kimefwajbchjets xv

JIK Ifuetrnjs keb Yuorjcnfes xvnn

Jxjiutnvj Yuhhkry xnxKoorjvnktnfes xxn

Fvjrvnjw ;

Ianhktj I`kecjK Hkdfr R`rjkt tf Jkstjre Jurfpj

keb Ijetrka Ksnk 9

Wuaejrkonanty Snaa Oj Bfhnektjb oy Yfinfjifefhni

Gkitfrs keb Ajckiy Nssujs 7

Jvje Ifuetrnjs keb Yjitfrs t`kt Ifuab Ojejgnt grfh

Ianhktj I`kecj Krj \ffray \fsntnfejb Rf Bf Yf 0R`j Ejxt Bjikbj Fggjrs k Snebfw fg Fppfrtuenty

gfr JIK Ifuetrnjs >

Eftjs ;;

;. K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;9

Wuaejrkonanty ks k Gueitnfe fg Jxpfsurj, Yjesntnvnty,

keb Kbkptnvj Ikpkinty ;:

Grfh Wuaejrkonanty tf Kitnfe4 Rkimanec t`j I`kaajecj

fg Kbkptktnfe ??Jggjitnvj Kbkptktnfe _jqunrjs t`j _nc`t

Bjinsnfe-Hkmnec Rffas ?0

Eftjs 92


8/208


9/208

Ifetjets vnn

Rrkespfrt4 Rkmnec Fe Keft`jr Neirjhjet fg I`kaajecj ;9:

Eftjs ;93

3. \rftjitnfe keb \rjpkrktnfe4 Bnskstjr _nsm Hkekcjhjet

keb Sjkt`jr Gfrjikstnec ;9>

Yfgtjenec t`j Oafw S`je Bnskstjr Ytrnmjs ;2

;.2 Ke Nebjx fgKbkptnvj Ikpkintytf Ianhktj I`kecj ;>

;.: Ke Nebjx fg Wuaejrkonanty tf Ianhktj I`kecj ?;

;.7 Nhpkit fg Ekturka Bnskstjrs ne Jkstjre Jurfpj

keb Ijetrka Ksnk, ;>>


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13/208

xn

Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs

Rjrjje Kanrjzk,gfrhjray k Sfrab Okem ifesuatket, ns stubynec ne t`jJevnrfehjet, Yfinjty, keb Bjvjafphjet prfcrkh kt Ikhornbcj Zen-

vjrsnty. Y`j `ks ke HYi ne Jevnrfehjetka Yinjeij grfh t`j Zenvjr-

snty fg Yybejy.

_ki`ja N. Oafim `ks wfrmjb ks k ifesuatket ne JIK keb gfr t`j Sfrab

Bjvjafphjet _jpfrt?


14/208

xnn Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut frs

Dkej Jonecjrns k Yjenfr Jejrcy Ypjinkanst keb R`jhktni Iffrbnek-

tfr fg Jejrcy keb Ianhktj I`kecj kt t`j Sfrab Okem. Y`j `fabs ke

HK ne Hkt`jhktnis keb ke HYi ne Hkt`jhktnika Hfbjanec keb

Euhjrnika Kekaysns grfh Fxgfrb Zenvjrsnty.

Okrokrk Jvkes ns k Yjenfr Ajiturjr kt t`j Yi`ffa fg Jecnejjrnec,

Zenvjrsnty fg Ajjbs, gfaafwnec ejkray ;: yjkrs wfrmnec fe wktjr keb

skentktnfe kt t`j Sfrab Okem. Y`j `fabs k OJec ne Invna Jecnejjrnec

grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ajjbs keb ke HYi ne Bjvjafphjet Ytubnjs

grfh t`j Afebfe Yi`ffa fg Jifefhnis.

Hkrnkeej Gky,I`njg Jifefhnst fg t`j Sfrab Okems Yustknekoaj

Bjvjafphjet Ejtwfrm, wks gfrhjray k Ajkb Jifefhnst ne JIK keb

t`j Bnrjitfr fg t`j Sfrab Bjvjafphjet _jpfrt ?


15/208

Kofut t`j Jbntfrs keb Kut`frs xnnn

Ketfenf Anhwks ke Fpjrktnfes Fggnijr w`f wfrmjb ne JIK gfr ;:

yjkrs fe jkat`, sfinka skgjty ejts, keb jejrcy. @j bnb crkbuktj stubnjs

ne jifefhnis kt t`j Zenvjrsnty fg t`j \`nanppnejs, t`j Zenvjrsnty fg

Yussjx, keb Khjrnike Zenvjrsnty.

Tnkb Ekmkt,efw ne t`j Hnbbaj Jkst keb Efrt` Kgrnik rjcnfe, ns k

Rrkespfrt Ypjinkanst wnt` t`j Jejrcy keb Rrkespfrt Zent. @j `fabs ke

HK ne Jifefhnis, keb ke HY keb k \`B ne Invna keb Jevnrfehjetka

Jecnejjrnec, grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ikangfrenk, Ojrmjajy.

Yfedk Enjuwjdkkr ns k ifesuatket keb jxpjrt fe bnskstjr hkekcj-

hjet. Y`j wfrmjb ks k Bjputy Bnrjitfr ne t`j Fggnij fg Netjrek-

tnfeka Kggknrs fg t`j Zentjb Ytktjs Gjbjrka Jhjrcjeiy Hkekcjhjet

Kcjeiy (GJHK). Y`j `fabs ke HK ne Netjrektnfeka _jaktnfes grfh

^kaj Zenvjrsnty.

Kek \ajiks,gfrhjray k ifesuatket wnt` t`j jejrcy tjkh ne JIK, ns wnt`

t`j Yfut` Ksnk trkespfrt tjkh. Y`j fabs ke HK ne Netjrektnfeka Kggknrs

grfh t`j Dfès @fpmnes Yi`ffa fg Kbvkeijb Netjrektnfeka Ytubnjs.

Dfè \faaejrns k Ajkb Gnekeinka Fggnijr ne t`j JIK rjcnfe, spjinka-

nznec ne nesurkeij, bnskstjr rnsm, keb gnekeinka sjitfr hkekcjhjet. @j

`fabs ke HOK grfh t`j Zenvjrsnty fg Ikangfrenk, Ojrmjajy.

Rkhjr _konj ns k Yjenfr @jkat` Ypjinkanst ne JIK. @j `fabs ke

HOOI` grfh Iknrf Zenvjrsnty keb ke HYi ne \uoani @jkat` grfh t`j

Afebfe Yi`ffa fg @ycnjej keb Rrfpnika Hjbninej, w`jrj `j ns pursu-

nec `ns \`B ne Jpnbjhnfafcy.

Cjrkrbf Ykei`jz wfrmjb fe jevnrfehjet, `jkat`, keb sustknekoaj

urokenzktnfe kt t`j Sfrab Okem keb ns efw k Rjiènika Fggnijr ne

Zrokenzktnfe keb Jhjrcjeiy \rjpkrjbejss kt t`j Sfrab @jkat` Frck-enzktnfe. @j `fabs ke H\@ grfh Ofstfe Zenvjrsnty Yi`ffa fg \uoani

@jkat`.

Dntjebrk \. Yrnvkstkvk,efw k ifesuatket, ns ke kcrfefhnst wnt` 9>?, nt efw stkebs ks fej fg t`j gfur pna-

akrs (wnt` hntncktnfe, gnekeij, keb tjièfafcy) fg t`j ejcftnktnfes

uebjrwky wnt`ne t`j Zentjb Ektnfes Grkhjwfrm Ifevjetnfe fe Ian-

hktj I`kecj, w`ni` wnaa iuahnektj kt t`j Ianhktj I`kecj Ifegjr-jeij ne Ifpje`kcje ne Bjijhojr ?


28/208

2 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

prfdjitjb tf sjj nts crjktjst tjhpjrkturj i`kecjs ne wnetjr, w`naj

sfut`jre pkrts fg t`j rjcnfe krj jxpjitjb tf sjj hfrj wkrhnec ne

suhhjr t`ke ne wnetjr. Fvjrkaa ne t`j rjcnfe, t`j euhojr fg grfst bkys

ns prfdjitjb tf bjianej oy ;2 tf 9< bkys fvjr t`j ejxt ?< tf 2< yjkrs

(sjj hkp ?.?), wnt` t`j euhojr fg `ft bkys neirjksnec oy ?? tf 93

bkys fvjr t`j skhj pjrnfb. R`ns wkrhnec trjeb ns sncengniket4 oy hnb-

ijetury, ifuetrnjs sui` ks @ueckry fr \fakeb krj jxpjitjb tf jxpjrn-

jeij t`j skhj euhojr fg `ft bkys (59


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Fvjrvnjw :

Hjbntjrrkejke ifkst, t`j Oakim Yjk, keb t`j Ikspnke) keb t`j _us-

snke Kritni Fijke. Fe t`j Okatni, \fakebs `jkvnay pfpuaktjb afw-

aynec ifkst ns jspjinkaay vuaejrkoaj tf sjk-ajvja rnsj. Kafec t`j Kbrnktni

keb t`j Hjbntjrrkejke, stfrh surcj keb skatwktjr netrusnfe netf

kqungjrs t`rjktje pkrts fg t`j Kaokenke, Irfktnke, keb Rurmns` ifksts.

