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1 20. A Short History of Indonesia On Language and Literature WC 3537 The National Language 1 At a conference in Bandung in 1928, delegates swore an oath called the Sumpah Pemuda, “the Youth Pledge”, said to have been inspired by Gaja Mada’s oath when he promised to forego “spice” or was that “girls”? until all of Nusantara was brought under the control of Majapahit. One of the three articles of the Sumpah Pemuda was to establish a national language, the one we now call Bahasa Indonesia. In English, the oath reads: Firstly: We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia. Secondly: We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one nation, the nation of Indonesia. Thirdly: We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, respect the language of unity, Indonesian. Incidentally, it was just before this pledge was made that delegates first heard the song which in 1949 became the Indonesian National anthem, Indonesia Raya by Wage Rudolf Supratman (19031938). The Indonesian alphabet There is not time here to examine properly this partly traditional language based as it was on the Malay spoken in the court of the Riau Islands, and partly fabricated by linguists and more recently, expanded with words borrowed by journalists and others from other languages. Earlier on in this course we saw some of the words borrowed from Portuguese. Even more came from Sanskrit, Tamil, Dutch and of course, Arabic just to name a few 1 Much of what follows was taken from the excellent summary on Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language

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Page 1: A Short History of Indonesia - 20 - BobHay.netbobhay.org/_downloads/_indo/A Short History of Indonesia - 20.pdf · orthographyon!English.!Sofor!example ... the’olderMalay,’Javanese’and’otherliteratures,’oral

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20.  A  Short  History  of  Indonesia    

On  Language  and  Literature    

WC  3537    

The  National  Language1  At  a  conference  in  Bandung  in  1928,  delegates  swore  an  oath  called  the  Sumpah  Pemuda,  “the  Youth  Pledge”,  said  to  have  been  inspired  by  Gaja  Mada’s  oath  when  he  promised  to  forego  “spice”  ⎯  or  was  that  “girls”?  ⎯  until  all  of  Nusantara  was  brought  under  the  control  of  Majapahit.  One  of  the  three  articles  of  the  Sumpah  Pemuda  was  to  establish  a  national  language,  the  one  we  now  call  Bahasa  Indonesia.      In  English,  the  oath  reads:    

Firstly:  We  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Indonesia,  acknowledge  one  motherland,  Indonesia.  Secondly:  We  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Indonesia,  acknowledge  one  nation,  the  nation  of  Indonesia.  Thirdly:  We  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Indonesia,  respect  the  language  of  unity,  Indonesian.    

Incidentally,  it  was  just  before  this  pledge  was    made  that  delegates  first  heard  the  song  which  in  1949  became  the  Indonesian  National  anthem,    Indonesia  Raya  by  Wage  Rudolf  Supratman  (1903-­‐1938).      

 The  Indonesian  alphabet  

     

 There  is  not  time  here  to  examine  properly  this  partly  traditional  language  based  as  it  was  on  the  Malay  spoken  in  the  court  of  the  Riau  Islands,  and  partly  fabricated  by  linguists  and  more  recently,  expanded  with  words  borrowed  by  journalists  and  others  from  other  languages.  Earlier  on  in  this  course  we  saw  some  of  the  words  borrowed  from  Portuguese.  Even  more  came  from  Sanskrit,  Tamil,  Dutch  and  of  course,  Arabic  just  to  name  a  few                                                                                                  1  Much  of  what  follows  was  taken  from  the  excellent  summary  on  Wikipedia  at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language  

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apart  from  English  which  in  the  1970s  was  said  to  have  been  contributing  more  than  600  new  words  a  week  to  Indonesian  newspapers,  sometimes  with  surprising  results:  for  example,  an  old  lady  courteously  asking  when  my  plane  left  actually  said  “Djam  berapa  take-­‐offnja?”  (Note  the  old  spelling).      If  you  are  going  to  be  reading  any  Bahasa  Indonesia,  there  are  a  couple  of  things  you  need  to  know  about  changes  in  how  words  are  spelled.  In  the  beginning,  especially  when  it  was  still  called  Malay,  Indonesian  used  Dutch  phonetics.  Later,  Dutch  revised  its  spelling  and  Bahasa  Indonesia  followed  suit,  replacing  the  “oe”  with  the  simpler  “u”  to  represent  the  phoneme  [u:]  ⎯  so,  for  example,  Soekarno  became  Sukarno2.      Then,  in  1972  Indonesia  and  Malaysia  agreed  to  systematise  the  spelling  of  their  national  languages.  Up  to  this  time,  Bahasa  Malaysia  had  been  substantially  the  same  spoken  language  as  Bahasa  Indonesia  but  based  its  orthography  on  English.  So  for  example,  whereas  Indonesian  wrote  universitas  for  “university”,  Malaysian  wrote  universiti,  the  Indonesian  for  “water”  was  air,  the  Malaysian  ayer.  The  drive  to  unify  the  two  languages  was  prompted  by  the  slump  in  rubber  prices  at  the  end  of  the  ‘60s  and  it  was  thought  that  joint  marketing  would  enhance  export  sales  for  the  two  nations.  The  principal  changes  which  were  agreed  on  were:    

