a journey to acadia-pauline labelle
TRANSCRIPT
A Journey to Acadia Settlers of the 1604 French Expedition to St. Croix Island, Maine
Champlain in an Indian Canoe, John Henry de Rinzy, Library and Archives Canada/John Henry de Rinzy collection/C-013320
Historical Archaeology – ANT 450
Pauline LaBelle
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Constructing the Outpost ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Settlers of the 1604 Expedition ........................................................................................................................ 3
Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons ......................................................................................................................... 4
Samuel de Champlain........................................................................................................................................ 5
François Adenain ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Henri Beaufort ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Artus Daniel ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Pasque Symonneau ............................................................................................................................................ 7
René Nöel ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Sieur de Beaumont ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Sieur de Boulay .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Pierre d’Angibault dit Champdoré .............................................................................................................. 8
Sieur de Fougeray ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Sieur de Genestou ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Sieur d’Orville .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Maître Simon ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Sieur de Sourin .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Swiss Soldiers .................................................................................................................................................... 10
The People in the Graves ................................................................................................................................... 10
First Documented Cemetery....................................................................................................................... 10
Bones and Biographies .................................................................................................................................. 11
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Appendix 1: Tables & Charts ........................................................................................................................... 14
Appendix 2: Maps ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
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INTRODUCTION
Over the course of several centuries, European explorers chartered the Atlantic
Ocean in search of new homesteads, economic prosperity, natural resources, and
passageways to other lands. They are recognized as Vikings1, Spanish2, Portuguese2,
French3, and British4. Each are well known for colonizing broad regions of the globe.
With their ventures, terrestrial expanses of North America were given a variety
of names including Vinland5, Norumbega6, Nouvelle France7, the New World8, Canada9,
Acadia10, and America11. Each reflects more than just labels on a manuscript; they
signify groups of people who dared to endure the perils of open seas. The ocean was not
the only formidable power they confronted; being on land would prove to be challenging
and in many cases fatal.
One such place is a modest island nestled in the middle of the Saint Croix River
north of Calais, Maine. Roughly six acres in size, Saint Croix Island, called Dochet Island
by locals, became the first French outpost and silent witness to many historical events
following European colonization.3
Previous examinations had been performed on the site. In 2003, a formal
excavation to study the archaeology of the island began in preparation for the
quadricentennial celebration. The United States National Park Service and Parks Canada
combined resources to provide the public with results of the investigation. The
published work is documented in Saint Croix Island, Maine: History, Archaeology, and
Interpretation by Steven R. Pendery and Harold W. Born.3
Reconstructing heritage requires an extensive amount of research, particularly
with following the chain of historical records. There are unresolved questions
surrounding the initial exploration team. Who were they from genealogical and
biographical perspectives? What became of their lives after they arrived in North
America? The objective of this research paper is to explore the identities and fates of the
first French settlers in Acadia.
CONSTRUCTING THE OUTPOST
In April of 1604, French pioneers sailed up the Saint Croix River in the Don de
Dieu and Bonne Renommée. Upon arrival to the quaint island, 79 men disembarked on
the rocky coast, sandy beaches, and fertile soil.
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Under the leadership of Huguenot Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and a young
lieutenant Samuel de Champlain, they were tasked with exploring areas of Acadia.12 It
was not Dugua’s first effort at settlement and no small endeavor for him and his crew.3,9
Notwithstanding, Dugua and his team constructed the outpost on the island as planned.
Champlain’s 1613 map of the buildings shows houses, a main hall, kitchen, church, and
other buildings were constructed.13 Gardens had been cleared and planted. It had all the
appeal of a quaint village, but would soon take a turn for the worst when an early
October winter arrived.14
The area was surrounded by multitudes of ice and fierce weather conditions, set
in place by the Little Ice Age.3,16 Over the following months, 35 of Dugua’s team perished
from afflictions described as scurvy, and more than twenty were gravely ill.15 The
deceased were buried in a small cemetery on the island.
When spring arrived, survivors traded game for bread with members of a local
Passamaquoddy tribe. The exchange improved their health and allowed their ventures
to continue. Dugua directed their relocation to the mainland in what is now Port-Royal,
Nova Scotia.3,16
Today, Saint Croix Island is protected by the National Park Service and Parks
Canada as an international landmark site. A growing interest in heritage continues to
encourage this type of preservation, research, tourism, and celebration of cultural roots.