Yjk-ajvja rnsj `ks ojje `nc`jst ne t`j Oakim Yjk, w`jrj nt ns t`rjktje-

nec t`j euhjrfus pfrts keb tfwes kafec t`j Cjfrcnke, _ussnke, keb

Zmrknenke ifksts. Ne t`j Ikspnke Yjk, wktjr ajvjas krj prfdjitjb tf

brfp oy kpprfxnhktjay snx hjtjrs oy t`j jeb fg t`j twjety-gnrst ije-

tury, buj tf neirjksjb surgkij jvkpfrktnfe. R`ns wnaa nhpjrna gns`

stfims keb kggjit ifkstka negrkstruiturj.

Ke nebjx bjsncejb tf ikpturj t`j strject` fg guturj ianhktj i`kecj

rjaktnvj tf tfbkys ekturka vkrnkonanty (Okjttnc, Snab, keb Nhofbje

?


30/208


hnbbaj tnjr fg jxpfsurj. @fwjvjr, t`ns frbjrnec ns eft ejijsskrnay

rjgajitjb ne k ifeijre gfr ianhktj i`kecj4 feay 2< pjrijet fg _ussnkes

t`nem ianhktj i`kecj ns k sjrnfus nssuj= ne ifetrkst, 3< pjrijet fg

Rurms bf (\jw Cafoka Kttntubjs \rfdjit ?


31/208

Fvjrvnjw 3

brnjb-up sjk ojb fetf t`j surgkijs fg Ijetrka Ksnke cakinjrs krj kiija-

jrktnec t`j `jkt-nebuijb hjatnec fg t`j cakinjrst`j sfurij fg hfst

fg t`j rjcnfes wktjr. Zzojmnstkes kcrniuaturj keb `ucjay wkstjgua

nrrncktnfe systjh krj jxtrjhjay vuaejrkoaj tf ianhktj i`kecj. R`j

jevnrfehjetka ajckiy fg ijetrka pakeenec ns pkrtniuakray brkhktni gfr

kcrniuaturj keb crjktay neirjksjs t`j sjitfrs vuaejrkonanty tf ianhktj

i`kecj. Zzojmnstke ns eft t`j feay ifuetry tf `kvj spjinkanzjb ne prf-

buinec k shkaa euhojr fg irfps naa-suntjb tf t`j afika jevnrfehjet=

ft`jr ifuetrnjs keb suo-ektnfeka rjcnfes `kvj ks wjaa. \ffr hkekcj-

hjet fg sfna jrfsnfe, wktjr rjsfurijs, pjst ifetrfa, keb eutrnjet ife-

sjrvktnfe hkmjs t`j kcrniuaturka systjh jspjinkaay vuaejrkoaj.

Fvjr t`j ejxt ifupaj fg bjikbjs efe-ianhktni gkitfrs, sui` ks ajc-

kiy nssujs keb ifetneunec uesustknekoaj bjhkeb, wnaa oj t`j hkne

brnvjrs fg wktjr strjss ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (Wrs-

hkrty jt ka. ?


32/208


yjkrs fg uebjr-nevjsthjet. \ffr hkekcjhjet fgtje ifhpfuebs t`j

sntuktnfejspjinkaay ne wktjr keb skentktnfe utnantnjs. Cafoka wkrh-

nec `ks `kb ke jspjinkaay ejcktnvj jggjit fe wktjr systjhsjxkijr-

oktjb oy t`j nejggninjeiy fg systjhs fg hfst wktjr utnantnjs, w`ni`

uebjr-prnij keb suggjr sjvjrj p`ysnika afssjs. R`ns trkesaktjs netf `nc`

ifesuhptnfe keb anhntjb guebnec gfr upcrkbjs keb nevjsthjets.

Jasjw`jrj kirfss JIK, t`j pfwjr sjitfr ns `krb prjssjb tf rjspfeb

tf t`j pjkms ne jajitrninty bjhkeb anemjb tf rnsnec suhhjr tjhpjrk-

turjs keb ns okbay ne ejjb fg upcrkbj keb jxpkesnfe. Skrhjr suh-

hjrs, wnt` pjrnfbs fg netjesj `jkt, `kvj strknejb t`j trkeshnssnfe

ejtwfrms fg Kzjrokndke, Mkzkm`stke, keb Rurmjy, ks wjaa ks systjhs

t`rfuc`fut Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj. Ne kbbntnfe, jxtrjhj wjkt`jr

t`rjktjes t`j konanty fg ejtwfrms tf gueitnfe ks netjebjbjspjinkaay

kcnec keb pffray hknetknejb gkinantnjs.

JIKs trkespfrt negrkstruiturj, wnt` pffray hknetknejb rfkbs keb

struiturjs, ns kasf kt rnsm. Hfrj netjesj prjinpntktnfe wnaa hkmj suo-

crkbj pkvjhjet ajss stkoaj keb wjkmje rjtknenec wkaas. Afec pjrnfbs

fg brfuc`t ike ajkb tf sjttanec fg t`j jkrt` ojejkt` t`j struiturjs.

Hfrj jxtrjhj tjhpjrkturjs wnaa kbb tf rfkb bjtjrnfrktnfe ks `ks

karjkby `kppjejb ne Mkzkm`stke, w`jrj truim trkvja `ks tf oj anhntjb

fe `ft suhhjr bkys w`je t`j ksp`kat sfgtjes.

Nt ns tjhptnect`fuc` neifrrjittf jxpjit crfwt` keb prfspjrnty

tf neirjksj rjsnanjeij tf ianhktj i`kecj. R`ns ns jspjinkaay t`j iksj ne

Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk, w`jrj crfwt` `ks typnikaay

fiiurrjb kt t`j jxpjesj fg t`j jevnrfehjet, t`jrjoy neirjksnec vua-

ejrkonanty. Ne gkit, crfwt` keb jifefhni bjvjafphjet krj ne sfhj

iksjs jxkijroktnec vuaejrkonantysui` ks ifkstka bjvjafphjets

krfueb t`j Oakim Yjk, w`jrj ounabnecs krj ojnec jrjitjb fe sntjs

jxpfsjb tf ifkstka surcj keb stfrhs.

Jvje Ifuetrnjs keb Yjitfrs t`kt Ifuab Ojejgnt grfh IanhktjI`kecj Krj \ffray \fsntnfejb Rf Bf Yf

@nc`jr aktntubjs ifuab ojejgnt grfh nhprfvjb ifebntnfes gfr kcrniua-

turj4 t`j Okatnis, pkrts fg Mkzkm`stke keb Zmrknej, keb hfst fg _us-

snk (jxijpt gfr t`j Efrt` Ikuiksus). @fwjvjr, t`j pftjetnka gfr ckne

ns ueiajkr sneij nt ifuab oj fggsjt oy neirjksjb vkrnkonanty keb jxtrjhj

jvjets. Hfst ifuetrnjs wnaa gkij k hnx fg afssjs keb cknes.

Ejvjrt`jajss, hkey cafoka stubnjs kofut guturj gffb prfbuitnfe

kssuhj JIK ifuetrnjs wnaa `jap fggsjt t`j bjianej ne wfrab gffb prf-

buitnfe rjsuatnec grfh bjirjksnec ynjabs ne afwjr aktntubjs. Ne pkrtni-

uakr, Mkzkm`stke, _ussnk, keb Zmrknej krj fgtje hjetnfejb ks t`j


33/208

Fvjrvnjw >

ifuetrnjs wnt` t`j wfrabs crjktjst uerjkanzjb gffb prfbuitnfe pftje-

tnka. R`j gkit ns t`kt t`j iurrjet ckp ojtwjje pftjetnka keb kituka

ynjabs ne t`jsj ifuetrnjs ns sncengniketay `nc`jr t`ke key pftjetnka

cknes grfh ianhktj i`kecj. Ne pkrtniuakr, t`j iurrjet ynjab ckp gfr t`j

gfrhjr Yfvnjt ifuetrnjs ne Jurfpj (neiaubnec Zmrknej keb Jurfpjke

_ussnk) ns 2.: tnhjs `nc`jr t`ke t`j pftjetnka neirjksj ne prfbuitnvnty

grfh ianhktj i`kecj oy ?


34/208

;< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

Ianhktj i`kecj jxpfsjs JIKs wjkmejssjs w`naj jxkijroktnec

t`jnr ifsts keb rnsm nhpaniktnfes. Out w`jrj tf stkrt6 Ifesnstjet wnt`

t`j kbvnij fg hkey jxpjrts fe ianhktj i`kecj kbkptktnfe, JIK

s`fuab gfius fe krjks keb sjitfrs karjkby vuaejrkoaj tf tfbkys ian-

hktj ifebntnfes keb fe kitnfes t`kt `kvj nhhjbnktj pfsntnvj nhpkits

gfr t`j pfpuaktnfe. Ne gkit, hui` fg w`kt ns bnsiussjb ne t`ns offm

gkaas netf t`j iktjcfry fg ef-rjcrjt kitnfeskitnfes t`kt krj ojejgn-

inka, w`ktjvjr t`j ianhktj i`kecj sijekrnf.

