Acids and BasesAcids and BasesUnit 13Unit 13

AcidsAcids

1) Acids start with hydrogen, and some react with active metals to liberate hydrogen gas.

Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

Properties of Acids

2) Acids change the color of dyes known as “acid-base indicators”

Acids turn litmus paper turns red.

Properties of Acids

1) Acids have a sour taste.

Properties of Acids

4) Acids react with bases to produce salt and water.

This is a neutralization reaction.

Mg(OH)2 + HCl --> MgCl2 + HOH

5) Acids conduct electrical currents in an aqueous solution. Acids are electrolytes.

6) Acids produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

BasesBases

1) End with (OH) hydroxide1) End with (OH) hydroxide

2) Change the color of acid-2) Change the color of acid-base indicators base indicators

litmus paper:litmus paper: red red blueblue

3) Bases feel 3) Bases feel slippery.slippery.

Properties of Properties of BasesBases

4)4) Bases react with acid to Bases react with acid to produce salt and water. produce salt and water. This is called This is called neutralization reaction.neutralization reaction.

5)5) Bases areBases are

electrolyteselectrolytes. What?. What?

6) 6) Bases produce Bases produce hydroxidehydroxide ions when dissolved in water.ions when dissolved in water.

Names and Formulas of Names and Formulas of AcidsAcids

If acid is binary & ends with –If acid is binary & ends with –ideide::

1)1) hydro-(stem)-ic acidhydro-(stem)-ic acid

If the acid is TERNARY: (no HYDRO!)If the acid is TERNARY: (no HYDRO!)

2) If anion ends with –2) If anion ends with –iteite: (stem)-ous : (stem)-ous acidacid

3) If anion ends with –3) If anion ends with –ateate: (stem)-ic acid: (stem)-ic acid

Names and Formulas of Names and Formulas of AcidsAcids

To write formulas for acid:To write formulas for acid:

Balance the charges Balance the charges

(Use criss-cross method).(Use criss-cross method).

PracticePractice

– A. HA. H33POPO44:_________________:_________________

– B. HB. H22S:____________________S:____________________

– A. Hydrobromic acid:_______________A. Hydrobromic acid:_______________

– B. Nitrous acid:___________________B. Nitrous acid:___________________

Names and Formulas of Names and Formulas of BasesBases

•1. Bases are compounds that 1. Bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions when produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.-dissolved in water.-ALKALINEALKALINE

•2. Ionic compounds that are 2. Ionic compounds that are bases are named like ionic bases are named like ionic compoundscompounds

Naming BasesNaming Bases

Name metal then add hydroxideName metal then add hydroxide Base ExamplesBase Examples

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22:: NaOH:NaOH:

Write the formula from the name Write the formula from the name for the following bases.for the following bases.

Aluminum hydroxide =Aluminum hydroxide =

Ammonium Hydroxide =Ammonium Hydroxide =

Neutralization Neutralization ReactionsReactions

A reaction between A reaction between traditional acids (hydrodium traditional acids (hydrodium ions) and bases (hydroxide ions) and bases (hydroxide ions) produces water and ions) produces water and one of a class of compounds one of a class of compounds called saltscalled salts

HH33O+(O+(aqaq) + OH−() + OH−(aqaq) ) 2H2H22O(O(ll))

Acid Base ReactionsAcid Base Reactions

1. 1. SaltSalt- ionic compound composed - ionic compound composed of a of a OHOH-- from an Arrhenius base and from an Arrhenius base and an an HH33OO++ from an Arrhenius acid from an Arrhenius acid

2HNO2HNO33 + Ca(OH) + Ca(OH)22 Ca Ca2+2+ (NO (NO33--))2 2 + 2HOH+ 2HOH

HH22S + 2NaOH NaS + 2NaOH Na22+ + SS2-2- + 2HOH + 2HOH

Double Replacement Double Replacement

Uses of Common Acids

Sulfuric acid: H2SO4 is used in

car batteries, paper manufacturing and many other manufacturing processes.

Sulfuric acid is the #1 industrial chemical produced in the world.

Uses of Common Acids

Phosphoric acid: H3PO4. Fertilizers and animal feedSour taste, not toxicFlavoring agent: Coca Cola®

Cleaning agentManufacturing of detergents and

ceramics

Hydrochloric acid:HCl 1. Stomach produces HCl to aid in digestion. 2. In the industries, it’s used for “pickling” iron

and steel to remove impurities. 3. General cleaning agent, used in food

processing, activation of oil wells, recovery of magnesium from sea water and production of other chemicals.

4. Dilute HCl, commonly known as muriatic acid, is used to correct acidity in swimming pools and cleaning masonry.

5. Used in toilet bowl cleaners

Acetic Acid: HC2H3O2

1. Synthesizes chemicals used in making plastics.

2. Raw material in producing food supplements- lysine, an essential amino acid

3. Used as a fungicide 4. White vinegar contains 4-8% acetic acid 5. Used to produce food products such as

pickles

Acid RainAcid Rain• Normal rain pH of Normal rain pH of 5.35.3

•Acid rain pH of 4.2-Acid rain pH of 4.2-4.44.4

Acid RainAcid Rain• Man-Made CausesMan-Made Causes

– Burning of Burning of fossil fuels fossil fuels

(coal production – (coal production – yucky!)yucky!)

–carbon dioxide + water carbon dioxide + water => => carbonic acidcarbonic acid

4. 4. Results of acid rain- Results of acid rain- changes changes ecosystemsecosystems

•a) kills aquatic lifea) kills aquatic life

•b) deteriorates statues b) deteriorates statues and buildings and and buildings and bridgesbridges

Traditional AcidTraditional AcidDefinition: An Arrhenius acid Definition: An Arrhenius acid

is a chemical compound that is a chemical compound that increases the concentration increases the concentration of of hydrogen ions, H+,hydrogen ions, H+, in in aqueous solution. aqueous solution.

HNOHNO33 + H + H22O O H H33OO++ + NO + NO33--

B. Acid- Base reactions- B. Acid- Base reactions- Arrhenius (traditional) Acid – Base Arrhenius (traditional) Acid – Base ReactionsReactions• 1. An acid-base reaction occurs in 1. An acid-base reaction occurs in

aqueous solution between a strong aqueous solution between a strong Arrhenius acid that completely Arrhenius acid that completely dissociates to produce dissociates to produce HH33OO++, , and a and a strong Arrhenius base that completely strong Arrhenius base that completely dissociates to produce dissociates to produce OHOH−−

• HCl(HCl(aqaq) + NaOH() + NaOH(aqaq) ) NaCl(NaCl(aqaq) + H) + H22O(O(ll))

c. Their water solutions are c. Their water solutions are known as aqueous acids. All known as aqueous acids. All pure aqueous acids are pure aqueous acids are electroytes.electroytes.

HNO3(HNO3(ll) + H2O() + H2O(ll) ) H3O+( H3O+(aqaq) + NO3−() + NO3−(aqaq))HCl(HCl(gg) + H2O() + H2O(ll) ) H3O+( H3O+(aqaq) + Cl−() + Cl−(aqaq))

Traditional BasesTraditional Bases Arrhenius base is a substance Arrhenius base is a substance

that contains that contains hydroxide ions hydroxide ions (OH(OH--)) and and dissociates to dissociates to produce hydroxide ionsproduce hydroxide ions (OH-) (OH-) into solutionsinto solutions

NaOH(NaOH(ss) ) Na+(Na+(aqaq) + OH−() + OH−(aqaq))