Old spelling

New spelling

oe u tj c dj j j y

nj ny sj sy ch kh

To  demonstrate  the  differences  these  changes  make,  here  is  the  first  article  of  the  Sumpah  Pemuda  written  first,  in  the  old  spelling  and  second,  in  the  new:    

(Old)  Pertama:  Kami  poetera  dan  poeteri  Indonesia,  mengakoe  bertoempah  darah  jang  satoe,  tanah  Indonesia.    

                                                                                               2 “Bung ‘Karno” as he was affectionately known always signed his name Soekarno but most publications after the spelling change have used Sukarno.

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(New)  Pertama:  Kami  putra  dan  putri  Indonesia,  mengaku  bertumpah  darah  yang  satu,  tanah  air  Indonesia.    

Another  small  change  in  recent  times  has  been  the  way  in  which  a  general  plural  is  shown  in  the  written  language.  In  Indonesian,  a  general  plural  is  made  by  doubling  the  word.  So,  for  example,  “houses”  is  rumah-­rumah,  or  “dogs”,  andjing-­andjing.  When  I  learned  Indonesian  back  in  the  early  ‘70s,  a  shorthand  was  customary,  writing  these  examples  simply  as  rumah2  and  andjing2.  Sadly,  this  seems  to  be  disappearing,  perhaps  because  it  is  harder  to  write  on  a  computer.    

 A  People  Writing  about  Themselves  

 Indonesian  literature  is  generally  divided  into  several  periods,  the  earliest  of  which  includes  traditional  and  older  Malay  literature.    Modern  Indonesian  literature,  according  to  Teeuw3      

…was  born  around  1920.  It  was  then  for  the  first  time  that  young  Indonesians  began  to  express  feelings  and  ideas  which  were  basically  different  from  those  current  in  the  traditional  indigenous  societies,  and  to  do  so  in  literary  forms  which  deviated  fundamentally  from  those  found  in  the  older  Malay,  Javanese  and  other  literatures,  oral  or  written4.    

 While  1920  might  be  a  good  starting-­‐point,  it  is  still  necessary  to  recognize  that  these  innovations  have  their  origin  as  far  back  as  1908  because,  Teeuw  says  elsewhere,      

…that  was  the  year  in  which  Boedi  Oetomo5,  the  first  nationalist  organization  in  Indonesia  was  founded.  In  the  same  year  the  Governor-­General  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  set  up  a  Commissie  voor  de  Volkslectuur,  a  Committee  for  Popular  Literature…..  Both  the  foundation  of  Boedi  Oetomo  and  the  need  for  an  institution  for  popular  literature  had  something  to  do  with  the  expansion  of  modern  education  in  the  colony6.  

 It  is  also  important  to  remember  that  Indonesia  had  literary  traditions  in  other  languages  dating  back  long  before  many  European  nations  were  even  

                                                                                               3 Teeuw, A: Modern Indonesian Literature, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1967, p.1 4 Ibid 5 Modern spelling Budi Utomo, “Beautiful endeavour” 6 Teeuw, A: The Impact of Balai Pustaka on Modern Indonesian Literature, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1972.