SETTLERS OF THE 1604 EXPEDITION
The feat of constructing historical biographies is a profound one. Investigation
requires sorting through vast amounts of information, often handwritten by clergy with
variant spellings and alternate names. This challenge is compounded by what the
author wrote and omitted. European genealogical records and other manuscripts have
been destroyed through various events and it is not uncommon to see individuals vanish
from written accounts. It is perhaps one of the most trying occurrences for biographical
research. Reconstructing the original rosters has produced an incomplete list with the
majority of crewmen left in anonymity. Many individuals had visited the island but were
not part of the original settlement. They are excluded to maintain the focus on first
settlers, but should not be disregarded in all other respects.
Those who could be identified by their full names were Pierre Dugua, Samuel de
Champlain, François Adenain, Henri Beaufort, Artus Daniel, Pasque Symonneau, Maître
Simon, and René Nöel. Seven of the nine men who were among the gentleman class17 are
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mentioned only by their respective titles: Beaumont, Boulay, Champdoré18, Fougeray19,
Genestou , Orville, and Sourin. Maître Simon and the “Swiss Soldiers” were reduced to a
brief inclusion while the remaining individuals are ambiguous.18
Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons
Governor of Pons, Lieutenant Governor of Canada, Governor of Acadia
Born into nobility, Dugua was the son of Guy Du
Gua and Claire Goumard. In 1596, he wedded a Catholic
woman, Judith Chesnel. His birth is ascertained to be
around 1588 CE in Saintonge, France and possibly at Le
Gua.3 Dugua passed away on February 22, 1629 at his
home in Ardennes, France.20
Dugua was a Calvinist (Protestant) who fought
for Henri IV during the Wars of Religions in France. As a
recompense for his service to the monarchy, the king
provided Dugua with an annual pension of 1,200 crowns
and a seat as governor of Pons in Saintonge. After peace
had been restored in France, he took on the role of an
explorer and trader, which led to his governance of Acadia.14 France was engaged with
the prospect of colonization and economics, particularly with the country’s treasury in a
depleted state. The king granted exclusive rights to explorers for trade with indigenous
peoples. Historian Dr. George MacBeath noted the agreement between Dugua and the
King:
“In 1603, de Monts was granted the privilege of trade and responsibility of
settlement by the king. Under the terms of his commissions, he was given a
trading monopoly and appointed lieutenant-general ‘of the coasts, lands and
confines of Acadia, Canada and other places in New France’ there to establish 60
colonists a year and to win the Indians to the Christian faith.”21
In September of 1605, Dugua returned to France and continued managing the
expansion. Aside from strife among inhabitants over the following years, he was
successful in colonization, yet greatly overshadowed by the achievements of Champlain.
MacBeath sought to correct what he felt was an imbalance in the historical record.
“Despite the tremendous contributions made by this far-seeing and broadminded
individual to the development of Canada, [Dugua] has seldom been accorded his
rightful place in accounts of its history. Here is the man who made possible so
Figure 1 400th Anniversary commemorative stamp for Pierre
Dugua de Mons. (Canada Post)
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much of what Champlain accomplished. He it was who, inspired with the noble
impulse of making a new France in America, founded the first permanent colony
here.”22
For the 2004 celebration of Saint Croix Island’s anniversary, Canada Post created
a commemorative stamp in his honor (Fig. 1). Dugua received public acknowledgement
for his role in establishing the first French colony in America.
Samuel de Champlain
Lieutenant, Non-titled Governor of New France
He is known as “Father of New France” and “Father
of Acadia.” Champlain’s name is etched among the greatest
geographers and cartographers with no shortage of fame
(Fig. 2). He was born during 1567 in Brouage, France and
was not a member of the noble class. Champlain lived out
his life exploring North America and passed away on the
Christmas of 1625 in Quebec.23
He was an exceptional man who was adept as a
mariner and soldier. 24 His artistic skill in cartography
credited him as the first to map coastlines with high
accuracy. Moreover, his ability to negotiate with First
Nations peoples forged productive relationships; in doing
so, he was able to engage in economic trade and successfully
explore measures of North America.
François Adenain
An attempt to locate vital records for François Adenain (Addenin, Adenayn) was
unsuccessful. He rode aboard the Don de Dieu in April of 1604 and, through historical
accounts, he was recognized as a domestic servant and bodyguard to Dugua.25 Adenain
was lauded as “one of the best shots in the settlement, who supplied the table
‘abundantly with gamebirds.’”26 Contrary to social hierarchies in France, his distinction
won his acceptance at any gentleman’s table in the New World.25
After surviving the treacherous winter, 27 he returned to France in 1605 and
signed an affidavit regarding René Nöel’s death. The following year, Adenain traveled
Figure 2 Samuel de Champlain with Astrolabe by Hamilton MacCarthy, 1915. Photograph by D. Gordon E. Robertson.