Out sfhj bjinsnfes kofut afec-tjrh nevjsthjets `kvj tf oj hkbj

efwuebjr ifebntnfes fg ueijrtknety. Gfr jxkhpaj, Kaokenk, w`ni`

iurrjetay bjrnvjs >3 pjrijet fg nts jajitrninty grfh `ybrfjajitrni pakets

out ikeeft rjay fe nt ks k guturj sfurij, hust t`nem t`rfuc` nts afec-

tjrh jajitrninty strktjcy. Ijetrka Jurfpjke ifuetrnjs sui` ks \fakeb,

wnt` fvjr : hnaanfe gakts ne pffr Ifhhuenst-jrk ounabnecs, ejjb rje-

fvktnfe pakes cnvje t`j prjbnitjb neirjksjs ne oft` rknegkaa keb

tjhpjrkturjs.

Zeijrtknety ike oj pkrkayznec. Nt ns fej fg t`j rjksfes t`kt k `nc`

pftjetnka gfr kbkptktnfe bfjs eft cukrketjj kbkptktnfe kitnfe. K

rjijet stuby fg t`j Zentjb Ytktjsfgtje kssuhjb tf `kvj k `nc`

ikpkinty gfr kbkptktnfe cnvje nts wjkat`, tji`enika rjsfurijs, keb

akrcj snzj (w`ni` kaafws gfr oft` bnvjrsngniktnfe keb sprjkbnec fg ian-

hktj rnsm)s`fws t`kt hkey kt-rnsm frckenzktnfes keb nebnvnbukas

krj gknanec tf kbkpt (_jpjttf ?


35/208

Fvjrvnjw ;;

\jr`kps t`j hfst irntnika ajssfe fe `fw tf bjvjafp kbkptktnfe

pakes ns t`j nhpfrtkeij fg nevfavnec stkmj`fabjrs. Ytkmj`fabjrs

uebjrstkeb iurrjet vuaejrkonantnjs, w`ni` krj t`j stkrtnec pfnet gfr

nbjetngynec guturj kbkptktnfe ejjbs, keb fgtje `kvj cffb nbjks fe

`fw tf rjbuij t`jh. Nevfavnec stkmj`fabjrs kasf nhprfvjs t`j i`keij

t`kt t`j kbkptktnfe pake ns nhpajhjetjb keb t`kt kbkptktnfe ife-

ijres krj hknestrjkhjb. R`ns ajssfe ojifhjs jvnbjet grfh t`j iksj

ne Afebfe w`jrj, gnvj yjkrs kgtjr t`j Afebfes Skrhnec rjpfrt, frncn-

eka stkmj`fabjrs krj stnaa nevfavjb ne t`j intys kbkptktnfe strktjcy.

JIK ifuetrnjs ejjb tf kit. R`jy ike ajkre grfh ft`jr ifuetrnjs fe

`fw tf hkekcj ueijrtknety keb kssjhoaj t`j rnc`t negfrhktnfe tf

cunbj ianhktj-rjsnanjet prkitnijs. Out ne JIK, pjr`kps hfrj t`ke ne

key ft`jr rjcnfe, ueijrtknety s`fuab oj k iktkayst gfr kitnfe nestjkb

fg ke jxiusj gfr nekitnfe. Gnxnec t`j rjcnfes iurrjet wjkmejssjs keb

tkimanec nts bnshka jevnrfehjetka ajckiy wnaa `kvj nhhjbnktj keb

suostketnka ojejgnts gfr t`j wjagkrj fg nebnvnbukas keb gfr guturj jif-

efhni crfwt`, rjckrbajss fg ianhktj i`kecj.

Eftjs

;. R`j JIK rjcnfe ifvjrs kaa t`j ifuetrnjs ne t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe, t`j

trkesntnfe ifuetrnjs fg Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj (jxiaubnec Jkst

Cjrhkey), paus Rurmjy.


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37/208

;9

I@K\RJ_ ;

Rjhpjrkturj neirjksjs fg ;.7I tf ?.7I krj jxpjitjb ne JkstjreJurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (JIK) oy ?


38/208

;2 Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

khpangnjb oy t`j bjtjrnfrktnfe ne ektnfeka ianhktj sjrvnijs ne k euh-

ojr fg Jkstjre Jurfpjke keb Ijetrka Ksnke ifuetrnjs. R`j pfssnonanty

fg rjbuinec t`j ueijrtknety kofut t`j ekturj keb nhpkit fg ianhktj

i`kecj ns anhntjbpkrtniuakray ne t`j s`frt rue. \faniy wfrm fe ian-

hktj i`kecj hust t`jrjgfrj strnvj tf `jap bjinsnfe hkmjrs hkekcj

ueijrtknety, jvje ks t`j sinjetngni ifhhuenty trnjs tf rjbuij nt.;

Fg ifursj, hkekcnec ueijrtknety ns w`kt hfst ousnejss keb pfaniy

hkmjrs bf fe k rjcuakr oksns.? Hkekcnec ueijrtknety ne t`j kbkptk-

tnfe ifetjxt hjkes rjbuinec t`j vuaejrkonantyfg systjhssfinka, jif-

efhni, keb jifafcnikatf ianhktj i`kecjt`kt ns, rjbuinec t`j

bjcrjj tf w`ni` k systjh ns susijptnoaj tf, keb uekoaj tf ifpj wnt`,

kbvjrsj jggjits fg ianhktj i`kecj, neiaubnec ianhktj vkrnkonanty keb

jxtrjhjs (N\II ?


39/208

K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;:

hktnfe, anmj Gafrnbnke `fhjfwejrs w`f gkna tf nevjst k gjw `uebrjb

bfaakrs ne snhpaj upcrkbjs t`kt wfuab crjktay rjbuij t`jnr `fhjs

vuaejrkonanty tf `urrnikejs (Ajwns ?


40/208


wnaa oj t`j rjsuat fg sjvjrka gkitfrs4 Bf pjfpaj anvj ne t`j gaffb pakne6

@kvj tfxni wkstj fr wktjr trjkthjet pakets ojje sntjb ne t`j gaffb

pakne6 Bfjs t`j hueninpkanty `kvj t`j frckenzktnfeka keb gnekeinka

rjsfurijs tf prjvjet t`j sprjkb fg wktjrofrej bnsjksjs, `jap pjfpaj

kiijss s`jatjr, keb qunimay rjounab wks`jb-fut negrkstruiturj, t`jrjoy

rjbuinec pfstbnskstjr afss fg angj keb prfhftnec gkstjr rjifvjry6

Yjesntnvnty bjpjebs fe `fw strjssjb t`j iurrjet systjh ns. K sys-

tjh fr k pfpuaktnfe karjkby iafsj tf nts anhnts wnaa suggjr crjkt bkh-

kcjs jvje grfh shkaa s`fims. Jxkhpajs neiaubj pffr nebnvnbukas

wnt`fut key skvnecs, ifecjstjb keb pffray hknetknejb trkespfrt sys-

tjhs, pfpuaktnfes ne pffr `jkat`, fr wktjr oksnes bjpajtjb fg uebjr-

crfueb wktjr rjsfurijs.

Rfcjt`jr, jxpfsurj keb sjesntnvnty bjtjrhnej t`j pftjetnka nhpkits

ifegrfetnec k ifhhuenty fr k systjht`j nhpkits wnt`fut ifesnb-

jrnec kbkptktnfe. @fwjvjr, vuaejrkonanty kasf bjpjebs fe `fw ikpk-

oaj k systjh ns fg kbkptnec keb ifpnec. Kbkptktnfe ike oj pakeejb fr

kutfefhfus= nt ike oj ketninpktfry fr rjkitnvj. R`j konanty tf kbkpt ns

k gueitnfe fg frckenzktnfeka smnaas, kiijss tf keb konanty tf usj negfr-

hktnfe, keb kiijss tf gnekeinec.

R`j bnstneitnfe ojtwjje sjesntnvnty keb kbkptnvj ikpkinty ike oj

oaurry. Yjesntnvnty ike oj t`j bjcrjj tf w`ni` k systjh ns kggjitjb

(pfsntnvjay fr ejcktnvjay) ne nts iurrjet gfrhoy k ianhktj trjeb, ianhktj

vkrnkonanty, fr k ianhktj s`fim. @fwjvjr, kbkptnvj ikpkinty ns byekhni

keb kggjits guturj sjesntnvnty. Ne prkitnij, t`j skhj gkitfrs t`kt bjtjr-

hnej iurrjet sjesntnvnty hky kasf bjtjrhnej t`j jxtjet fg kbkptnvj

ikpkinty. K pffr `fusj`fab wnaa oj sjesntnvj tf s`fims= nt wnaa kasf

usukaay `kvj ajss kbkptnvj ikpkinty buj tf nts akim fg rjsfurijs tf

gnekeij rjafiktnfe fr prftjitnvj negrkstruiturj sui` ks bymjs, stnats, fr

nrrncktnfe systjhs.