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literate.  However,  because  they  recognised  Malay  as  the  only  language  understood  by  the  people  throughout  the  archipelago,  the  establishment  of  these  two  organisations  ushered  in  a  whole  new  generation  of  writers  which  historians  call  the  Angkatan  Balai  Pustaka  or  the  “Generation  of  the  [Colonial]  Office  for  Popular  Literature",  the  Balai  Pustaka  being  the  publishing  house  

set  up  by  the  Colonial  Office  to  make  books  more  readily  available  in  the  colony.    During  its  long  life  (1908-­‐1980),  Balai  Pustaka  published  books  in  many  languages,  including  Javanese,  Madurese  and  Sundanese,  but  most  importantly  in  Indonesian,  giving  many  new  young  aspiring  writers  their  chance  to  be  published  for  a  wide  audience.    Of  course,  being  a  government  institution,  it  did  not  publish  works  it  considered  too  controversial,  either  because  they  threatened  the  colonial  administration  or  other  social  and  cultural,  moral  or  religious  values.  Even  so,  a  surprising  

number  of  books  did  reach  the  reading  public  under  the  Balai  Pustaka  imprint  which  contributed  significantly  to  the  growing  nationalist  consciousness.    Several  other  organisations  were  formed  in  these  early  years  of  the  20th  Century.  Importantly,  in  1911  the  first  purely  political  party,  the  Indische  Partij  (The  Indies  Party)  was  formed.  As  we  saw  in  a  previous  Unit,  this  mostly  appealed  to  Indons,  people  of  mixed  descent.    In  the  following  year  the  Sarekat  Islam  (Islamic  Union),  the  region’s  first  truly  mass  movement,  was  started.  A  youth  branch  of  Budi  Utomo  was  formed  in  1915  which  soon  became  the  Jong  Java  (Young  Java)  followed  in  1917  by  the  Jong  Sumatranen  Bond.  The  members  of  these  organisations  were  mostly  students  at  teachers’  colleges  and  it  was  from  their  ranks  that  emerged  most  of  the  new  young  writers,  an  exceptionally  high  proportion  of  whom  were  Sumatrans.  They  had  the  advantage  over  others  in  that  they  were  writing  in  either  their  mother  tongue,  Malay,  or  a  language  such  as  Minangkabau  which  was  very  closely  allied  to  it.  In  comparison,  the  Javanese  for  example,  could  not  be  so  confident  in  a  language  which  was  not  their  first  and  often,  not  even  their  second  or  third  tongue.    In  Teeuw’s  opinion,  the  writer  who  can  be  properly  regarded  as  the  first  of  this  new  “generation”  was  the  17  year  old  Minangkabau  student  Muhammad  Yamin  (or  Jamin  in  old  spelling).  In  the  Jong  Sumatra  journal  in  the  years  1920-­‐1922  he  published  a  number  of  Malay  poems  which  are  lyrical  and  individualistic  and  without  political  intent.    However,  one  of  his  poems,  called  

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Bahasa,  Bangsa  (1921),  is,  in  Teeuw’s  words,  a  worthy  prelude  to  the  struggle  of  the  Indonesian  people  for  a  language  and  a  culture  of  its  own7.      This  same  volume,  the  1921  edition  of  Jong  Sumatra,    is  remarkable  because  it  also  contains  writing  by  Sanusi  Pané,  then  still  a  high  school  student  but  who  later  became  one  of  the  most  important  pioneers  of  Indonesian  literature,  and  by  Muhammad  Hatta,  who  not  only  wrote  sonnets,  but  on  17  August  1945,  along  with  Soekarno,  jointly  signed  the  Declaration  of    Indonesian  Independence  and  went  on  to  become  Vice-­‐President  of  the  new  Republic.    A  feature  of  this  Angkatan  Balai  Pustaka    and  later  generations  is  that  writers  were  not  only  using  the  Malay  language  ⎯  later  called  Bahasa  Indonesia  ⎯    and  expressing  sentiments  not  previously  part  of  any  earlier  tradition,  but  they  were  also  experimenting  with  new  literary  forms  and  breaking  away  from  older  conventional  mode  of  expression.      In  this  course  we  do  not  have  time  to  examine  many  of  the  older  forms  of  literature  or,  for  that  matter,  what  was  happening  in  the  novel,  short  story,  or  in  plays,  all  of  which  were  enjoying  a  rapid  and  vigorous  evolution  throughout  the  period.  Instead,  we  will  concentrate  on  poetry  which,  as  it  happens,  succinctly  reflects  all  the  major  innovations  in  literature  in  general.      The  changing  forms  of  Indonesian  poetry    So,  looking  to  the  past,  in  poetry  there  were  several  traditional  forms  but  prominent  among  them  were  the  pantun  and  the  syair.  Of  these,  the  syair  was  a  very  stylised  form  of  narrative  poetry.  We  don’t  have  time  to  sample  this    ⎯  syair  were  often  very  long  and  full  of  the  conventions  used  by  professional  storey  tellers  so  they  sometimes  seem  rather  hackneyed  ⎯    but  we  can  look  at  the  pantun  which  was  extraordinarily  popular  and  very  short!8  These  consist  in  a  quatrain  made  up  of  two  apparently  unrelated  couplets.  The  one  I  know  best  is:    