(Wikimedia Commons)
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back to Port-Royal, joining the Order of Good Cheer that winter. It remains indefinite if
he accompanied others back to France in the summer of 1607.25
Henri Beaufort
No authenticated genealogical records were located for Henri Beaufort. Joyce S.
Pendery included the following biographical quote as cited from Marcel Trudel’s Histoire
de la Nouvelle France. Verification of the source was ineffective, and the quotation is
included here with hesitation.
“Beaufort,* Henri of Paris, apothecary, according to Trudel, was born in Aix-le
Provence about 1583, son of the late merchant Antoine Beaufort. Henri Beaufort
was about twenty-one years of age in 1604. On 11 March 1604, before departing
for Canada, he wrote his will, leaving his pay to his mother, 600 livres to his sister
Catherine, and the remainder of his estate to his three brothers, Jean-Pierre,
Honoré, and Phillipe. His fate is not known.”27
It can be inferred that he left on the April voyage rather than August. An
additional cursory search uncovered vital information compiled by Charles Ordinis, a
Canadian author, historian, and genealogist.28
“…maître apothicaire et bourgeois d’Aix, nommé tuteur de son cousin Jean
Beaufort fils de Jacques, inhumé le 13 avril 1639 aux Observantins, devant la
chapelle de Notre-Dame de Grâce, épouse par contrat du 21 janvier 1612 à Aix et
le 23 en l’église de la Madeleine, Marguerite TAXIL fille d’Antoine, marchand, et
de Delphine BRUNI, en présence des témoins Jean Arnaud et Jacques Mille. Elle
est inhumée le 20 août 1665 aux Observantins. D’où…”29
Ordinis concurs that Beaufort was a master apothecary and wed by contract to
Marguerite Taxil on January 21, 1612 at the Church of Madeleine. This excerpt states
that Jean Arnaud and Jacques Mille were witnesses. He was interred on April 13, 1639
at Our Lady of Grace. While this material is remarkable, it remains unverified through
proper historical documentation and if confirmed, would resolve the ambiguity of
Beaufort’s life and fate.
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Artus Daniel
Also in service to Dugua, Artus Daniel sailed on the April journey via the Don de
Dieu and endured the icy winter. His vital records have not been located; however,
Pendery states that he was also in service to Dugua and the king. Daniel testified in
Paris regarding the death of René Nöel in Acadia but did not sign the affidavit claiming
he was illiterate.30
Pasque Symonneau
A search for Pasque Symmoneau’s ancestry proved to be unproductive. Joyce
Pendery notes that Symonneau is from “Catilly in Normandy near Caen,” though this
may be a misspelling; the probable town would have been Cantilly, which borders the
Réserve Naturelle de la Forèt de Cerisy and lies just west of Caen. He traveled with
Dugua on the Don de Dieu to France, probably in April, and signed the Nöel affidavit.31
René Nöel
René Nöel was born into nobility. As Sieur de la Motte Bourgjoli, he may have
been the second surviving son of Pierre Nouail (Nöel). His father was Sieur de Cohigne,
of Vitré, Îlle-et-Vilaine, France and mother Antoinette Lecoupvreux. Nöel was baptized
in November of 1573 at Notre Dame de Vitré. Scurvy claimed his life on March 31, 1605
at the age of 31. A marriage record for Nöel was not found in Vitré. Joyce Pendery
relates that Nöel may have been a bachelor at the time of his departure.
His higher social status likely prompted the formal documentation of his passing.
The affidavit identifies that his cousin, Sieur de Fougeray, was a member of the
expedition and may have joined at the same time, setting sail in August of 1604. The
cousins, whose exact relationship is not known, shared the same quarters in building
T.32
Sieur de Beaumont
He is simply known as Sieur de Beamont. Protestant church records in Vitré,
France allude to a possible identity: “Bellebon,______N…, Sieur [de] Beaumont, sergeant-
major in the regiment of M. de Terchant” was married and a father to Anne, born at Vitré
in 1594. Of note, he was housed in Building T with the other sieurs of Bourgjoli and
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Fougeray. Joyce Pendery suggests they made have had a personal relationship. His fate
was not established.27
Sieur de Boulay
Marcel Trudel was able to confirm the identity of Sieur de Boulay as Pierre Bosc-
Douyn. Bosc-Douyn had been mistaken for Eustache Boullé who was born in Paris on
November 19, 1600, and younger brother to Champlain’s future wife, Hélène Boullé.