R`j jxpfsurj-sjesntnvnty-kbkptnvj ikpkinty kpprfki` `japs tf nbje-

tngy t`j ifhonektnfe fg gkitfrs t`kt khpangy fr rjbuij t`j nhpkit fg

ianhktj i`kecj keb tf bnstnecuns` jxfcjefus gkitfrs (jxpfsurj) grfh

t`fsj khjekoaj tf afika pfaniy kitnfes (kbkptnvj ikpkinty`jeij,

guturj sjesntnvnty). Nt ike oj kppanjb tf pkrtniuakr rjcnfes fr intnjs fr

sjitfr oy sjitfr, ks naaustrktjb oy t`j Kustrkanke cfvjrehjets kppanik-

tnfe fg t`ns grkhjwfrm tf kcrniuaturj (tkoaj ;.;).

K Wuaejrkonanty Nebjx gfr Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

Sj kppanjb fur vuaejrkonanty kpprfki` ne ke kttjhpt tf bjvjafp k

snhpaj vuaejrkonanty nebjx gfr JIK ifuetrnjs. R`ns ns feay k qunim

suhhkry fggjrjb tf cunbj hfrj ne-bjpt` qujstnfenec. Ne pkrtniuakr,

ifebntnfes wnt`ne ifuetrnjs hky vkry suostketnkaay. Gky keb \ktja


41/208

K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes ;3

(?


42/208


jxtjet, t`j Gfrhjr ^ucfsakv _jpuoani fg Hkijbfenk keb Rkdnmnstke

(gncurj ;.?).

R`j sjifeb suonebjx, k ifuetrys sjesntnvntytf ianhktj i`kecj, ns

oksjb fe nebniktfrs anmjay tf neirjksj t`j nhpkit fg ianhktj s`fims.

R`jsj neiaubj p`ysnika nebniktfrs, sui` ks t`j kvknakoaj rjejwkoaj

wktjr rjsfurijs pjr ikpntk keb t`j jxtjet fg knr pfaautnfe (sneij pkr-

tniuaktj hkttjr ne t`j knr wfrsjes t`j nhpkit fg `jkt wkvjs), keb

jifefhni nebniktfrs ikpturnec t`j nhpfrtkeij fg kcrniuaturj ne t`j

jifefhy (s`krj fg jhpafyhjet keb vkauj fg kssjts) keb t`j s`krjfg jajitrninty bjrnvjb grfh `ybrfjajitrni pakets. Sj kasf neiaubjb k

hjksurj fg t`j fvjrkaa qukanty fg negrkstruiturj sneij negrkstruiturj

ne pffr ifebntnfe ns hfrj anmjay tf gkna burnec ke jxtrjhj jvjet. Akst,

wj neiaubjb t`j s`krj fg pfpuaktnfe fvjr kcj 7:, sneij pjfpaj ne t`ns

crfup tjeb tf oj hfrj sjesntnvj tf ianhktj s`fims. R`j rjsuats suc-

cjst t`kt Ijetrka Ksnke ifuetrnjs krj pkrtniuakray sjesntnvj tf ianhktj

i`kecjkafec wnt` Kaokenk, Krhjenk, keb Cjfrcnk (gncurj ;.9).

R`j t`nrb suonebjx, kbkptnvj ikpkinty, ns jstnhktjb oy ifhonenec

sfinka (neifhj nejqukanty), jifefhni (crfss bfhjstni prfbuit ]CB\Xpjr ikpntk), keb nestntutnfeka hjksurjs.0R`j kbkptnvj ikpkinty nebjx

bnggjrs grfh t`j ft`jr twf ne t`kt `nc`jr vkaujs krj cffbt`kt ns,

t`jy bjeftj `nc`jr kbkptnvj ikpkinty (gncurj ;.2). Ks jxpjitjb, wj

7).;:K rjijet bfiuhjetjb

iksj fg k Ikangfrenk wktjr utnanty gkinec anmjay out ueijrtkne bjirjksjs

ne wktjr kvknakonanty prfvnbjs k prkitnika jxkhpaj fg `fw tf kppay t`ns

kpprfki` (Crfvjs jt ka. ?


57/208

99

OFP ;.2

R`j Sfrab Okems Ianhktj \frtka

R`j Sjo-oksjb Sfrab Okem Ianhktj I`kecj Bktk \frtka prfvnbjs

qunim keb kiijssnoaj cafoka ianhktj keb ianhktj-rjaktjb bktk tf t`j

bjvjafphjet ifhhuenty. R`j sntj ns oksjb fe t`j gkhnankr Cffcaj

Hkps paktgfrh keb kaafws usjrs tf kiijss futputs grfh ianhktj hfb-

jas, `nstfrnika ianhktj fosjrvktnfes, ekturka bnskstjr bktk, irfp ynjab

prfdjitnfes, keb sfinfjifefhni bktk kt key pfnet fe t`j cafoj. R`j

sntj neiaubjs k hkppnec vnsukanzktnfe tffa (wjoCNY) t`kt bnspakys mjy

ianhktj vkrnkoajs keb anems tf Sfrab Okem bktkoksjs keb k spktnkaay

rjgjrjeijb mefwajbcj oksj. R`j pfrtka wnaa kasf sjrvj ks k akuei`nec

pfnet gfr ianhktj i`kecj tffas, keb neiaubjs t`j KBK\R tffa gfr

kssjssnec ianhktj rnsm fg Sfrab Okem prfdjits.

Yfurij4 `ttp4//wfrabokem.frc/ianhktjpfrtka/.


58/208


_NYM G_KHJSF_M

ZMIN\


59/208

K Grkhjwfrm gfr Bjvjafpnec Kbkptktnfe \akes 9:

?. Zeijrtknety, gfrhkaay spjkmnec, ns bnggjrjet grfh rnsm (w`jrj t`jrj ns k

mefwe prfokonanty bnstrnoutnfe)= fwjvjr, nt wks nhpfssnoaj tf wrntj t`ns

offm wnt`fut usnec t`j wfrb rnsm, sf wj `kvj eft kb`jrjb tf k gfrhka

usj fg t`j twf tjrhs.

9. R`jsj wfrms stkeb ne ifetrkst tf k akrcj kikbjhni antjrkturj fe kbkptk-tnfe t`kt gfiusjs fe grkhjwfrms keb bjgnentnfes. S`naj japgua ne grkh-

nec t`j bnsiussnfe fg w`kt kbkptktnfe ns, t`kt antjrkturj bfjs eft fggjr

hui` ne t`j wky fg prkitnika cunbkeij gfr prjpkrnec keb nhpajhjetnec

ke kbkptktnfe prfcrkh.

2. Hkey strktjcnjs kvj ojje wrnttje up, keb ne sfhj iksjs, kttjhpts `kvj

ojje hkbj tf prfvnbj k irntnika kekaysns fg w`kt kppjkrs tf wfrm. Gfr k

ifhpkrktnvj kekaysns fg t`jsj strktjcnjs, sjj @jnez Ijetjr (?


60/208


wfrbs, nt ike oj vjry `krb tf bnstnecuns` k i`kecj ne t`j afec-tjrh trjeb

grfh k okb yjkr.

;9. Yfhj krcuj t`kt nebnvnbukas krj naa-jqunppjb tf jstnhktj t`j rnsm fg

afw-prfokonanty, `nc`-nhpkit iktkstrfp`js (Sjntzhke ?


61/208

93

I@K\RJ_ ?

R`j wfrab ns ojifhnec k wkrhjr, wjttjr pakij keb fej w`jrj t`jgrjqujeiy keb hkcentubj fg jxtrjhj jvjets ns neirjksnec. Ks t`j

Gfurt` Kssjsshjet _jpfrt fg t`j Netjrcfvjrehjetka \keja fe Ian-

hktj I`kecj (N\II) stktjs4 Skrhnec fg t`j ianhktj systjh ns

uejqunvfika (N\II ?


62/208


>7, gfaafwnec jkvy rknes keb gaffbnec ne Rkdnmnstke, k pffray hkne-

tknejb sjwkcj systjh ikhj uebjr kbbntnfeka strjss keb ifetkhnektjb t`j wktjr suppay. Ne

t`j jesunec typ`fnb gjvjr futorjkm, 3,:;7 iksjs wjrj rjpfrtjb ne k hfet s tnhj, fej-t`nrb

fg t`jh ne i`nabrje uebjr kcj ;2. Ks ne Cjfrcnk, snhuatkejfus strjssjs fe nestntutnfes keb

negrkstruiturj grfh t`j gaffbnec keb prnfr wjkmejssjs ifhonejb tf wfrsje t`j `jkat` irnsns.

