A complete review for the 8th grade U.S. History Final

Exam

New (faster) trade routes(Northwest passage to

Orient)Mercantilism-national

wealthReligious freedom

Diminishing resources in Europe

Promise of Land, AdventureNew Technology – astrolabe,

caravel

1492 Columbus’ first voyage (4 in all) Conquistadors search for gold & silver Juan Ponce de Leon-1513-first Spanish

landing in North America 1536 – Cabeza de Vaca – Seven Cities of

Cibola Hernando de Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1565-Fort at St. Augustine

Henry the Navigator- pushed Portuguese Captains to go further and further

Vasco de Gama first down and around the coast of Africa to India

• British: representative government, religious freedom, farming

• French: main concerns fishing & trapping animals for fur, tenant farmers, good relations with the natives

• Spanish: built a string of missions, social classes, large profits by exporting crops & raw materials, developed plantation system

• Portuguese: wanted trade routes & gold, exploration

Disease: Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases imported from Europe

Smallpox Measles Common cold

War Loss of land

Colonists need to grow cash crops for export

European demand for tobacco and rice (later for cotton) increase

Tobacco & rice require large labor force

Charter colonies- Connecticut, Rhode Island

Proprietary colonies- Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

Royal colonies- Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

New England-stimulated the growth of schools

Middle Colonies-impact first felt here

Southern Colonies-strong influence - spread by traveling preachers

English-Virginia & Northeast (New England)

French-along St. Lawrence River & Lake Ontario

Swedish-Delaware & New Jersey Dutch-Hudson River, Delaware, New

Jersey Spanish-Florida & Texas Spanish missions moved up Atlantic coast

to Georgia

Religious freedom Land! (chance to OWN land) Economic (i.e. work for Virginia

Company) or profit from trade/fishing New start in life Political freedom

Indentured servants could earn their freedom after a time

Indentured servants could run away Slaves could be kept forever Slaves could not easily run away as they

were easily noticed among the white population

Growth of plantations-increased need for workers

Roger Williams-minister forced out of Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded Rhode Island

Thomas Hooker Anne Hutchinson John Wheelwright – from Mass. To New

Hampshire

Colonists brought with them the traditions of British Law dating back to the Magna Carta (power of the nobles over the monarch)

the Glorious Revolution (power of elected representatives over the monarch)

The English Bill of Rights - guarantee of basic rights

England viewed colonies as economic resource

Mayflower Compact House of Burgesses Bacon’s rebellion…

dispute over land/Indian rights

Colonial legislatures gave only some people a voice in government. Generally white men who owned property had the right to vote; most women, indentured servants, landless poor and African Americans could not vote.

Religious revival that began to sweep the Colonies in the 1720’s

George Whitfield & Jonathon Edwards preached throughout Colonies

Began in Middle Colonies More religions formed/more people

becoming religious More people willing to challenge authority Increased emphasis on education

Taxation without representation The Stamp Act (Patrick Henry protests)

sons of Liberty/Samuel Adams The Sugar Act/Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Tea Act/Boston Tea Party The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

CAUSES--Colonist’s tradition of self-government

Americans’ desire for a separate identity from Britain

Proclamation of 1763 Harsh policies toward North America EFFECTS--long war with Great Britain Self-government for the U.S. World recognition of U.S. independence

September, 1774… Philadelphia 55 men from all colonies except Georgia Statement of grievances Calls for boycotts of British goods Support of the Suffolk Resolves

April, 1776 Declaration of Independence July, 4,

1776 4 sections1) preamble- reasons why2) Rights they should have3) Grievances against the king4) declaration

Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Natural

Rights (re: John Locke) July 4, 1776 (2nd

Continental Congress)

Thomas Jefferson.mht

Articles of Confederation were unworkable

The convention was called to rewrite/improve the Articles

Need for strong national government Suspicion of “monarchists” Virginia Plan- proportional “The Great Compromise” –two

houses, one proportional the other equal

The South want slaves counted in population for representation…

The North objects …person? property?Compromise that slaves will be counted as

3/5 of a person for representation and taxation

Based on Roman Republic Greek democracy European political Institutions British Law--Magna Charta, Glorious

Revolution, English Bill of Rights Writers & philosophers of the

Enlightenment John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu

The Great Compromise (Roger Sherman-Conn.)

Three-fifths Compromise

Bill of Rights

Non-interference w/ slave trade until 1808

Three branches:

Legislative -makes laws –Article I

Executive-carries out laws-runs the country –Article II

Judicial- decides disputes, rules on constitutionality of laws-Article III

Government separated into three branches so no branch can become too powerful

President can veto laws passed by congress, appoints cabinet, submits budget.

Congress passes laws, may override presidential veto (2/3 vote), Senate approves presidential appointments, only House can declare war or start appropriations bills, House may impeach president-trial in Senate

Courts rule on constitutionality of laws and actions of other branches.

The sharing of power between Federal & State governments.

Distinctive feature of U.S. government Federal government deals with National

issues State governments deal with more local

issues “The Federal System”

Trial by Jury Due Process of Law (5th Amendment) Equal Protection (14th Amendment) Obey the law Pay taxes Defend the nation Stay informed VOTE!!!

Arises from constitutional convention arguments Federalist vs. anti-Federalist

1796 Americans forming opposition groups called “factions”

Excellent living conditions: fertile land, plentiful game, many rivers, lakes & streams.

Excellent natural resources

Loyalty to a region People exclude themselve from (the

business of) other regions and identify themselves as Southerners or Northerners or Westerners, etc.

Differences may arise violently

Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and abandoned all claims to West Florida.

The U.S. gave up part of Texas and paid $5 million in damages.

The U.S. will not interfere with any existing colonies in the Americas, however…

…it will oppose any new ones. North and South America, “are

henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers. “

actually written by the Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams

His first election “stolen” by J.Q. Adams and Henry Clay in the “Corrupt Bargain” (12th Amendment)

Won next election by a landslide The “Spoils System” – federal jobs to

friends and supporters Indian Removal Act-retribution against

Native Americans-defiance of Supreme Court

Vetoed bill to renew National Bank charter

1830, Congress passes Indian Removal Act

1834, Congress creates The Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma

Cherokee Nation – Worcester v. Georgia-Chief Justice John Marshall

General Winfield Scott-Trail of Tears Seminole Resistance-Osceola

Tobacco Indigo (dye) Rice Cotton (booms after invention of cotton

gin in 1793 and demand from textile mills)Western agriculture features pork and cash crops like corn and wheat

Movement to cities Cash wages Labor movement Economic growth