4/19 ATB4/19 ATB

What material is found inside the What material is found inside the nucleus?nucleus?

Today:Today:– Go over your tests – any mistakes?Go over your tests – any mistakes?– Review DNA / RNAReview DNA / RNA– Begin discussing the importance of DNA, Begin discussing the importance of DNA,

and itand it’’s structures structure

ReviewReview

What makes up a chromosome?What makes up a chromosome? What is the function of DNA?What is the function of DNA? What does DNA stand for?What does DNA stand for? What is the structure of DNA?What is the structure of DNA? What is the job of enzymes?What is the job of enzymes? What are enzymes composed of?What are enzymes composed of?

4/23 ATB4/23 ATB

What is the shape of the DNA What is the shape of the DNA molecule?molecule?

Today:Today:– Discuss DNA’s role in you bodyDiscuss DNA’s role in you body– What is the genetic code?What is the genetic code?

DNA, RNA and DNA, RNA and Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of DNASTRUCTURE and FUNCTION of DNA

StructureStructure – – – double-helix (looks like a spiral double-helix (looks like a spiral

staircase)staircase)

FunctionFunction – – – carries your genetic informationcarries your genetic information

DNA is the DNA is the ““genetic codegenetic code”” of of lifelife

It controls all aspects of the cell. But It controls all aspects of the cell. But howhow? ?

By the different By the different proteinsproteins that it codes for. that it codes for. Different proteins have different functionsDifferent proteins have different functions

– EnzymesEnzymes – – control / speed up chemical reactionscontrol / speed up chemical reactions EX: ATP Synthase EX: ATP Synthase helps helps build ATPbuild ATP

– Repair, transport, structural proteinsRepair, transport, structural proteins

What is the genetic codeWhat is the genetic code?? Set of rules by which information Set of rules by which information

is transferred from… is transferred from… DNA into DNA into RNA into RNA into Proteins Proteins

(using amino acids)(using amino acids) Even bacteria and viruses have a Even bacteria and viruses have a

genetic codegenetic code

What are Nucleic AcidsWhat are Nucleic Acids?? A complex A complex

macromolecule that macromolecule that stores information stores information in cells in the form in cells in the form of a code. of a code. – DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA.

Composed of Composed of monomersmonomers of of nucleotidesnucleotides

What is DNAWhat is DNA??

Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acidacid

Contains the Contains the genetic genetic instructions for instructions for development / development / functioning of functioning of living thingsliving things

What is a nucleotideWhat is a nucleotide?? A monomer that A monomer that

consists of three consists of three partsparts– Sugar Sugar

(deoxyribose or (deoxyribose or ribose)ribose)

– PhosphatePhosphate– Nitrogen Base (A, Nitrogen Base (A,

C, T, G and U)C, T, G and U)

What are the Nitrogen What are the Nitrogen BasesBases?? AdenineAdenine

GuanineGuanine Cytosine Cytosine Thymine (DNA Thymine (DNA

only)only)

Uracil (RNA only)Uracil (RNA only)

Nitrogen BasesNitrogen Bases

Nitrogen BasesNitrogen Bases

Nitrogen Base PairingNitrogen Base Pairing How do the nitrogen How do the nitrogen

bases pair in DNA?bases pair in DNA?– A – TA – T– C – GC – G– RNARNA A – U (no A – U (no

Thymine)Thymine) What holds the What holds the

nitrogen bases nitrogen bases together?together?– Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Purines and PrymidinesPurines and Prymidines Which nitrogen bases Which nitrogen bases

are are purinespurines??– AdenineAdenine– GuanineGuanine

Which nitrogen bases Which nitrogen bases are are pyrimidinespyrimidines??– CytosineCytosine– ThymineThymine– Uracil (in RNA)Uracil (in RNA)

Review: Name and describe Review: Name and describe the shape of DNA.the shape of DNA.

Double helixDouble helixA twisted ladderA twisted ladder

What are the 4What are the 4nitrogen bases?nitrogen bases?

Which nitrogen Which nitrogen bases bond with bases bond with one another?one another?

Which nitrogen Which nitrogen bases are bases are purines?purines?

Why is the nucleotide sequence Why is the nucleotide sequence importantimportant??– All organisms have DNAAll organisms have DNA– The closer the DNA resemblance, the The closer the DNA resemblance, the

more closely related the organisms aremore closely related the organisms are What is our closest relative?What is our closest relative?