Kofut :< jkat` ianenis keb si`ffas wjrj bkhkcjb oy t`j gaffbs. R`j tfnajt systjh fg k hkdfr

`fspntka wks neuebktjb, gurt`jr sprjkbnec t`j bkecjrfus okitjrnka ifetkhneket. \rnfr ifebn-

tnfes kbbjb tf t`j pfpuaktnfes vuaejrkonanty feij t`j gaffb ikhj. Khnb invna vnfajeij, puoani

guebnec fg `jkat` gkinantnjs tkpjrjb fgg, ajkvnec t`j systjh s`frt fg bnkcefstni suppanjs keb

brucs gfr trjkthjet fg negjitnfus bnsjksjs. Ne ;>>:, sfkp `kb ojifhj akrcjay uekvknakoaj keb

iàfrnektnfe fg t`j wktjr suppay `kb ojje `katjb buj tf k akim fg hktjrnkas. Ne sfhj pkrts fg

t`j ifuetry, pjfpaj `kb ojcue usnec fpje ikekas gfr t`jnr wktjr suppay, out ùebrjbs fg

t`jsj wjrj runejb ne t`j gaffbs.

Sjst Enaj vnrus,w`ni` ns `ncày bkecjrfus gfr t`j jabjray, ns sprjkb prnhkrnay oy hfsquntfjs,

w`fsj akrvkj t`rnvj ne t`j pffas fg stkebnec wktjr ajgt oy gaffbnec. Ke futorjkm fg t`j bnsjksj

gfaafwjb ;>>> gaffbs ne t`j Izji` _jpuoani, w`je Kjbjshfsquntfjs prfangjrktjb ne kggjitjb

krjks. Jurfpjs akrcjst rjifrbjb futorjkm fiiurrjb ne Oui`krjst, _fhkenk, ne ;>>7 keb

s`fwjb t`kt uroke krjks kasf wjrj vuaejrkoaj, wnt` akrvkj huatnpaynec ne t`j gaffbjb oksj-

hjets fg ounabnecs.

Rk`yek,k vnrus t`kt orjjbs ne gaffbjb krjks, wks bjtjitjb ne t`j Izji` _jpuoani gfaafwnec

t`rjj sjpkrktj jpnsfbjs fg gaffbnec.

Ajptfspnrfsns,k feij rkrj negjitnfus bnsjksj ikrrnjb oy rfbjets keb ft`jr kenhkas, sprjkbs

t`rfuc` ifetkit wnt` hfnst sfna, hub, vjcjtktnfe, fr ifetkhnektjb wktjr. R`j Izji` _jpuo-

ani, _ussnk, keb Zmrknej `kvj jxpjrnjeijb futorjkms gfaafwnec gaffbs.

Ft`jr wktjrofrej bnsjksjs, neiaubnec i`fajrk, `jpktntns K, keb skahfejaak, `kvj kasf sur-

gkijb ne t`j rjcnfe gfaafwnec gaffbnec jpnsfbjs.

Yfurij4 _konj jt ka. ?


82/208


83/208

@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty :>

Ytubnjs ne Irfktnk keb Zzojmnstke `kvj gfueb wjkmjejb pjrgfr-

hkeij fg `jkrt pktnjets burnec tnhjs fg jxtrjhj `jkt.

Ytrjssjb negrkstruiturj ike ifhprfhnsj utnanty sjrvnij bjanvjry keb

t`jrjoy wfrsje `jkat` ifebntnfes= ks i`kptjr 7 jxpaknes, JIKs ne`jr-

ntjb stfim fg Yfvnjt-jrk negrkstruiturj keb pffray vjetnaktjb `fusnec ns

vuaejrkoaj tf ktypnika `jkt. @jkvy usj fg knr ifebntnfenec kaajvnktjs

rnsms gfr pjfpaj w`f ike kiijss fr kggfrb nt, out nt strknes pfwjr suppanjs

keb hky ajkb tf futkcjs. Jajitrninty futkcjs kasf anhnt wktjr kiijss gfr

hkey pjfpaj, pftjetnkaay sjttnec fgg k iksikbj fg ft`jr nhpkits.

Jxtrjhj `jkt ike kasf ajkb pjfpaj tf jeckcj ne rnsmnjr oj`kvnfrs,

sui` ks swnhhnec ne fpje ikekas, rnvjrs, fr akmjs, ajkbnec tf bjkt`s

t`kt wfuab eft fiiur ne ajss jxtrjhj suhhjr wjkt`jr. \faautnfe,

shfc, keb gnrjsw`ni` fgtje netjesngy burnec k `jkt wkvjajkb tf

crjktjr-t`ke-efrhka ikrbnfvksiuakr prfoajhs keb bjkt`s. Ojikusj fg

jxtrjhj `jkt keb k akim fg rknegkaa ne ?


84/208

7< Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

t`j Ikuiksus keb Ijetrka Ksnk, wnt` wjkt`jr-rjaktjb jvjets rknsnec

bnsjksj ajvjas. Gfr jxkhpaj, hubsanbjs ne ;>>3 jajvktjb t`j prjvk-

ajeij fg hkakrnk ne Kzjrokndke, neirjksnec t`j euhojr fg orjjbnec

sntjs ifesnbjrkoay (S@F Jurfpj ?0.

Skrhjr kvjrkcj tjhpjrkturjs wnaa kasf neirjksj pfaaje-rjaktjb

kaajrcnjs, pkrtniuakray ne Ijetrka Jurfpj w`jrj t`j rkcwjjbKhorfsnk

ns hfrj `nc`ay ifeijetrktjb t`ke ne hfst ft`jr rjcnfes fg t`j wfrab.

\faaje ifeijetrktnfe neirjksjs wnt` `nc`jr tjhpjrkturjs keb `nc`jr

khonjet ifeijetrktnfes fg ikrofe bnfxnbj.

I`kecnec kvjrkcjs krj kggjitnec `jkat` ne ft`jr wkys. Skrhjr,

wjttjr wjkt`jr ns i`kecnec ifebntnfes ne t`j Okatni Yjk, wnt` rkhngn-

iktnfes gfr `uhke `jkat`. Fej prfijss uebjr wky ns jutrfp`niktnfe,

nevfavnec ke neirjksj ne eutrnjets (usukaay entrfcje keb p`fsp`frfus)

ne t`j sjk. R`j prfijss trnccjrs kacka oaffhs t`kt ajkb tf k bjcrkbktnfe

fg jevnrfehjetka qukanty (@JAIFH ?


85/208

7;

RKOAJ 9.9

@jkat` Ifesjqujeijs fg k I`kecnec Ianhktj4 Bnrjit keb Nebnrjit

Jxpfsurj

Futifhj

Bnrjit nhpkits Nebnrjit nhpkits

Jxtrjhj wjkt`jr jvjetsI`kecnec

kvjrkcjs Hncrktnfe

Ifkstka

bjcrkbktnfe@jkt wkvjs Gaffbs Brfuc`ts

Hfrtkanty (ikusj-spjingni)

Brfwenec x

\`ysnika trkuhk x

@jkt jx`kustnfe x

Gnrj x x

Yuninbj x

_jspnrktfry bnsjksjs

Kst`hk x

Kiutj afwjr rjspnrktfry trkit negjitnfes x

Hjetka bnsjksjs

Bjprjssnfe x x x

\fst-trkuhktni strjss bnsfrbjr x x x

_jprfbuitnvj bnsjksjs

\jrnektka ifhpaniktnfesk x

Khjefrr`jk x

_fbjet- keb vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs

Ajptfspnrfsns x

Sjst Enaj vnrus x

Rk`yek x

Hkakrnk x x x

Bjecuj x

Rnim-ofrej jeijp`kantns x

Ayhj ofrrjanfsns x

Sktjr- keb gffb-ofrej bnsjksjs

I`fajrk x x x x

Bysjetjry x x

@jpktntns K x x

Ykahfejaak x x

Kiutj tfxninty x

Ft`jr

Hkaeutrntnfe x x

@NW/KNBY x

Kaajrcnjs x

Bj`ybrktnfe x

Bjrhktntns x

Ckstrfbufbjeka uaijr bnsjksj x



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7? Kbkptnec tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk

rjanket fe suosnstjeij gkrhnec tjeb tf rjsfrt tf pjrhkejet ianhktj-

brnvje hncrktnfe, ks ne sntuktnfes w`jrj brfuc`t `ks bjirjksjb t`j

akeb krjk t`kt ike oj iuatnvktjb.

Ks jasjw`jrj, nhpkits fg ianhktj i`kecj ne JIK ifuetrnjs ifhj

fe tfp fg jxnstnec ifebntnfes keb pkttjres fg vuaejrkonanty. Hncrktnfe

anemjb tf ianhktj i`kecj wnaa kbb tf karjkby `nc` ajvjas fg hncrktnfe,

keb rjinpnjet ifuetrnjs hky gneb t`jnr rjsfurijs krj fvjrstrjti`jb,

pkrtniuakray ne t`j bjanvjry fg `jkat` sjrvnijs.

JIK kiifuets gfr fej-t`nrb fg t`j wfrabs tftka hncrktnfe (jxiaub-

nec hfvjhjet fg pjfpaj ojtwjje nebustrnkanzjb ifuetrnjs), pkrtay

ojikusj fg t`j nc` ajvja fg hncrktnfe sneij t j orjkmup fg t`j Yfvnjt

Zenfe. Hncrktnfe ne JIK gfrhs twf hkne strjkhs4 gnrst, grfh Jkstjre

Jurfpj keb t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe tf Sjstjre Jurfpj= keb sjifeb,

wnt`ne t`j stktjs fg t`j gfrhjr Yfvnjt Zenfe (Hkesffr keb [unaane

?< keb ?