Burung  kakatua       The  cockatoo    Mencok9  di  jendela     Crows  out  the  window.  Nenek  sudah  tua       Grandpa  is  old  Giginya  tinggal  dua.     And  has  (only)  two  teeth  left.  

 This  rather  punchy  format  continued  to  be  enjoyed  and  refined  by  later  generations  of  Indonesian  poets  although  the  sonnet,  for  a  long  time,  also  

                                                                                               7 Teeuw (1969), op. cit p 11. 8 In Malaysia there are pantun competitions. 9 Menkuak is an alternative.

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captured  their  attention.  The  sonnet  came  into  Dutch  only  fairly  late  in  the  19th  Century  and  so  for  many  young  Indonesians,  it  probably  seemed  relatively  new.  However,  there  were  problems  using  this  and  many  other  Western  poetic  forms  because  Bahasa  Indonesia  did  not  basically  suit  them.    Much  of  European  poetry  depends  on  the  interaction  of  stressed  and  unstressed  syllables,  as  for  example,  in  Shakespeare’s  iambic  pentameters.  Indonesian  has  only  a  very  weak  form  of  stress  so  any  interplay  is  often  not  sufficient  to  carry  rhythm  or  bring  with  it  that  pleasant  shock  of  the  new  which  we  Westerners  expect  of  poetry.  Furthermore,  Bahasa  Indonesia  has  many  fewer  vowel  and  dipthong  sounds  than  say  English  or  Dutch,  so  the  opportunity  for  rhyme  is  significantly  reduced.      The  Angkatan  Balai  Pustaka  was  followed  in  1933  by  a  generation  known  as  Angkatan  Pujangga  Baru  or  the  "New  Literates".  Important  figures  during  this  period  were  men  like  Sutan  Takdir  Alisjahbana,  Armijn  Pané  and  Sanusi  Pané,  but,  according  to  Teeuw,  the  most  important  of  all  these  pre-­‐war  Indonesian  authors  was  Amir  Hamzah.    

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Amir  Hamzah  is  the  most  important  pre-­war  Indonesian  author.  It  is  true  that  he  had  neither  the  outgoing,  infectious  activism  of  Takdir  Alisjahbana,  nor  the  progressive  modernism  of  an  Armijn  Pané,  nor  the  lofty  aspirations  to  a  synthesis  between  East  and  West  of  a  Sanusi  Pané.  His  single  but  outstanding  contribution  to  pre-­war  

literature  is  the  creation  of  a  few  score  poems;  poems,  however,  of  such  penetrating  power  that  they  fully  entitle  their  author  to  the  qualification  of  “Prince  of  the  Poets  of  Pudjangga  Baru”,  as  he  has  been  called  by  H.B.  Jassin…10  

 An  advantage  Amir  Hamzah  had  over  all  his  contemporaries  was  that  he  was  not  only  Sumatran,  but  he  was  the  son  of  the  Bendahara  

Paduka  Radja  or  prime  minister  of  the  Sultanate  of  Langkat  and,  as  was  expected  of  him,  he  even  married  the  Sultan’s  daughter.  So,  to  him  ⎯  as  Teeuw  explains  ⎯    

Malay  was  an  asset  rather  than  a  liability;  the  language  familiar  to  him  from  the  cradle  up  was  an  inspiration  instead  of  an  inhibition  which  it  might  well  have  been  to  many  of  equal  poetic  urge  and  talent.11  

