a chemical found in the nucleus
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A chemical found in the nucleus. DNA. What was the name of the scientist who worked with mice, and what did he discover? . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A chemical found in the nucleus
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DNA
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What was the name of the scientist who worked with mice, and what did he discover?
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Griffiths (1928): – he studied pneumonia in mice
- he heated a deadly strain of pneumonia, injected it into the mice and they lived
- the mice inherited material that transformed them permanently
-he discovered that bacteria is capable of transferring genetic information
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In 1944, Avery expanded on Griffith’s idea. What did he discover?
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That DNA causes death NOT protein in viruses, and DNA is the genetic material that is responsible for being passed from one
generation to the next.
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Why were scientists skeptical that DNA was the root of genetics?
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It seemed too simple because it only had 4 nucleotides (ATCG)
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Name the 4 nucleotides that are the building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid
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Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine – these are the rungs of the DNA ladder
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What does each nucleotide contain?
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1 - a ring shaped structure called deoxyribose 2 – a phosphate group
3 - they all have a single or double ringed nitrogenous base
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What is a virus?
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1- it is not living2- it is not made up of cells
3 - it needs a host to reproduce4 – it injects DNA into a host cell and “hijacks” a
cell’s function5 – they cannot survive on their own
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Name the scientists who discovered that viruses have protein coats that make up the outside
shell, and DNA on the inside
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Hershey and Chase (1952) by using radioactive materials to track a virus’ movement
-protein never got into a cell-DNA was injected by the virus into the nucleus
of a cell and took it over
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These viruses only attack bacteria
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Bacteriophage
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What is the shape of DNA?
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Double helix
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What are the full names of DNA and RNA and what is the difference between them?
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Both are polymers:Deoxyribonucleic Acid – double helix that contains genetic codes
to make RNA
Ribonucleic Acid – 1/2 ladder that contains codes to sequence amino acids to make proteins
(picture on next slide)
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Which nucleotides have single rings (shorter) and which have double rings (longer)?
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guanine and adenine have double rings - longerthymine + cytosine have single rings - shorter
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Who is credited with the discovery of the shape of DNA and its make up?
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Cricks and Watson 1953(stole Rosalind Franklin’s photo #51)
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What is it called when nucleotides are held together by covalent bonds that connect the sugar
of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide
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sugar-phosphate backbone – the sides of the ladder
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How long are nucleotide chains?
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They can vary from a a few hundred to an infinite number
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Why does adenine only pair with thymine and cytosine only pair with guanine?
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The pairing is due to size—one long and one short and their ability to form hydrogen bonds.
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How does DNA replicate?
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A complex of enzymes called helicase “unzip” the base pairs - this occurs very quickly and accurately, and always with the original set of DNA
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During DNA copying the two strands of the helix separate. Each single strand acts as a “negative” producing a new complimentary strand. What is this called?
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The Template Mechanism
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What enzyme is responsible for the “re-zipping” of a double helix?
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DNA polymerase – it re-zips molecule and proof reads
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What kind of bond holds the base pairs together?
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Hydrogen bond