Aaditya A. Kulkarni* & Arvind N. Kulkarni. **

School of Pharmacy, SRTMU, Nanded.-431606, Maharashtra (India).

** P.G. Department of Zoology & Fishery Science.Science College, Nanded.431605, Maharashtra (India).

E-mail: ankulkarni12@rediffmail.com

1. Reservoirs were constructed for irrigation, watersupply and protection from flood2. Construction of reservoir was consider as sacredduty for king and common man3. Reservoir constructed on river Nile in 2900 BC wasconsidered as oldest reservoir4. In China King “Yau” has constructed a reservoir in2280 BC.2280 BC.5. In India and Sri-Lanka many reservoir wereconstructed in ancient time6. In Maharashtra one of the such finest example ofapplication of traditional wisdom is the constructionof reservoir Jagatung Sagar7. King Krishna III of Rastrakut Dynasty constructeda reservoir in the year 933-967 AC year.8. Historical famous reservoirs is now not in goodcondition due to anthropogenic activities.

LOCATION OF JAGTUNG SAGAR,

KANDHAR

LOCATION OF JAGTUNG SAGAR,

KANDHAR

Location of Kandhar in Nanded Satellite image of Jagtung Sagar, khandhar

STUDY AREA

Jagtung Sagar

1. Sagar is situated between Northaltitude 18.500C and South latitude100C.

2. West side is surrounded by hillocksof Balaghat range.

3. On the East side there is an earthen3. On the East side there is an earthenembankment.

4. On the North side there is a villageNawrangpura and a College.

5. On the South side there is a crescentshape boundary of Balaghat hillockson which a City Kandhar is situated.

WATER SOURCE AND RAIN FALL• 72 Hectare perennialwater body .

•Water catchment areais spread onsurrounding hillocks ofBalaghat.

• Rivulet drains rain• Rivulet drains rainwater in the reservoir.These rivulets are: HathiNala, Math Nala, GauriNala etc.

• Average water rain fallis between 510-780 mmper year.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL

CHARACTERS• Physicochemical characters:1. Average value of water temperature ranges from 220 C to 260 C.2. pH ranges from 8.1 to 8.7.3. Turbidity ranges from 65.8 to 97.6 cms sacchi disc reading.4. Dissolved oxygen 5.51 to 6.35 mg / L.5. Free CO2 3.35 to 4.67 mg / L.6. Total alkalinity 32.8 to 35.00 mg / L.7. Productivity (Gpp) 0.49 to 0.62 mg / L / hr.7. Productivity (Gpp) 0.49 to 0.62 mg / L / hr.8. Natural productivity 0.17 to 0.19 mg / L / hr.

• Biological characters:1. Aquatic weeds: Cyterus, Typha, Ipomea, Pistia, Lemna, Azolla, Nimphea, Lily, Hydrilla, and

Vallisnerra.2. Plankton: Phytoplanktons like Chlorella, Volvox, Zygnea, Nostoc, and Odogonium and

Zooplanktons like, Cyclops, Cereodaphnia, and Moina.

3. Fish fauna: Fish fauna includes Mystus seenghala, Notopterus notopterus, Barbus ticto,Channa punctatus, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala.

4. Avian fauna:Avian fauna includes 16 species of birds; these are Little greab, Indian pond-Heron, Cattle egret,Purple-Heron, Little egret, white-breasted water hen, Purple moor hen, Common coot, Pheasanttailed Jacana, Black winged stilt, Red wattled-Lapwing, Terek sand piper, River turn, Rose-ringedparakeet, white breasted kingfisher, common myna.

TRADITIONAL WISDOM IN THE

CONSTRUCTION OF JAGTUNG SAGAR1. Rastrakut King Krishna III Constructed a

reservoir Jagtung Sagar in the memory ofJagtung Deo, a son of Krishna II in the year933-967 AC by raising an embankment fromNorth to South direction on Hathi Nala tostore rain water.

2. Site for the reservoir was selected on thebasis of topography, soil type and water supply.basis of topography, soil type and water supply.

3. Topography is having 3 sites elevated withBalaghat hillocks and the fourth sideembankment was constructed.

4. Soil is Black soil and non percolative.

5. To prevent seepage of water stone pitchingwas done on the bottom.

6. Water source is rain water collected fromhillocks of Balaghat through various Nalas,such as hati nala, gauri nala, math nala, etc.

7. Length of the embankment is 900 m and topcrest is 6 m .

8. A stone wall of height 5 m from the bottomwas constructed to protect the embankmentfrom erosion and water force at the bottom.

GHATS & OUTLETS IN THE RESERVOIR

� On the crescent side of the reservoir steps were constructed forthe people,these steps are Ganesh ghat, Sadhu ghat, Lumbikaghat and Bhoi ghat.

3. East North side.

1. East South side 2. In the centre

1. To regulate and control discharge of water, a tank wasconstructed in front of the 1st outlet.

2. The tank was divided into two chambers by constructing adivider wall.

3. Water from the 1st outlet was discharged to the outside to fill thefort moat and for irrigation through a 400 m undergroundtunnel.