                                                                                               10 Teeuw, Op. cit p.84 11 Ibid, p. 85.

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 But  Hamzah  was  not  only  Malay:  he  received  a  mostly  Western  education  in    Solo  in  Java,    and  wrote  most  of  his  poems  while  living  in  Java12.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  journal  Pudjangga  Baru  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  organization  of  the  same  name.  Although  he  loved  another  woman13,  tradition  forced  him  to  return  to  Sumatra  and  marry  the  Sultan’s  daughter  and  it  was  there,  on  March  16,  1946  he  was  killed  in  a  bloody  massacre  of  the  traditional  chiefs  and  their  families.    He  was  only  35.    Hamzah’s  poems  were  initially  published  spasmodically  in  several  issues  of  Pudjangga  Baru  but  finally  appeared  in  two  small  volumes,  the  first  called  Njanji  Sunji  (“Songs  of  Solitude”  ⎯  1937)  and  the  second,  Buah  Rindu  “Longing”  ⎯  1941)  although  critics  believe  the  poems  in  Buah  Rindu  were  actually  written  earlier  than  those  in  Njanji  Sunji.      This  young  man’s  genius  lay  in  exploiting  the  strengths  of  Malay  and  being  confident  enough  to  almost  abandon  any  reliance  upon  rhyme.  Instead  he  preferred  wherever  possible  the  basic  forms  of  words,  not  their  more  complicated  if  grammatically  correct  versions,  and  rather  than  relying  on  stress  and  rhyme,  he  employed  assonance  and  alliteration  to  full  advantage.  Where  he  did  use  rhyme,  it  was  often  within  the  verse  rather  than  at  its  end  as  in  European  models.  As  mentioned  earlier,  Indonesian  has  a  reduced  repertoire  of  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds  and,  while  this  limits  the  opportunities  for  final  rhymes,  it  increased  the  chances  of  assonance.  The  practise  of  doubling  words  to  create  a  plural  and  the  use  of  base  words  also  help  to  create  a  rhythm  without  relying  on  stress  to  produce  the  meter.    One  of  Hamzah’s  early  poems  and  one  of  the  most  famous,  succinctly  tells  the  story  of  Hang  Tuah,  the  Malay  hero  who  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  fight  off  the  Portuguese  when  they  seized  Malacca.  The  first  half  dozen  verses  out  of  the  total  57  demonstrate  the  strength  and  vitality  of  Hamzah’s  poetry:    

Hang  Tuah    

Baju  berpuput  alun  digulung  Banju  direbut  buih  dibubung    Selat  Melaka  ombaknja  memetjah  Pukul-­memukul  belah-­membelah.    Bahtera  ditepuk  buritan  dilanda  

                                                                                               12 Only two poems are known to have been written after he returned from Java to Langkat. 13 His book, Njanji Sunji, reflects this conflict in his own life between the traditional past and the Indonesian future.

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Pendjadjab  dihantuk  haluan  ditunda.    

As  anyone  knows  who  has  ever  tried  to  translate  a  poem  from  one  language  to  another,  you  might  communicate  the  meaning  but  it  is  impossible  to  convey  the  music14.  Teeuw  gives  the  following  translation  (but  it  carries  none  of  the  sounds  of  the  waves  buffeting  and  booming):  

 The  wind  blows  and  whips  up  the  waves,  And  seizes  the  water  causing  foam  to  fly.    In  the  Malacca  Strait  the  waves  break  Beating  against  each  other  and  splitting  each  other.    Ships  are  buffeted,  sterns  slewed  around,  War  prows  are  pounded,  towed  by  the  bow……15  

   Perhaps  the  most  famous  of  all  the  “generations”  of  Indonesian  poets  are  those  of    the  "Generation  of  1945",  the  Angkatan  ‘45  ⎯  the  Empat  Puluh  Lima  which    is  universally  recognized  as  the  defining  generation  of  writers  of  Indonesian  literature.  This  is  the  generation  who  had  fought  for  independence  after  the  end  of  WWII,  a  generation  whose  poetry  in  particular  is  full  of  patriotism  and  high  national  ideals.    Of  all  the  writers  of  the  Angkatan  ’45  the  most  famous  is  Chairil  Anwar.  Born  in  Sumatra  in    1922,  he  and  his  mother  moved  to  Jakarta  when  he  was  19.    He  was  proficient  in  English,  Dutch  and  German  and  read  voraciously  in  those  languages,  including  the  works  of  poets  like  WH  Auden  in  English,  Rainer  Maria  von  Rilke  (German)  and  Hendrik    Marsman  (Dutch),  this  last  being  one  of  the  main  inspirations  for  Amir  Hamzah  of  the  previous  generation.  As  a  consequence,  Chairil’s  poetry  acknowledges  many  of  the  recent  innovations  in  European  poetry  and  is  more  concerned  with  individual  and  existential  issues  than  the  previous  generation.      