Joyce Pendery mentions that Sieur de Boulay may still have had shared lineage with the
Boullé family and originated from the Fougères or Vitré are in Brittany. 33
Marc Lescarbot, an historian, poet, and writer who joined the Acadian expedition
in 160634, provided an account of Bosc-Douyn’s history. He indicated the Sieur de
Boulay had served as an officer in a company commanded by Jean de Poutrincourt.
Bosc-Douyn rode aboard the Don de Dieu with Dugua (presumably in April). Once the
village was constructed, he was housed in Building Q alongside other artisans, which is
peculiar for a military officer. Poutrincourt returned to France, leaving Bosc-Douyn in
command of the Saint Croix Island soldiers.
The sieur survived the harsh winter; he was one of the three survivors who
moved to Port-Royal and made Building O his home. He was a fellow of the Order of
Good Cheer and participated in Lescarbot’s The Theatre of Neptune in New France in
November of 1606. It is unknown if Bosc-Douyn returned to France in 1607.33
Pierre d’Angibault dit Champdoré
There are no known vital records for Champdoré; Lescarbot’s sonnet on Port-
Royal gives some insight into his life. He was mentioned as a notable individual and
“Captaine de Marine en la Nouvelle France.”
During the initial travel, Champdoré rode aboard the Don de Dieu with
Poutrincourt in April of 1604. He is credited with sighting Nicolas Aubry, a lost priest, at
St. Mary’s Bay during the latter part of that spring. Champdoré was housed in Building P
with Champlain and D’Orville, hinting they shared a similar rank. After enduring the
winter, Champdoré moved to Port-Royal as one of the three survivors, was a participant
of the Order of Good Cheer, and remained there until 1607. It is possible he joined on
the trip back to France on July 30, 1607, followed by his return to Acadia. He
participated in explorations up and down the coast. After Dugua had received an
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extension on his fur-trade from France, he sent Champdoré “back to Canada.
Champdoré he sailed up the St. John River for fifty leagues and explored the Maine coast
as far south as Saco.”
It appears that Champdoré’s reputation was the subject of criticism. While
Lescarbot praised him, Champlain and Gravé du Pont were blatantly critical. Champlain
was said to view Champdoré, an apparent master ship builder, as a good carpenter, yet
felt Champdoré was also poor at sailing them. Gravé du Pont accused Champdoré of
deliberate destruction of a boat and then placed Champdoré in manacles35 until he could
be tried in France.36 Gravé temporarily released him du Pont to build another boat, but
was returned to manacles once again until repairs were needed. Champdoré’s
companions persuaded Gravé du Pont to pardon him.
He returned to France in 1608 and his life from this time onward remains a
mystery; Champdoré may have been an informant for Lescarbot’s Histoire de la Nouvelle
France. 35
Sieur de Fougeray
The birth name of Sieur de Fougeray is unknown, leaving him without vital
information. He was identified as a cousin of René Nöel, Sieur de Bourgjoli of Vitré.
Obscurity comes from the history of the Fougeray title in that commune; from the late
sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, it was commonly used, and the southern
section region of Vitré was also called Fougeray. The practice allowed all landholders to
use the title.
It is presumed he was Protestant. He received a letter of recommendation from
Monsieur de Montgomery who was the governor of Pontorson, under the command of
Dugua and in service to the king. Sieur de Fougeray sailed on the Bonne Renommée with
his cousin René Nöel. He arrived in August of 1604 and endured the winter. He was one
of the three who relocated to Port-Royal where he joined the Order of Good Cheer and
participated in Lescarbot’s The Theatre of Neptune in New France. The sieur lived there
until returning to France in 1607.37
Sieur de Genestou
Material on Sieur de Genestou (Geneston) is essentially non-existent. He resided
in Building R with Sieur de Sourin among others. It is unclear if he survived the winter.31
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Sieur d’Orville
Vital records for Sieur d’Orville are unknown, and his identity is vague. He was
an architect who traveled on the Don de Dieu. His quarters were in Building P with
Champlain and Champdoré, indicating a similar social status. Despite suffering from
scurvy, he survived the winter.32
Maître Simon
Maître Simon was a master miner. No other record of him has been found.31
Sieur de Sourin
Other than his residence in Building R with Sieur de Genestou and other
craftsmen, nothing more is known about Sieur de Sourin.31
Swiss Soldiers
Building D13 housed a group of Swiss men in service to France. The sum and their
names remain a mystery. They are not present in known written sources and total
fatalities from scurvy remains uncertain.