87/208

@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 79

pfssnoaj bnsirnhnektnfe, keb fvjrkri`nec nesjiurnty tjeb tf wfrsje

ft`jr `jkat` ifebntnfes.

Yjifeb,`jkat` systjhs hky oj ueprjpkrjb tf bjka wnt` t`j negji-

tnfus bnsjksjs keb ft`jr naaejssjs orfuc`t oy t`j hncrketsjnt`jr

grfh t`jnr `fhj ifuetrnjs fr grfh sfhjw`jrj kafec t`jnr dfurejy.

Negjitnfus bnsjksjs krj k spjinka i`kaajecj gfr `jkat` systjhs, w`ni`

hust trjkt nebnvnbuka pktnjets keb trkij keb ifetkne t`j vjitfrs fg

bnsjksj ne frbjr tf prftjit t`j puoani.

Hncrket pfpuaktnfes krj vuaejrkoaj tf typj ? bnkojtjs, ikrbnfvksiu-

akr bnsjksjs, keb tuojriuafsns. Kiifrbnec tf t`j Jurfpjke Yfinjty gfr

Ianenika Hnirfonfafcy keb Negjitnfus Bnsjksjs, sjvjrka akrcj Jurfpjke

intnjs `kvj karjkby jxpjrnjeijb tuojriuafsns jpnbjhnis rjaktjb tf

neirjksjb hncrktnfe grfh Kgrnik, Ksnk, keb Aktne Khjrnik. K survjy

tkmje ne Kt`jes ne ?


88/208


wnt` k `jkvnjr bnsjksj ourbje, nhhncrkets wnaa eft rjijnvj prfpjr

ikrj, keb t`j uenegjitjb pfpuaktnfeoft` nhhncrket keb ektnvj

wnaa oj kt rnsm.

R`nrb,nhhncrkets krj fgtje uebjrsjrvjb oy `jkat` systjhs ne t`jnr

bjstnektnfe ifuetrnjs, ojikusj fg pffr ifhhueniktnfe, rjstrnitjb

kiijss, fr bnsirnhnektnfe. Akimnec kiijss tf prnhkry keb prjvjetnvj

ikrj, ks wjaa ks negfrhktnfe kofut kvknakoaj sjrvnijs, nhhncrkets pfst-

pfej trjkthjet, rjsfrtnec gnekaay tf ifstay vnsnts tf t`j jhjrcjeiy

rffh. Kiifrbnec tf jvnbjeij grfh Cjrhkey, t`j crjktjr prjvkajeij

fg ueskgj wfrmnec ifebntnfes keb `nc` gjrtnanty rktjs khfec nhhn-

crkets kasf ajkb tf k `nc` euhojr fg `jkat` ifhpaniktnfes (Ynee jt ka.

?


89/208

@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 7:

Kiijss tf keb konanty tf hkekcj negfrhktnfe4t`j kvknakonanty fg irntnika

nebniktfrs oksni tf uebjrstkebnec `jkat` rnsms, neiaubnec puoani

`jkat` survjnaakeij tffas, jhjrcjeiy ifhhueniktnfes, keb k sys-

tjh gfr hfentfrnec i`kecnec kvjrkcjs

Nestntutnfekanzjb prkitnijs4ianenika cunbjanejs, pjrgfrhkeij kssjss-

hjet prftfifas, keb systjhs gfr jhjrcjeiy prjpkrjbejss

Kttjetnfe tf jqunty4k hjksurj fg `fw jvjeay kiijss tf keb usj fg

`jkat` sjrvnijs krj bnstrnoutjb t`rfuc`fut t`j pfpuaktnfe, keb

`fw jvjeay `jkat` bjgnints krj s`krjb.

Kbkptnec `jkat` systjhs tf t`j rjkantnjs fg ianhktj i`kecj rjqunrjs

k rjankoaj gafw fg negfrhktnfe keb ifaakofrktnfe kirfss frckenzktnfes.

\uoani `jkat` ns kggjitjb oy kitnfes tkmje ne hkey ft`jr sjitfrs. Gfrjxkhpaj, ng k ifuetrys jejrcy sjitfr neirjksjs surcj ikpkinty tf sup-

pfrt iffanec burnec `jkt wkvjs, `jkt-rjaktjb bnstrjss keb bjkt` wnaa

bjianej. _jifcenznec t`j prfokonanty fg gaffbnec keb t`rjkts tf t`j

wktjr systjh, cfvjrehjets ike afwjr `jkat` rnsms oy rjbuinec t`j

vuaejrkonanty fg wktjr gkinantnjs tf gaffbs keb brfuc`ts (sjj i`kptjr 7).

@jkat` kbkptktnfe pfaninjs ike oj crfupjb netf twf iktjcfrnjs4

rjspfesnvj, w`ni` rjbuijs vuaejrkonantnjs krnsnec grfh ianhktj

i`kecjs t`kt `kvj karjkby fiiurrjb= keb ketninpktfry, w`ni`

kbbrjssjs `jkat` futifhjs kssfinktjb wnt` prfdjitjb guturj ianhktji`kecj. Ofx 9.? prfvnbjs k euhojr fg kbkptnfe kitnfes, oft` rjspfe-

snvj keb ketninpktfry, gfr cfvjrehjet `jkat` prfgjssnfekas keb t`j

cjejrka puoani tf usj ne rjspfesj tf gaffbs keb `jkt wkvjs, twf fg t`j

hfst anmjay keb bkhkcnec ianhktj jxtrjhjs.

Ne kbbntnfe tf t`jsj jxtrjhjs, ianhktj i`kecj nevfavjs afec-

tjrh s`ngts ne kvjrkcj tjhpjrkturjs keb prjinpntktnfe ajvjas, w`ni`

ikrry afec-tjrh `jkat` nhpaniktnfes. Cfvjrehjets s`fuab

strject`je hfentfrnec keb survjnaakeij kitnvntnjs ne frbjr tf bjtjit

key ejw jpnbjhnis t`kt hnc`t surgkij. @ycnjej s`fuab oj nhprfvjbkirfss t`j ofkrb (gfr jxkhpaj, ne gffb prjpkrktnfe), keb vkiinek-

tnfe prfcrkhs keb `jkat` jbuiktnfe neirjksjb. K hkp fg `nc`-rnsm

krjks s`fuab oj bjvjafpjb, kafec wnt` pakes gfr vjitfr-ifetrfa

prfcrkhs.

Ketninpktnec ke neirjksj ne hncrktnfe ks k rjsuat fg ianhktj

i`kecj, cfvjrehjets s`fuab jstkoans` sirjjenec gfr tuojriuafsns

keb ft`jr sjrvnijs gfr ueifhhfe bnsjksjs t`kt hnc`t krrnvj wnt`

ejw rjsnbjets. @jkat` gkinantnjs hust negfrh nhhncrkets fg t`j

kvknakoaj `jkat` sjrvnijs keb pjr`kps `nrj hfrj prfgjssnfekas grfhsjebnec ifuetrnjs. R`j cfvjrehjets fg bjstnektnfe keb bjpkrturj

ifuetrnjs ifuab wfrm tfcjt`jr tf iffrbnektj t`jsj kitnfes.


90/208


OFP 9.?

Kbkptktnfe Ytrktjcnjs gfr Gaffbs keb @jkt Skvjs

Ketninpktfry strktjcnjs gfr gaffbs

Cfvjrehjets4

Jstkoans` systjhs tf ifhhueniktj wnt` t`j puoani, `jkat` prfgjssnfekas, keb jhjrcjeiy

rjspfebjrs.

Bjsnce jbuiktnfe ikhpknces gfr pfpuaktnfes kt rnsm, neiaubnec jvkiuktnfe pakes.

Yjt up huatnanecuka negfrhktnfe systjhs t`kt ike gueitnfe burnec keb kgtjr gaffbs keb pfwjr

futkcjs.

Bnvnbj rjcnfes netf rnsm zfejs oksjb fe nstfrnika keb prfdjitjb trjebs gfr sjttnec nevjsthjet

prnfrntnjs keb negfrhnec t`j puoani fg rnsms.

Anhnt sjttajhjet ne gaffb paknes wnt` upbktnec keb jegfrijhjet fg zfenec akws.

@jkat` nestntutnfes keb prfgjssnfekas4

Neirjksj akofrktfry bnkcefstni ikpkinty, keb strject`je bnsjksj-rjaktjb bktkoksjs.

Neirjksj kwkrjejss kofut vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs.

Sktjrprffg gkinantnjs, keb irjktj skgj stfrkcj gfr mjy jqunphjet.

Rrkne stkgg gfr jhjrcjeiy ifebntnfes, neiaubnec fspntka jvkiuktnfes.

Okim up pktnjet gnajs fe ifhputjrs.

Irjktj gaffb-rjsnstket ifhhueniktnfes systjhs.

Irjktj k okim-up suppay fg skgj wktjr gfr fspntkas, keb nevjst ne purngniktnfe jqunphjet.