WATER SUPPLY

To the fort For irrigation and Human

consumption

PECULIARITIES OF JAGTUNG SAGAR

1. Wells were constructedto provide under groundwater for humanconsumption in thereservoir.

2. For irrigation water is2. For irrigation water issupplied through mainoutlets.

3. Outlets were controlledmanually.

4. Water filtration throughseries of tank.

5. Construction of Jalmahaland bastions.

WATER CIRCULATION THROUGH SERIES

OF TANKS FOR HUMANCONSUMPTION

Main outlet on the East North side

Aerial view of main outlet

2nd Tank

Series of tanks

Mechanism of water circulation

1. Water was circulatedthrough series of tanks.

2. Speed and water level were2. Speed and water level weremaintained with the help ofwooden planks by speciallytrained persons known as“Nirwadi”.

3. This water was supplied toKandhar city for drinkingpurpose.

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF

TANK SYSTEM

JALMAHAL FOR RECREATION AND

PROTECTION OF RESERVOIR

1. Jalmahal wasconstructed in thereservoir for recreationand for the protection ofreservoir.reservoir.

2. Bastions wereconstructed to measurethe water level as well asfor protection of thereservoir.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESERVOIR

Inflow of city sewage and washing places for cloths

Construction of buildings

Thievery of water for irrigation and construction of

buildings

Destruction due to new construction for immersion of

Idol

PROBLEM FACED BY THE RESERVOIRReservoir represents an important economic resource of the region.This resource can only be sustained if ecosystem is maintained. It isobserved that reservoir is facing some major problems.

• Pollution of reservoir due to inflow of city sewage and sludge, washingof clothes, cattle and vehicles, immersion of idols etc which leads tolimnological imbalance.limnological imbalance.

• Deposition of silt in large quantity.

• Erosion and destruction of embankment and sluice gate.

• Cattle grazing and piggery in the basin.

• Deforestation in the catchment area.

• Decrease in productivity and fish production.

• Thievery of water for irrigation.

• Construction of buildings in the catchment area.

• Indiscriminate use of pesticides and insecticides.

• Destruction of breeding habitat of birds.

PRESENT TRAGEDY OF THE RESERVOIR

Photograph Year 2008 Photograph Year 2009

SUGGESTION FOR MANAGEMENT AND

CONSERVATION� 1. Priority to Lake Basin Management (LBM)� 2. Imposition of ban on the use of chemical substances, Fertilizers, Insecticides, Pesticides, and

any other toxic materials in the catchment area.� 3. Ban on use of detergents and soap in washing and bathing activity.� 4. Strict prohibition on cattle grazing and pig rearing.� 5. Reconstruction and beautification of embankment. � 6. Ban on construction of buildings in the surrounding field.� 6. Ban on construction of buildings in the surrounding field.� 7. Tree plantation.� 8. Diversion of sewage drains entering in the reservoir.� 9. Use of modern technology for fish culture.� 10. Reconstruction of initial well system to supply water for people.� 11. Construction of artificial islands and floating gardens for beautification and

perching of birds.� 12. Development of eco- tourism.� 13. Desilting and deweeding.� 14. Lake festival should be organized for awareness among peoples.� 15. Vision plan for development of reservoir is diagrammatically represented in computerized

diagram of the reservoir. (Diagram No 1)

VISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIR-

A DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION

Conclusion

One of the oldest and well constructed reservoirswith cultural heritage is now being converted as adustbin. If it is protected and managed properlythen this will be an asset for the people. It will up-then this will be an asset for the people. It will up-lift socio-economic status of the people and alsowill provide water for various activities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to the Head Dept. of Zoology and Principal Dept. of Zoology and Principal

Science College, Nanded for encouragement during study.

REFERENCES• Deo Prabhakar (1985) :In Kandhar and historical city. Publications of Govt.ofMaharashtra page No 24.

� Kathare, A.M. & A.Y.Davale.(2005): Capital city of Rastrakut-Kandhar, Kalpna Prakashan Nanded, M.S.

• Kanwate V.S( 2002:The study of fish culture aspects of Kandhar tank Ph.DThesis submitted to S.R.T.M.U.Nanded.

• Kanwate V.S and A.N.Kulkarni (2004): Primary Productivity of Kandhartank,Dist Nanded.J.Comp.toxi.Phy.1(1&2);211-215.tank,Dist Nanded.J.Comp.toxi.Phy.1(1&2);211-215.

• Knwate V.S. and A.N.Kulkarni (2005): seasonal changes in DO content ofKandhar Tank, Dist.Nanded.J.Comp.toci.Phy.2 (1&2); 64-67.

• Knwate V.S. and A.N.Kulkarni J (2005): seasonal changes in free CO contentof Kandhar Tank, Dist.Nanded.J Nat.J.of Lifesci.2.(supplementary) ;383-84.

• Knwate V.S. and A.N.Kulkarni (2006) :fish A& Fisheries of Kandhar Tank,Dist. Nanded. J. Aqua. Biol. 21; 10-13.

• Kulkarni A.N.,C.S.Bhowate and V.S.Kanwate (2006): Bird census in Nandedregion.Bioinfolet 3(3) pp.173-178.

• Joshi Tark teerth Lakshaman shastry (1979) in Marathi Viswa kosh Vol.8(Reservoirs and ponds) Maharashtra State mandal of literature and culturalactivity.

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