                                                                                               14 I once had to try to translate some of the poems of the French “Symbolists” ⎯ Malarmé, Verlaine and Rimbaud, for whom “the music is everything”. With Malarmé in particular I found it better to forget about the meaning and read just for the music, especially so in the case of his “Sonnet allégorique de lui-même” (1868). See my Symbolists & Décadents at http://www.bobhay.org/index_2.html 15 Teeuw, op. cit. p. 262

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In  1942  when  Chairil  was  only  20  years  old,  his  poem  Nisan,  or  “Gravestone”  was  published.  It  was  apparently  inspired  by  the  death  of  his  grandmother  and  most  of  his  later  poems  were  also  inspired  one  way  or  another  by  death.    Later,  his  poems  were  published  in  collected  form  in  three  books:  Deru  Campur  Debu  (“Roar  Mixed  with  Dust,”  1949);  Kerikil  Tajam  Yang  Terampas  dan  Yang  Putus  (“Sharp  Pebbles  The  Seized  and  the  Severed,”  1949);  and  Tiga  Menguak  Takdir  (“Three  Tear  Open  Fate,”  1950,  a  collection  of  poems  with  Asrul  Sani  and  Rivai  Apin)16.    By  far  the  most  famous  of  all  Chairil  Anwar’s  poems  is  one  called  Krawang-­Bekasi17,  inspired  no  doubt  from  his  military  service  in  that  area  when  he  fought  against  the  Allies  attempting  to  restore  Java  to  Dutch  control.    The  following  extract  is  just  the  first  8  of  the  30  verses:    

                                                 Krawang-­Bekasi    Kami  yang  kini  terbaring  antara  Karawang-­Bekasi  Tidak  bisa  teriak  "Merdeka"  dan  angkat  senjata  lagi  Tapi  siapakah  yang  tidak  lagi  mendengar  deru  kami  Terbayang  kami  maju  dan  berdegap  hati?  Kami  bicara  padamu  dalam  hening  di  malam  sepi  Jika  dada  rasa  hampa  dan  jam  dinding  yang  berdetak  Kami  mati  muda.  Yang  tinggal  tulang  diliputi  debu  Kenang,  kenanglah  kami  

 The  translation  here  was  by  a  friend,  Montoro,  a  young  man  from  Central  Java  who  had  completed  his  engineering  degree  in  Australia  but  shortly  after,  suffered  a  great  tragedy.  Perhaps  this  helped  him  identify  with  this  poem?  In  October  1969  Montoro  wrote:    

We  who  are  now  lying  between  Kwawang  and  Bekasi  cannot  shout  “Freedom”  and  rise  to  arms  again;  But  who  no  longer  hears  our  roar,  no  longer  remembers  Our  outward  march,  with  throbbing  heart?  We  speak  to  you  in  the  stillness  of  the  lonely  night  When  the  chest  feels    empty  and  the  clock  on  the  wall  is  ticking:  We  died  young;  what  is  left  is  only  bones  covered  by  dust.  Remember,  remember  us.  

                                                                                               16  For  much  of  this  information  about  Chairil  Anwar  I  am  indebted  to  the  web  page  of  the  Lontar  Foundation,  a  non-­‐profit  organization  devoted  to  translating  and  promoting  Indonesian  literature  overseas:    http://LatitudesMagazine.com/LatitudesMain.asp?Vol=Vol15&aid=36&catagory=Literature&author=Tinuk  Yampolsky&photo=&flash=n      17 Also spelled Karawang-Bekasi

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Chairil  Anwar  in  some  ways  is  Indonesia’s  Arthur  Rimbaud  and  like  Rimbaud,  he  has  become  an  icon  of  the  rebellious,  carefree  and  independent  spirit.  Stories  are  told  of  his  shop  lifting,  his  sleeping  with  prostitutes  underneath  bridges  in  Jakarta,  his  dishevelled  appearance  and  blood-­‐shot  eyes…  Like  Rimbaud  who  was  at  home,  if  he  was  ever  anywhere  at  home,  in  Paris  during  

the  anarchy  of  the  Franco-­‐German  war,  so  too  Chairil  Anwar  revelled  in  the  chaotic  life  of  Jakarta  at  the  end  of  the  War  and  during  the  revolution.  Teeuw  says  that  there  is  “something  provisional”  about  his  poetry,  “reflecting  a  personality  in  the  making”.  And  well  might  that  have  been:  weakened  by  his  chaotic  lifestyle,  Chairil  Anwar  died  on April 28, 1949 at the age of 26. The anniversary of his death, April 28 is now celebrated as Literature Day in Indonesia.    Cover  to  Pramoedya  Ananta  Toer’s  book,  “Guerilla  Family”  