Their inclusion here is reduced to generalities. From the fourteenth century
onward, European countries contracted mercenaries to increase armies. Over the next
century, the Swiss gained a reputation for being preeminent and preferred foot soldiers.
They chiefly served France by the sixteenth century and participated in the Wars of
Religion. In this context, their presence in the first European settlement is understood.31
THE PEOPLE IN THE GRAVES
First Documented Cemetery
Saint Croix Island produced more than burials from the first outpost; it is the
location of the oldest known cemetery in North America.39 It received the name “Bone
Island” in the 18th century when erosion exposed graves of the men who died between
1604 and the following months.38 Of the 35 who passed away during the winter, the
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remains of all but ten are on the island today. The missing bodies are thought to have
been claimed by the ocean or removed from the site, leaving no trace.
Champlain’s 1613 map13 and accounts were the first historical records of a
graveyard, and it was Champlain’s work that guided researchers to the cemetery locale.
Pendery underscores the richness of historically
known sites accompanied by a rich amount of
documentation.39
“This is particularly true for burial sites
associated with specific historical events,
especially those of short-term use with well-
defined beginning and end dates. Data
generated from these rare sites allow the
historical record to be reassessed, verified, or
revised, as warranted. This is one purpose of
bioarchaeology, triangulating archaeological
and historical evidence with skeletal data
generated through application of forensic
anthropological techniques to reconstruct the
past more accurately.”39
Bones and Biographies
For nearly three and a half centuries, the island persisted untouched until the
National Park Service conducted investigations. In 1950, the first excavation took place
by Wendell S. Hadlock during which 23 individual tombs were located.
Researchers from Temple University in Philadelphia re-excavated in 1969 under
the direction of Dr. Jacob W. Gruber. Bones and teeth were removed for analysis40 then
subsequently stored and used for additional studies; they were never returned to the
cemetery.
In 2003, a concentrated effort began to reunite them in situ with their originating
graves. Once again, the ground was opened, but this time, two more bodies were
discovered raising the total to 25. Further studies were performed to identify
demographic origins, analyze teeth and bones for health and overall pathology, and
determine the cause of death and record post-mortem treatment of remains (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 From left to right, Burials 17, 18, 8, and 19. Photo taken during 1969 Temple
excavation. (Pendery, NPS)
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Four of the physical anthropologists who were present during 1969 returned to
assist in the new project. An assortment of tests was run to determine the sex, age,
ancestry, disease, and cause of death. Additionally, the team was interested in correlating
Champlain’s account of scurvy. The pathology results included a variety of disorders, and
some markers of scurvy were present in bone lesions.41
The people who perished were young adults whose lifespans were greatly
reduced. Out of the 25 remains examined, twenty were identified as male42 with a median
age of 27.5 years43; the remaining five were inconclusive due to the absence of craniums
(Fig. 4). With few vital records available, forensic analyzes provided insight into the
impact of scurvy and lack of quality subsistence available during the initial winter.
The results of ethnicity
were generalized and insufficient
for identifying individual genetic
haplogroups; all remains with
craniums appeared to share a
similar European population with
the exception of Burial 21. The
latter, though not necessarily
non-European, displayed variant
characteristics from the other
bodies. 44 DNA testing would
afford a more detailed genetic profile and confirm gender for the five inconclusive bodies.
CONCLUSION
Saint Croix Island is an unusual exception in historical archaeology with its
manuscripts and material evidence. It is also an example of how incomplete records
were for explorers and the challenges of reconstructing their identities. Questions
remain about the identities of those aboard the Don de Dieu and Bonne Renommée. DNA
sequencing would provide a deeper insight into ancestral profiles and confirm if each
were male. Ethnic identity was limited to standard morphological features. With
advancements in modern technologies, facial reconstruction would give representative
identities to those who lost theirs long ago.
This picturesque island holds a great historic significance in American
settlements and French heritage. The National Park Service and Parks Canada continue
to protect Saint Croix Island’s fragile state. The journeys to Acadia continue through
Figure 4 Skeletal analysis of remains by burial location number.
Page 13 of 25
tourism and publications, memorializing the lives of the courageous men who sailed the
seas to the New World.
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APPENDIX 1: TABLES & CHARTS
Saint Croix Island Timeline
1604
Dugua and his company depart from France for North America, outfitted for an
ambitious endeavor involving a settlement (“habitation”) and trading post.
