A PROJECT REPORT ON PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

FROM WASTE VEGETABLE OIL.

BY

AKPOR FREDRICK EKAKABOR

2003/14980EH

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY.

FEDEllAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THEA W ARD OF

BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING (B.ENG).

~9~~ER, 2008.

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DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to my creator, the Almighty God, for he is my inspiration

and giver of wisdoll4 knowledge and understanding and for seeing me through my stay in

school.

Also~ my mother Madame Fine D. Boyi Tenwaren for her spiritua4 moral and

fmancial support which has really helped me in the completion of this programme. Finally,

to my uncles, aunties, cousins, brothers and sisters for their support~ love and

encouragement.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to appreciate the support and meaningful suggestions from various persons during

this project work. It is quite impossible to mention every person to whom lowe most

sincere thanks. It is my utmost pleasure to first give glory to almighty God who has been

my strength, courage, wisdom and ability to successfully complete my program for

Bachelors in engineering.

My supervisor is one who cannot be done without, I would like to express my

gratitude to Professor K.R.Onifade whose skillful supervisory act has lead to the successful

completion of this project. I also give great thanks to my Head of department Dr. M.O.

Edoga and also Mr. M.A Olutoye for the approval of the project work.

Special thanks to my parents late Mr. Gabriel Ekakabor and Madame Fine D.

Tenwaren whom I have so much through whom God has continually blessed my life, and

my sisters Joy, Chaka Mary, Bridget, Bridgina, Kiemute my niece angel and my brothers

Okagbare and Obukowho, and my uncle, cousin and friends, Mr. Emmanuel D. Tenwaren,

Mr. Frank.O.Oghenekaro, Godwin Onoja, Edirin Abada, Stephen Orkaa, Charles Ikutegbe,

Omayeli Jemine, Aminu Ahmed, too numerous to mention and my colleagues in the

department, I love you all.

My sincere thanks also go to the staff and siwes student at the Chemical lab. At

KRPC Kaduna for their support during the time of the analysis, and to the following; Mr.

Abraham and Mallam Diko for their support during my lab work and my lecturers may

God richly bless you all in Jesus name (Amen).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT TITLE PAGE .... """"""." .... " ... "."" .... "" ....... " ... "" ... "." ..... ""."" .. " ... "".""" .. ,,,, ...... i I>EC~~TION ............................................................................. ii CERTIFICATION· ..... """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" iii I>13I>I~J\1fI()N ............................................ ................................... i"

ACKN'OWLEDGE'ME.NT""""",,"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" v J\lJ:i1fFtJ\~1l ................................................ .................................. "i

CHAPTER ONE 1.(} ~OI>lJCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.1 13I()I>~~~~ ........................... ~ .................. .............................. 1 1.1.1 AIMS ANI> OBJECTIVES ........................................................... 2 1.1.:Z S;(j()1?E ..........•.......................................................•............... 2

CHAPTER TWO 2~0 ~ITEFtJ\1L~ IlJ!~W ............................................................. 3 2.1 HISTORY OF BIOI>IESEL ......................................................... .3 .. 6 2.2 'ME.THOI>S OF PRODUCING BIOI>IESEL ....................................... 6-8 2.3 i\1f1fllIBlJTE~ OF BIO[)~S~~ ..................................................... ~ ~.4 ~lJ13llI~I1rl{ .......... ~ .................................... ............................. 9-1() 2.5 TO.XICITY ................................................................................ : .. ~ ................................................... ...... 10 2.6 BIOI>EGRADJ\lJILITY .......... ; ...................................................... 10-11 2.7 PERFOMANCE OF BIODIESEL IN ENGINE .................................... ll 2.8 MOTIVATION ......................................................................... 11-12 2.9 OTHER lJSES OF BIODIESE~ ...................................................... 12 2.10 EMISSION PRODlJCTION .......................................................... 12-13 2.11 INFRASTRlJCTURE .................................................................. 13-2.12 HEALTH EFFECTS ..... "' ............................................................ 13-14 2.13 MACROECONOMICS IMPi\CT OF BIODIESEL ..................

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............ .14 .. 15 2.14 ADVANTAGES OF BIOI>~SE~ ................................................... 15-16 2.15 LIMITi\TlONS OF BIODIESEL .................................................... 17 2.16 PHYSICAL AND ~HEMI~AL CHARACTEllISTlCS OF BIOD~SE~ ..... 17 2.16.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESE~ .............................. ~ ...... 17 2.16.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL ...................................... 18 2.163 KEY PARAMETERS FOClJSED ON IN nils PROJECT WORK ........... 18

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODO~OGY .............................................................................. 20 3.1 EQtJIPMENT lREAGEENf .......................................................... .20-3.1.1 ~~lJ]]?'ME.~1l ............................................................................ ~O 3.1.2 GLASS W.ARES ........................................................................... 20 3.1.3 REAGENTS ............................................... '" .............................. 20 3.2 E){J>EIlIMEN1f~ ....................................................................... 21 3.3 MATERIALSIINGREI>~NT NEEI>EI> FOR TITRATION ..................... 21 3A E){J>ERIMENT~ PROCEI>URE .................................................... 21-22

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3.5 TESTING OF SOME PARAMETER OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED ........... 23 3.5.1 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SPEClFIC ORA VITY OF

THE SAMPLES OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED .................................... 23 3.5.2 DETERMINATION OF API ORA VITY ............................................. 24 3.5.3 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF POUR POINT OF

TIlE. SAMP'LES· .. """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",, .. ,," ... 24-3..5.4 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF KINEMATIC ViSCOSITy ...... 25 3.6 THE BLEND (FOURTH SAMPLE) ................................................... 25

CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 .RESULTS." .... """""""""""""""" .. """""""""""""""""" .... ,,"""""",, .. ,,"""""""""""""""",, .. ,,""" .. 26 4.1 RESULTS 01" ANALYSIS OF THE BIODIESEL OBTAINED .................. 26 4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................... 27-28

CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 RECO~NDATION .................................................................. 29 5.1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 29 5.2 RECOMME.NDATIONS.""" .. ,,""""""""""""" ... "",, ......... " ........ """"""" .. ,,""""",, .... 29 REFERENCE APPENDIX.

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ABSTRACT

This project work deals with the production of biodiesel, using waste vegetable oil

three different sources. Maxin lotus, sizzlers and Double delight (all fast food

operators) located at Warri Delta state as a case study. Different samples of waste

vegetable oil were brought and a composite was made from these samples.

These biodiesel (samples A,B,C and D) were produced using transesterification

method. This was obtained by esterifying the waste vegetable oil with sodium methoxide.

The results obtained from the three (3) samples, shows that biodiesel produced

from maxin lotus and Double delight show a better service parameters compared to that

from sizzlers which to t fall in the range in terms of kinematic viscosity, but for every

other value, they all fall within the standard range values of conventional petroleum

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