 The  last  of  the  “generations”  of  poets  we  have  time  to  mention  is  what  is  called  the  Angkatan  ’66  but  we  should  not  forget  that  were  many  other  important  writers  of  the  Angkatan  ’45,  foremost  of  whom  would  have  to  be  Idrus.    And  others  in  the  1950s,  including  some  of  the  giants  of  Indonesian  literature  such  as  Pramoedya  Ananta  Toer (1925  –  2006),  Sitor  Situmorang  (b.  1924),  Mochtar  Lubis  (1922-­‐2004)  and  WS  Rendra  (1935-­‐2009).    The  Angkatan  ’66  was  the  generation  of  students  and  others  whose  actions  precipitated  the  fall  of  Soekarno  and  the  rise  of  Suharto.  Dissatisfied  with  events  in  Indonesia  in  the  mid-­‐1960s,  students  began  a  series  of  strikes  which  became  the  prelude  to  the  so-­‐called  Abortive  Coup  of  1965  and  the  Year  of  Living  Dangerously.  Some  suggest  this  was  not  an  “abortive”  but  a  successful  “coup”  in  that  Suharto  seized  upon  what  was  seen  as  a  threat  from  the  Communists  with  whom  Soekarno  seemed  to  be  in  sympathy,  or  even  in  collusion.  Eventually,  Soekarno  was  removed  from  office  and  kept  under  house  arrest  in  the  Presidential  Summer  Palace  at  Bogor  until  his  death  in  1970.    When  I  was  in  Java  on  my  first  visit  in  1969,  many  of  the  students  and  recent  graduates  of  the  universities  I  visited  had  taken  part  in  the  strikes  and  subsequent  skirmishes  and  were  proud  of  the  part  they  had  played  in  ushering  in  what  became  known  as  the  Reformasi,  or  “New  Deal”  5-­‐year  plan  to  reform  the  country  under  President  Suharto.  Among  these  latter-­‐day  revolutionaries  were  poets  including  one  of  my  favourites,  one  of  whose  poems  I  will  quote  here  as  the  last  words  in  this  course….  

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 This  man,  who  like  me  was  born  in  1936,  came  from  Tapanuli  in  North  Sumatra  and  his  name  is  Abdul  Wahid  Situmeang.  His  verses  have  appeared  in  the  magazines  Mimbar  Indonesia  and  Sastra  and  in  1966  in  a  collection  called  Pembebasan  (“Freedom”)  and  in  HB  Jassin’s  Angkatan  ’66  –  Prosa  dan  Puisi.    This,  my  favourite  of  his  poems  is  a  little  touch  of  humour  in  what  was  for  so  long  a  serious,  if  passionate,  medium  in  Indonesia.  My  kids  were  probably  the  same  age  as  his  kids  and  so  I  could  hear  their  voices  also  in  this  poem.  But  sometimes  I  wondered  if  there  was  not  another,  allegorical  or  even  satirical  meaning  behind  those  words….?    

Bapak18    

Bapak  djadi  hewan  tapi  hewan  bukan  bapak  hewan  kasih  pada  anak    Aku  ratapi  kemalangan  bapak  bilang:  Diam!  aku  tak  mau  diam  dan  kami  bermusuhan    Bapak  djadi  hewan  tapi  hewan  bukan  bapak  hewan  kasih  pada  anak.    

 

My  Dad    

My  Dad  is  a  beast  But  no  beast  is  as  bad  As  my  dad.  Animals  love  their  children.    It’s  just  my  bad  luck  ⎯  Dad  says  “Be  Quiet”  but  I  Don’t  want  to  be  and  so  He’s  not  my  friend  any  more.  

                                                                                               18 Jassin, HB: Angkatan ’66 – Prosa dan Puisi,Gunung Agung Jakarta, 1968 p. 425.

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 My  dad  is  a  beast  But  no  beast  is  as  bad  As  my  Dad.  Animals  love  their  children.  

⎯BH  196919  

   

__________________________________________________________________      

                                                                                               19 I do not believe you can ever “translate” a poem, but rather you must “re-create” it. This is what I have tried to do in this case.