act 2014 introduction to shared use mobility-carsharing and bikesharing trends and research

Introduction to Shared-Use Mobility: Carsharing and Bikesharing Trends & Research

Susan A. Shaheen, Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley

2014 ACT International Conference

August 5, 2014

Overview

•  Carsharing definitions & growth •  Key research findings in carsharing •  Bikesharing definitions & growth •  Key findings in bikesharing •  Related research underway at TSRC

Roundtrip Carsharing: A fleet of autos used for round trips that require users to pay by hour or mile.

Peer-to-Peer Carsharing: Shared use of private vehicle typically managed by third party

One-Way Carsharing: A fleet of autos used for point-to-point trips, facilitated by parking agreements

Fractional Ownership Carsharing: Individuals sublease or subscribe to a vehicle owned by a third party

Many forms of carsharing Carsharing

Carsharing Membership Growth: Americas

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 U.S. 12,098 25,640 52,347 76,420 102,993 184,292 279,234 323,681 448,574 560,572 806,332 995,926 Canada 3,909 7,007 10,001 11,932 15,663 26,878 39,664 53,916 67,526 78,856 101,502 147,670 Mexico 750 2,654 Brazil 98 347 910 2,884 Americas 16,007 32,647 62,348 88,352 118,656 211,170 318,898 377,597 516,198 639,775 909,494 1,149,13

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

Mem

bers

U.S. Canada Mexico Brazil Americas

Shaheen, 2013

Member Share by Business Model

July 2012 July 2013

Carsharing Operators in the Americas

Rental 17% One-

Way 6%

Indep 76%

Rental 80%

One-Way 12%

Indep 8%

N = 47 N = 46

Carsharing Vehicle Growth: Americas

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 U.S. 455 696 907 1,192 2,561 5,104 5,840 7,722 8,120 7,776 12,634 16,811 Canada 231 397 521 599 779 1,388 1,667 2,046 2,285 2,605 3,143 3,910 Mexico 18 40 Brazil 12 18 58 46 Americas 686 1,093 1,428 1,791 3,340 6,492 7,507 9,768 10,417 10,399 15,853 20,807

-

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

20,000

24,000

Vehi

cles

U.S. Canada Mexico Brazil Americas

Shaheen, 2013

Vehicle Share by Business Model Carsharing Operators in the Americas

Rental 14%

One-Way 10%

Indep 76%

Rental 70%

One-Way 16%

Indep 14%

July 2012 July 2013 N = 47 N = 46

2008 N. American Carsharing Survey

•  Survey implemented from Sept. to Nov. 2008

•  ~9,500 completed surveys; analysis based on 6,281 hhds

•  Completion rate ~80% •  Online survey challenging

•  Took between 10 to 15 minutes for most respondents to complete

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

Participating Organizations

American

-  City CarShare

-  CityWheels

-  Community Car

-  Community Carshare of

Bellingham

-  Igo

-  PhillyCarShare

-  Zipcar

Canadian

-  AutoShare

-  Communauto

-  Co-operative Auto Network

-  VrtuCar

-  Zipcar

2008 N. American Carsharing Survey Key Findings

•  Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including postponed purchase

•  4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to carsharing

•  25% sell a vehicle; 25% postpone purchases

•  Net CO2 reduction of ~27%

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

Public Bikesharing: Fleet of bicycles for short, point-to-point trips usually found at stations

Closed Community Bikesharing: Campuses and closed membership, mainly roundtrip

Peer-to-Peer Bikesharing: Rent or borrow hourly or daily from individuals or bike rental shops

Exponential growth in urban areas Bikesharing

Bikesharing in the Americas: As of January 1, 2013

Shaheen et al., 2014

Member Survey: 2013


2013 Member Survey: Demographics

Compared to general population, bikesharing users tend to be…

• Wealthier • More educated • Younger • Caucasian • Male


Some Public Bikesharing Impacts


Montreal -3.60% 36.30%

Toronto -2.00% 25.40%

Washington DC -2.10% 41.0%

Minneapolis-Saint Paul -1.90% 52.4%

CityChange in Vehicle

OwnershipRespondents

Driving Less Often

Mapping Modal Shifts

• Where in the city are people shifting toward and away from public transit?

• What are the land use attributes associated with modal shift in both directions?

• To begin to explore these questions, we mapped modal shift within two US Cities: DC and Twin Cities, MN

Shifts in Rail: Summary

• While bikesharing in Washington, DC appears to lower overall rail ridership, it seems to increase rail ridership in outer suburban regions

• Bikesharing opens up additional capacity on congested bus and rail lines in urban core, particularly at rush hour

• Shifts toward rail occur in downtown core of Twin Cities and in peripheral regions

Modal Shift to and from Rail in Washington, DC

Martin and Shaheen, 2014

Modal Shift to and from Rail in Minneapolis


Response Categories Montreal Toronto Minneapolis-‐Saint Paul Salt Lake City Mexico City

Lower cost and faster travel 25% 48% 0% 0% 28%

Just lower cost 5% 9% 7% 0% 2%

Too many connections (not have to transfer) 3% 2% 7% 0% 6%

Just faster travel 14% 14% 14% 40% 12%

Improve travel time reliability 4% 7% 0% 60% 6%

Want to get exercise 31% 8% 50% 0% 17%

Public transit vehicle is crowded 6% 6% 0% 0% 18%

No space for my bike, which I use to connect 0% 0% 0% 0% 2%

I consider it safer to travel with bikesharing 1% 0% 7% 0% 2%

Not applicable 1% 2% 0% 0% 3%

Other, please specify: 8% 5% 14% 0% 3%

Total N 631 491 14 5 577

What is the primary reason that you are using the rail LESS because of bikesharing?


Shifts in Bus: Summary

•  In DC, bus shift is very similar to rail ridership • Few reported increasing bus use in urban core; those shifting to bus use are distributed toward the edges of District

•  In Twin Cities, bus shift is distributed within urban core and suburban periphery • Bikesharing could be acting as bus substitute in Twin Cities and does not function as first-last mile solution as it does with rail

Modal Shift to and from Bus in Washington, DC


Modal Shift to and from Bus in Minneapolis


TSRC– UC Berkeley: Research Underway

•  2013 N. American bikesharing study* •  P2P carsharing survey* •  Analysis of casual carpooling in SF* •  On-demand ride services/TNCs survey (SF)* •  Carsharing – electric bikesharing pilot (Bay

Area) •  N. American one-way carsharing study •  Carsharing insurance risk analysis •  Bikesharing safety study •  Carsharing trends tracking* *Summer/Fall 2014 release of reports or early data findings

Reference

1

“Evaluating Public Transit Modal Shift Dynamics in Response to Bikesharing: A Tale of Two U.S. Bikesharing Cities,” Elliot Martin and Susan Shaheen, 2014 (In Press) Journal of Transport Geography

www.tsrc.berkeley.edu

act 2014 introduction to shared use mobility-carsharing and bikesharing trends and research

Presentations & Public Speaking