1604-1605 Saint Croix Island settlement. For details visit:
http://mms.nps.gov/ram/ner/sacr_timeline.swf
1605 Settlers move to Port Royal. Dugua returns to France to defend his trade monopoly,
never again to set foot on North American soil.
1606-1607 Samuel Champlain and Sieur de Poutricourt visit the island and note the gardens are
still producing. Dugua’s monopoly is revoked. The settlers return to France, leaving
the habitation in care of Membertou, chief of the Mi’kmaq.
1607 Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, is founded in Virginia.
1608
Dugua’s monopoly is temporarily reinstated. Champlain explores farther west in
North America and founds the city of Quebec.
1613 Captain Argall of Virginia carries out orders to drive the French from the coast. He
destroys the remaining buildings on Saint Croix Island and sails to Port Royal,
burning down the habitation while the French are working in the fields.
1620 Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth.
1783-1797 The Saint Croix River is designated as the boundary between Canada and the United
States. The two nations disagree over which river is Saint Croix. Using Champlain’s
maps and documents to locate the island, Robert Pagan of Canada finds ruins, French
brick, and pottery, thus identifying both the island and the river and resolving the
dispute.
1800s The island is settled and quarried for sand, and a light station is erected. During this
time it was said that French brick was visible and that visitors carried much of it
away.
1949 Saint Croix Island is declared a national monument.
1950-1970s Light Station burns down. Historical and archeological resources on island are
documented.
1984 The island is redesignated an international historic site in recognition of the “historic
significance to both the United States and Canada.”
2004 400th anniversary of the French settlement on Saint Croix Island.
A1-1 Timeline of Colonization. U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site."
Accessed July 2, 2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/historyculture/upload/Timeline.pdf
Page 15 of 25
A1-2 Genealogy of Henri Beaufort as noted by Charles Ordinis. Ordinis, Charles. "Beaufort." Anciennes familles de Provence. Accessed July 4, 2014. http://genobco.free.fr/provence/Beaufort.htm.
Beaufort Family Tree
III - Antoine BEAUFORT marchand, trésorier de la Ville d’Aix au moment de son décès, baptisé le 26 avril
1541 à la Madeleine (parrain Antoine Albert, marraine Jeanne Guiran) ; teste à Aix le 28 février 1591 puis le 1er avril 1594, et meurt avant 1598 ; épouse vers 1570 Françoise d’ALBETTE fille de Florimond,
bourgeois de Pertuis, et de Catherine de LOQUES. Elle est tutrice de leurs enfants (compte de tutelle du 25 mai 1598), décédée à Aix et inhumée le 20 février 1639 aux Observantins. D’où :
1. Catherine BEAUFORT baptisée le 8 juin 1574 à la Madeleine (parrain Honoré Boyer avocat au parlement, marraine Catherine de Loques) épouse par contrat du 16 décembre 1592 à Aix, Guilhen GARRON fils de Jacques et d’Anne GASTIN.
2. Jean-Pierre BEAUFORT teste à Aix le 1er avril 1593, épouse le 10 avril 1600 à la Madeleine et suivant contrat passé la veille, Angélique de LA ROCHE, de la ville de Marseille, fille de feu Philippe, et de Marcelle de LASSONCE ; présents Antoine Olivier et Jean Luce.
3. Honoré qui suit, 4. Philippe de BEAUFORT notaire royal héréditaire d’Aix, greffier des Etats du pays de Porvence,
épouse par contrat du 10 juillet 1609 à Aix, Suzanne LIEUTAUD fille de Pierre, marchand, et de Marquise GRANOUX. Elle est inhumée le 30 janvier 1664 aux Observantins, devant la chapelle de Notre-Dame.
5. André de BEAUFORT baptisé le 7 janvier 1590 à la Madeleine (parrain André Audifredy, marraine Françoise Risse).
6. Henri BEAUFORT maître apothicaire et bourgeois d’Aix, nommé tuteur de son cousin Jean Beaufort fils de Jacques, inhumé le 13 avril 1639 aux Observantins, devant la chapelle de Notre-Dame de Grâce, épouse par contrat du 21 janvier 1612 à Aix et le 23 en l’église de la Madeleine, Marguerite TAXIL fille d’Antoine, marchand, et de Delphine BRUNI, en présence des témoins Jean Arnaud et Jacques Mille. Elle est inhumée le 20 août 1665 aux Observantins. D’où :
a. Françoise de BEAUFORT baptisée le 7 novembre 1612 à la Madeleine (parrain Antoine Taxil, marraine Françoise Aubet).
b. Antoine de BEAUFORT baptisé le 6 avril 1618 à la Madeleine (parrain Melchion Félix conseiller du roi en la cour des Comptes, marraine Jeanne Geoffroy).
c. Marie de BEAUFORT inhumée le 4 décembre 1649 aux Observantins d’Aix, épouse le 22 septembre 1642 à la Madeleine, Honorat REVEST, négociant, habitant d’Aix, veuf de Thérèse CHASSIGNOLLE, fils de Me Barthélémy, notaire royal de Saint-Zacharie, et de Françoise BLANC, témoins Jacques Maurin, Charles Bernard, notaire royal, Bernard Gardet, d’Aix, et Honoré Clenchard.