Cjejrka puoani4

Zebjrstkeb skgjty prfijburjs keb prnfrntnjs ne t`j jvjet fg k gaffb.

\krtninpktj ne nesurkeij si jhjs keb ft`jr hji kenshs gfr sprjkbnec t`j gnekeinka rnsm.

Bjhkeb k vkrnjty fg gaffb-ifetrfa pfaninjs grfh cfvjrehjet.

_jspfesnvj strktjcnjs gfr gaffbs

Cfvjrehjets4

Bjanvjr ejijsskry puoani kwkrjejss hktjrnkas, keb wfrm wnt` hjbnk tf cjt mjy negfrhktnfe

kofut t`j jhjrcjeiy netf inriuaktnfe.

Jesurj puoani `ycnjej ns hknetknejb.


91/208

@uhke @jkat`4 R`j Hfst Oksni Wuaejrkonanty 73

Neirjksj ajvjas fg uhke keb kenhka vkiinektnfe ne yjkr fg gaffbs.

Yurvjy ifetkhnekets keb jevnrfehjetka t`rjkts.

Jesurj kiijss tf gffb, wktjr, keb s`jatjr gfr t`j hfst vuaejrkoaj pjrsfes.


Jhpafy sfueb survjnaakeij hjt`fbs tf bjtjit keb ifetkne jpnbjhnis.

Ifhhueniktj wnt` cfvjrehjet keb t`j puoani kofut futorjkms fg bnsjksj.

Frckenzj pfst-gaffb jpnbjhnfafcnika hfentfrnec.

Neiaubj psyi fafcnika tjstnec tf pnim up fe strjss-rjaktjb gkitfrs.

\rfvnbj sfinka suppfrt tf vuaejrkoaj crfups.

Cjejrka puoani4

Brnem grfh feay skgj wktjr suppanjs, keb ofna fr i`afrnektj tkp wktjr.

Bnsikrb suspjit gffb, rjhfvj key bjkb kenhkas keb bnsnegjit ifetkhnektjb krjks, keb kawkys

wjkr prftjitnvj cjkr.

Rrjkt gurenturj keb rffhs gfr vjitfr-ofrej bnsjksjs t`kt hnc`t ifhj grfh rfbjets fr nesjits.

Iajke gaffbjb oksjhjets prfhptay tf kvfnb hfsquntfjs keb hfabs.

Zsj nesjit rjpjaajet.

Ketninpktfry strktjcnjs gfr `jkt wkvjs

Cfvjrehjets4

Jesurj t`j pfwjr systjh ks kbjquktj surcj ikpkinty.

\ake guturj `fusnec tf hkxnhnzj ekturka vjetnaktnfe.

Neiaubj spkij gfr trjjs ne uroke bjsnces.

\ake okim-up wktjr suppanjs.

Iffrbnektj gfrjikstnec keb jkray wkrenec systjhs kirfss afika kut`frntnjs.

Irjktj iffa spfts keb kvjes usnec ekturka keb bjsncejb systjhs.


Negfrh pktnjets fg t`jnr pkrtniuakr vuaejrkonantnjs tf jkt strjss.

Ifeejit `jkat` prfgjssnfekas wnt` gfrjikstnec keb wkrenec systjhs.

Iffrbnektj wnt` cfvjrehjet fe k puoani kwkrjejss pake, wnt` spjinka futrjki` tf vuaejrkoajcrfups.

ifetneujb


92/208


OFP 9.? Ifetneujb

Jesurj kbjquktj stkggnec gfr jhjrcjeiy pjrnfbs.

Irjktj `jkt wkvj ftanej keb Sjo-oksjb sjrvnijs gfr puoani nequnrnjs.

Bjsnce keb nhpajhjet k ifhhueniktnfe strktjcy krfueb anhntnec t`j jggjits fg shfmj

keb shfc.

Cjejrka puoani4

Ytky kttuejb tf suhhjr wjkt`jr gfrjiksts, keb mefw t`j `jkat` rnsms, neiaubnec fejs fwe

pjrsfeka hjbnika vuaejrkonantnjs kssfinktjb wnt` jxtrjhj `jkt.

Kcrjj ne kbvkeij fe pfssnoaj ajkvj pfaninjs grfh wfrm.

Kbvfiktj gfr pfaniy hkmjrs tf kbfpt jkt wkvj pakes.

_jspfesnvj strktjcnjs gfr `jkt wkvjs

Cfvjrehjets4

\rfvnbj ifetneufus jajitrninty burnec `jkt wkvjs, wnt` prnfrnty gfr jkat` ikrj gkinantnjs.

Cukrketjj k gafw fg puoani negfrhktnfe kofut cfvjrehjet kitnvntnjs, gfrjst gnrjs, keb jhjr-

cjeiy prfcrkhs.


Hfentfr `jkat` fg pktnjets, neiaubnec futpktnjet crfup, pkrtniuakray jabjray keb i`rfenikaay

naa pjrsfes.

Jesurj t`kt pktnjets uebjrstkeb t`j sjrnfusejss fg jkt-nebuijb ifebntnfes.

Zsj hjbnk tf jxpkeb kwkrjejss fg wkys tf stky jkat`y burnec jxtrjhj jkt.

Cjejrka puoani4

Kvfnb strjeufus kitnvntnjs keb stky nebffrs burnec `furs fg hkxnhuh jkt.

Brnem k aft fg gaunbs, out kvfnb kaif`fa keb ikggjnej.

_jguja ikrs kt enc`t tf ajssje cks vkpfrs, keb rjbuij ikr usj.

Cukrb kcknest gfrjst gnrjs, keb oj rjkby tf jvkiuktj ng ejjbjb.

_jki` fut tf jabjray keb vuaejrkoaj pjrsfes.



93/208

7>

I@K\RJ_ 2

\`ysnika nhpkits wnaa vkry bjpjebnec fe w`jt`jr ianhktj i`kecj

hkengjsts ntsjag t`rfuc` safw i`kecjs ne kvjrkcjs, t`rfuc` hfrj grj-qujet jxtrjhj jvjets, fr t`rfuc` subbje iktkstrfp`ni i`kecjs (sui`

ks k ifaakpsj ne t`j Efrt` Ktaketni iurrjet fr k ifaakpsj fg t`j Crjje-

akeb fr Ketkritni nij s`jjt). Yafway fiiurrnec i`kecjs krj ifetrfaak-

oaj gfr hfst `uhke-hkekcjb systjhskat fuc` eft kawkys gfr

jifafcnika fejs. Jxtrjhjs krj, fg ifursj, hui` `krbjr tf ifpj wnt`

keb hfrj anmjay tf nhpfsj nrrjvjrsnoaj bkhkcjs.

R`ns i`kptjr bjsirnojs t`j nhpkit fg safw-hfvnec kvjrkcjs keb

hfrj prjbnitkoaj jxtrjhj jvjets (fr sf-ikaajb safw-fesjt bnskstjrs

sui` ks brfuc`ts), ifeijetrktnec fe bnrjit p`ysnika nhpkits. R`ji`kptjr affms kt fw ianhktj i`kecj hnc`t ifhpaniktj wktjr rjsfurij

hkekcjhjet, rjvnjws `fw sui` i`kecj ns anmjay tf kggjit ifkstka

krjks fg Jkstjre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk (JIK), keb bnsiussjs t`j

nhpkit fg k rjijbnec pjrhkgrfst anej.

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj

Sktjr keb Akeb HkekcjhjetHfrj Ifhpajx

Enifak Ijekii`n keb Hkrnkeej Gky

R`ns i`kptjr ns oksjb fe gfur okimcrfueb pkpjrs prjpkrjb gfr t`ns offm,

Kbkptktnfe tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne Ifkstka Krjks fg t`j JIK _jcnfe keb

Onfbnvjrsnty Kbkptktnfe tf Ianhktj I`kecj ne t`j JIK _jcnfe oy Enifak

Ijekii`n= Jxpjitjb Nhpkit fg t`j I`kecnec Ianhktj fe _ussnk keb Ijetrka

Ksnk Ifuetrnjs keb Fecfnec fr \akeejb Kbkptktnfe Jggfrts keb Ytrktjcnjs ne

_ussnk keb Ijetrka Ksnk Ifuetrnjs oy Kajxjy Mfmfrne= keb Ianhktj I`kecj

\rfdjitnfes keb Nhpkits ne _ussnke Gjbjrktnfe keb Ijetrka Ksnk Ytktjs oy

Wakbnhnr Mkttsfv, Wjrfenmk Cfvfrmfvk, Wkajetne Hjajs`mf, Rktykek \kvafvk,

keb Ncfr Y`mfaenm.