Page 16 of 25
A1-3 Inventory of bones and teeth removed during the 1969 Temple University excavation. Pendery, Saint
Croix, 188.
Burial No. Bones and Teeth Recovered
1
Calvarium; mandibular fragments, C1-C4; L|R femora; L|R tibae; L|R fibulae; L|R
calcanei; L|R tali; L|R naviluars; L|R cuboids; L|R 1st metatarsals; fragments of eight
metatarsals; three cuneiforms
2† Cranium (fragmented); mandible
3 Mandible
4 Mandible; L|R maxilla with intact palate
5 Mandibular fragments; L|R femora; L|R tibae; L (fragments) and R fibulae
6 Mandible
7 Cranium; C1-C2; mandible; R femur
8 Mandible
9 Mandible; C2-C3;
10 Mandible; R femur with unfused distal epiphysis
11 Mandible
12 Mandible
13/14 Both mandibular posterior rami with first and second molars present in sockets
15/16 Tooth crowns only (commingled)
17 Cranium; mandible
18 Mandible
19 Mandible
20 Mandible
21 Mandible
22 Mandible
23 Mandible
† “One set of long bones were incorrectly labeled ‘B-10’ and included both humeri, radii, ulnae, femora, tibiae, and
metatarsal fragments. It was determined during fieldwork in 2003 that these bones were from burial 2.”
Page 17 of 25
APPENDIX 2: MAPS
A2-1 Habitation on St. Croix Island by Samuel de Champlain (1613). Osher Map Library. "II. Samuel de
Champlain and New France." Accessed July 6, 2014. http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-champlain-and-new-france.
1604-1605 Known Building Residency on Saint Croix Island
Building P Samuel de Champlain; Pierre d’Angibualt dit Champdoré; Sieur d’Orville.
Building Q Pierre Bosc-Douyn, Sieur de Boulay.
Building R Sieur de Genestou; Sieur de Sourin.
Building T René Nöel; Sieur de Beaumont; Sieur de Boulay; Sieur de Fougeray.
Page 18 of 25
A2-2 Map of Champlain’s explorations of coastal regions. The University of Maine. "Canadian-American Center - Champlain and the Settlement of Acadia 1604-1607." Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/.
Page 19 of 25
WORKS CITED
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servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~248251~5516025:Plate-13-Facsimile-
Cartography-1492.
"Eiríks Saga Rauða" in The Sagas of Icelanders, Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books,
2001.
Encyclopedia Britannica. "Jacques Cartier." Accessed July 3, 2014.
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Encyclopedia Britannica. "New France." Last modified March 27, 2014.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411492/New-France.
Encyclopedia Britannica. "Samuel de Champlain." Accessed July 3, 2014.
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Kelso, William M., and Rick Adamson. Jamestown, the Buried Truth. Mendocino:
University Press, 2010.
Library of Congress. "Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North
America." Last modified July 15, 2010.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html.
Linden, Eugene. "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America." Smithsonian. Last
modified December, 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-
vikings-a-memorable-visit-to-america-98090935/?no-ist=&page=1.
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Page 20 of 25
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Northup, George T. "The Mundus Novus." Internet Archive. Accessed July 2, 2014.
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http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-
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Parks Canada. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site: Pierre Dugua, Sieur de
Mons." Last modified April 15, 2009. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-
nhs/nb/stcroix/natcul/natcul2.aspx.
Pendery, Steven R., and H. W. Borns. "Preface." In Saint Croix Island, Maine: History,
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The Bangor Daily News. "National Park Service researchers exploring waters off Saint
Croix Island" Accessed July 7, 2014. http://bangordailynews.com/2011/08/11/
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croix-island/.
Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Angibault, Champdoré, Pierre,” in Dictionary of Canadian
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Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Lescarbot, Marc,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol
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http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lescarbot_marc_1E.html.
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Page 21 of 25
U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site." Accessed July
2, 2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/index.htm.