94/208


Hfrj Bnggniuat Sktjr _jsfurij HkekcjhjetRff Hui` fr Rff Anttaj fg k Cffb R`nec6

Ks sjje ne i`kptjr ?, JIK wnaa gkij oft` hfrj gaffbs keb hfrj

brfuc`ts. _knegkaa ns jxpjitjb tf ojifhj hfrj netjesj keb vkrnkoaj,

rjsuatnec ne neirjksjb gaffb rnsm jvjryw`jrj ne t`j rjcnfepkrtniu-

akray ne Jkstjre keb Ijetrka Jurfpj. Brfuc`ts wnaa oj k sjrnfus nssuj

gfr Ijetrka Ksnk, t`j Ikuiksus, keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj. Sktjr

hkekcjhjet wnaa ojifhj hfrj ifhpajx jvjryw`jrj, outkt ajkst

ne t`j pjrnfb up tf ?


95/208

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 3;

bjhkeb anemjb tf sfinfjifefhni bjvjafphjets. Ynhnakray, jvnbjeij

succjsts t`kt gaffbs krj fgtje anemjb tf pffr akeb usj keb rnvjr oksne

hkekcjhjet.

Cjejrkaay, ianhktj-rjaktjb i`kecjs tf grjs`wktjr systjhs `kvj

ojje shkaa, ifhpkrjb wnt` sui` efeianhktni brnvjrs ks pfaautnfe,

rjcuaktnfe fg rnvjr gafws, wjtakeb brknekcj, rjbuitnfe ne strjkhgafw,

keb afwjrnec fg t`j crfuebwktjr tkoaj (hkneay buj tf jxtrkitnfe gfr

nrrncktnfe). R`ns hfskni fg strjssjs ikaas gfr k s`ngt tfwkrb hfrj sus-

tknekoaj prkitnijs ojgfrj t`j nhpkits fg ianhktj i`kecj krj hfrj

strfecay gjat fvjr t`j ejxt ?< yjkrs.

K Wkrynec _jcnfeka \niturj, out Hfrj Gaffbnec

Ks bnsiussjb ne i`kptjr ?, Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkstjre Jurfpj, Ijetrka

Ksnk, keb t`j Ikuiksus wnaa jxpjrnjeij rjbuijb prjinpntktnfe, w`naj

t`j rjst fg t`j rjcnfe (Efrt`jre Jurfpj= _ussnk, jxijpt gfr t`j Efrt`-

jre Ikuiksus= keb Mkzkm`stke) wnaa hfstay sjj neirjksjb rknegkaa.

Keeuka ruefggt`j wktjr t`kt rues fvjr akeb, keb k hjksurj fg

wktjr kvknakonantyns prfdjitjb tf bjirjksj ne Ijetrka keb Yfut`jkst-

jre Jurfpj keb Ijetrka Ksnk out neirjksj gfr hfst fg _ussnk keb t`j

Okatnis (hkps ?.2 keb 2.;). Snetjr ruefgg ns prfdjitjb tf neirjksj,

jspjinkaay ne Jurfpjke _ussnk, wnt` t`j hfst prfefueijb i`kecjs

prfdjitjb gfr t`j sprnec gfr t`j rjst fg JIK (Mkttsfv jt ka. ?


96/208


97/208

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 39

_jpuoani ns kasf sjjnec k trfuoanec bjianej, pkrtay kttrnoutkoaj tf ianhktj

i`kecj, fg t`j wktjr ajvja fg Akmj Nssym-Mua, w`ni` ns nhpfrtket tf t`j

ifuetrys jifefhy keb jifsystjhs.

R`j wktjr sntuktnfe ne Rurmhjenstke keb Zzojmnstke ns brkhktni,

out nt wfuab oj sf jvje wnt`fut ianhktj i`kecj. Zzojmnstke ns t`j

hkne wktjr ifesuhjr fg t`j rjcnfent ns t`j hfst pfpuaktjb ifuetry

wnt` ke jifefhy akrcjay oksjb fe nrrncktjb gkrhnec. Kahfst kaa (>.2 hnaanhjtjrs

pjr yjkr ne t`j efrt`jre pkrt (@JAIFH ?


100/208


rnsj wnaa bjpjeb hfstay fe akeb upangt keb cafoka sjk-ajvja rnsj, wnt`

t`j akttjr kpt tf okakeij t`j gfrhjr ne t`j efrt`jre krjks. R`j ojst

stubnjs fe ifkstka vuaejrkonanty ne t`j Okatni `kvj ojje ifebuitjb ne

Jstfenk keb \fakeb, bnsiussjb ojafw.

Rf bktj, ef fovnfus trjeb fg sjk-ajvja rnsj `ks ojje rjifrbjb ne

Jstfenk, w`fsj ifkst ns feay hfbjrktjay vuaejrkoaj. K ; h sjk-ajvja

rnsj, gfr jxkhpaj, wfuab t`rjktje nhpfrtket jifafcnika sntjs out gjw

sjttajhjets (Mfet jt ka. ?,


101/208

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 33

Neirjksjb ifkstka bjvjafphjetpkrtay gfr tfurnshwfuab neirjksj

vuaejrkonanty.

\fakebs ifkst sjjhs hfrj vuaejrkoaj. Cjejrka inriuaktnfe hfb-

jas prfdjit neirjksjb grjqujeiy keb strject` fg stfrh ifebntnfes

kafec wnt` k ifetneujb rnsj ne sjk ajvja t`kt ifuab rjki` 2:7: ije-

tnhjtjrs oy ?;


102/208


fiiupy ejway kvknakoaj akeb, jxpfsnec t`j pfpuaktnfe tf pftjetnkaay

bkecjrfus suostkeijs, sui` ks pjstninbjs, krsjeni, keb ft`jr `jkvy

hjtkas, afimjb ne ifkstka sjbnhjets.

Hjbntjrrkejke Yjk (Jkst Kbrnktni keb

Rurmjys Hjbntjrrkejke Ifkst)

R`j Hjbntjrrkejke ns k bnggniuat pakij tf ckt`jr bktk fe sjk-ajvja gfrj-

iksts. Rjitfeni kitnvnty, i`kecjs ne bjesnty fg bjjp wktjrs, keb afika

i`kecjs ne knr prjssurj systjhs ifhpaniktj hjksurjhjet kitnvntnjs

(Mkrkik keb Eni`faas ?


103/208

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 3>

fg t`j sfinfjifefhni systjh tf sjk-ajvja rnsj. Nstkeoua ns pkrtniuakray

jxpfsjb, ks ;< pjrijet fg t`j pfpuaktnfe anvjs wnt`ne ; mh fg t`j

s`frj, keb t`j inty oy ntsjag kiifuets gfr ?; pjrijet fg ektnfeka CB\.

R`j onccjst ifeijres nevfavj skatwktjr netrusnfe, pkrtniuakray ne twf

ifkstka akcffes keb ne Akmj Rjrmfs, w`ni` suppay grjs` wktjr gfr t`j

inty (Mkrkik keb Eni`faas ?


104/208


Bjianenec Kritni Nij, Ruebrk, keb \jrhkgrfst0

Ianhktj nhpkit ns gkstjst keb hfst vnsnoaj ne t`j Kritni rjcnfe. \rfdji-

tnfes fg Kritni Fijke nij s`fw bjirjksjs ne krjk keb hkss t`rfuc`fut

t`j twjety-gnrst ijetury, wnt` t`j bjirjksjs hfrj prfefueijb ne t`j

sjksfeka hnenhk (Yjptjhojr) t`ke ne t`j sjksfeka hkxnhk (Hkri`)

(Mkttsfv jt ka. ?


105/208

Ianhktj I`kecj Snaa Hkmj Sktjr keb Akeb Hkekcjhjet Hfrj Ifhpajx 0;

Kobuane ?


106/208

Rjhpjrktjorfkbajkg& hnxjbgfrjsts

Rjhpjrktjifengjrfus

gfrjstsOfrjka gfrjsts/tnkck

Rjhpjrktjcrkssakebs,skvkeeks& s`ruoakebs

Gaffbjbcrkssakebs

& skvkeeks

Hfetkejcrkssakebs& s`ruoakebs

Rjrrjstrnka hkdfronfhjRjhpjrktj orfkbajkg & hnxjb gfrjsts

Rjhpjrktj ifengjrfus gfrjsts

Ikuiksus hnxjb gfrjstsIrnhjke Yuohjbntjrrkejke gfrjst ifhpajxJuxnej-Ifai`ni orfkbajkg gfrjsts

Zssurn orfkbajkg keb hnxjb gfrjsts

Katkn hfetkej gfrjst keb gfrjst stjppj

Ikrpkt`nke hfetkej gfrjstsEfrt`jre Kektfanke ifengjr keb bjinbufus gfrjstsYkyke hfetkej ifengjr gfrjsts

Rnke Y`ke hfetkej ifengjr gfrjsts

;?9

2

:

730

>

Ofrjka gfrjsts/tknck

Ruebrk

Jkst Ynojrnke tknckMkhi`ktmk-Murnaj hjkbfws keb spkrsj gfrjstsMkhi`ktmk-Murnaj tknck

Zrka hfetkej gfrjsts keb tuebrk

I`umi`n \jenesuak tuebrkMkhi`ktmk Hfuetkne tuebrk keb gfrjst tuebrk

Mfak \jenesuak tuebrkEfrt`jkst Ynojrnke ifkstka tuebrk

;?

9 >

;0

;0;0

?

adapting to climate change in eastern europe and the former soviet union

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