Page 22 of 25
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Linden, Eugene. "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America." Smithsonian. Last
modified December, 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-vikings-a-
memorable-visit-to-america-98090935/?no-ist=&page=1. 2 Library of Congress. "Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North
America." Last modified July 15, 2010.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html. 3 Pendery, Steven R., and H. W. Borns. "Preface." In Saint Croix Island, Maine: History,
Archaeology, and Interpretation, Augusta, Me: Maine Historic Preservation Commission
and the Maine Archaeological Society, 2012, xi. 4 Kelso, William M., and Rick Adamson. Jamestown, the Buried Truth. Mendocino:
University Press, 2010. 5 "Eiríks Saga Rauða" in The Sagas of Icelanders, Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books,
2001. 6 New Netherland Institute. "Norumbega et Virginia, 1597 Charting New Netherland."
Accessed July 2, 2014. http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-
heritage/digital-exhibitions/charting-new-netherland-1600/the-maps/norumbega-et-
virginia-1597/. 7 Encyclopedia Britannica. "New France." Last modified March 27, 2014.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411492/New-France. 8 Northup, George T. "The Mundus Novus." Internet Archive. Accessed July 2, 2014.
http://www.archive.org/stream/vespuccireprints05prinuoft/vespuccireprints05prinu
oft_djvu.txt. 9 Encyclopedia Britannica. "Jacques Cartier." Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97444/Jacques-Cartier.
Jacques Cartier’s previous attempts at Canadian settlement were acutely plagued by
scurvy, death, and enmity with local Iroquois. 10 Pendery, Saint Croix, ix. 11 UNESCO. "Memory of the World Register." Accessed July 2, 2014.
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/nominatio
n_forms/usa_universalis_cosmographia_secundum_ptholomaei_traditionem.pdf. 12 See A2-2. 13 See A2-1. 14 Pendery, Saint Croix, 13. 15 Pendery, Saint Croix, 186.
16 U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site." Accessed July 2,
2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/index.htm.
Page 23 of 25
17 These men were landowners and afforded the respectful title of “sieur” which should
not to be confused with inherited titles through French nobility or royalty. 18 Pendery, Saint Croix, 269-76. 19 He arrived in August of 1604 onboard the Bonne Remonnée, captained by François
Gravé du Pont. 20 Parks Canada. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site: Pierre Dugua, Sieur de
Mons." Last modified April 15, 2009. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-
nhs/nb/stcroix/natcul/natcul2.aspx. 21 MacBeath, George. "Biography Dugua du Monts, Pierre," in Dictionary of Canadian
Biography, Vol 1. Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html. 22 MacBeath, George. "Biography Dugua du Monts, Pierre," in Dictionary of Canadian
Biography, Vol 1. Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html. 23 Encyclopedia Britannica. "Samuel de Champlain." Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain. 24 Osher Map Library. "II. Samuel de Champlain and New France." Accessed July 3, 2014.
http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-
champlain-and-new-france. 25 Fischer, David Hackett. Champlain's Dream. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, 210. 26 Fischer, Dream, 217. 27 Pendery, Saint Croix, 269. 28 See A1-2. 29 Ordinis, Charles. "Beaufort." Anciennes familles de Provence. Accessed July 4, 2014.
http://genobco.free.fr/provence/Beaufort.htm. 30 Pendery, Saint Croix, 272. 31 Pendery, Saint Croix, 275. 32 Pendery, Saint Croix, 274. See A2-1 for structures on the island. 33 Pendery, Saint Croix, 270. 34 Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Lescarbot, Marc,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol 1. Accessed July 6, 2014. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lescarbot_marc_1E.html.
35 Pendery, Saint Croix, 271. 36 Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Angibault, Champdoré, Pierre,” in Dictionary of Canadian
Biography, Vol. 1. Accessed July 6, 2014.
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/angibault_pierre_1E.html. 37 Pendery, Saint Croix, 273.
Page 24 of 25
38 The Bangor Daily News. "National Park Service researchers exploring waters off Saint
Croix Island" Accessed July 7, 2014.
http://bangordailynews.com/2011/08/11/news/down-east/national-park-service-
researchers-exploring-waters-off-saint-croix-island/. 39 Pendery, Saint Croix, 185-7. 40 See A1-3. 41 Pendery, Saint Croix, 186-217. 42 Pendery, Saint Croix, 193-4. 43 Mean age was obtained for all 20 individual before calculating the median age of 27.5;
Burials 13/14, 15/16, and 24 were not included. 44 Pendery, Saint Croix, 196-7.