– ChimpsChimps– Great ApesGreat Apes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KagyO9zS_rov=KagyO9zS_ro

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION DNA ReplicationDNA Replication::

– the process of copying DNAthe process of copying DNA When do we copy our DNAWhen do we copy our DNA? ?

– During the cell cycleDuring the cell cycle REVIEWREVIEW: What phase of cell cycle : What phase of cell cycle

does DNA replication occur? does DNA replication occur? – InterphaseInterphase

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION STEP ONESTEP ONE::

– HelicaseHelicase – – An enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds An enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds

between nitrogen bases between nitrogen bases ““unzippingunzipping”” the DNAthe DNA

4/24 ATB4/24 ATB

Which nitrogen bases are purines?Which nitrogen bases are purines? Today:Today:

– Continue with the DNA informationContinue with the DNA information

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION

Replication ForkReplication Fork – – – location where the DNA is splitting location where the DNA is splitting

apartapart

Review from yesterdayReview from yesterday

What are the four nitrogen bases?What are the four nitrogen bases? What is the monomer of DNA?What is the monomer of DNA? Which nitrogen bases are the Which nitrogen bases are the

purines?purines? What is the enzyme that “unzips” the What is the enzyme that “unzips” the

DNA?DNA? Where is the replication fork?Where is the replication fork?

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION STEP TWOSTEP TWO::

– DNA POLYMERASEDNA POLYMERASE – – An enzyme that bonds free floating An enzyme that bonds free floating

nucleotides together to form a new nucleotides together to form a new DNA chainDNA chain

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION

How long does this How long does this continuecontinue? ? – Until the entire Until the entire

chain is copied…chain is copied…forming two new forming two new chainschains

Why do we copy Why do we copy DNADNA??– So that new cells So that new cells

have the genetic have the genetic material needed material needed to surviveto survive

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

REVIEWREVIEW: Monomers and : Monomers and PolymersPolymers

Define MonomerDefine Monomer – – – The smallest unit that makes up a The smallest unit that makes up a

larger moleculelarger molecule Define PolymerDefine Polymer

– A large molecule formed by many A large molecule formed by many smaller molecules called monomerssmaller molecules called monomers

PICTURE:PICTURE:

REVIEWREVIEW Do all organisms have DNADo all organisms have DNA??

– YES – All living things have the YES – All living things have the same genetic codesame genetic code

What is a ProteinWhat is a Protein??– A large complex polymer composed A large complex polymer composed

of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen, of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes sulfurNitrogen and sometimes sulfur. .

REVIEWREVIEW Amino AcidsAmino Acids – –

– TThe monomers that make up a he monomers that make up a protein.protein.

– There are 20 common AAThere are 20 common AA’’ss Peptide BondPeptide Bond – –

– Covalent bond (sharing electrons) Covalent bond (sharing electrons) formed between two AAformed between two AA’’ss

4/25 ATB4/25 ATB

What are the monomers of a protein? What are the monomers of a protein? What type of bond connects them? What type of bond connects them?

Today:Today:– First WS page – “Genes and First WS page – “Genes and

Chromosomes”, pg 13Chromosomes”, pg 13– Discuss RNA and transcriptionDiscuss RNA and transcription– Quiz Friday on DNA Replication and Quiz Friday on DNA Replication and

TranscriptionTranscription

RNARNA RNARNA

– Ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid – The 3 types of RNA The 3 types of RNA

function in protein function in protein synthesissynthesis

The 3 types of RNA:The 3 types of RNA:– mRNA – messenger mRNA – messenger

RNARNA– rRNA – ribosomal RNArRNA – ribosomal RNA– tRNA – transfer RNAtRNA – transfer RNA

What are 4 differences between DNA and What are 4 differences between DNA and RNA?RNA?

One strand vs. two One strand vs. two strandsstrands

RNA has Uracil – DNA RNA has Uracil – DNA does notdoes not

RNA contains a RNA contains a different sugar different sugar molecule – Ribose vs. molecule – Ribose vs. DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose

DNA is found only in DNA is found only in the nucleus (of the nucleus (of eukaroytic cells)eukaroytic cells)

Difference Between DNA & Difference Between DNA & RNARNA

TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION What is TranscriptionWhat is Transcription? ?

– The process by which enzymes The process by which enzymes make a RNA copy of the DNA strandmake a RNA copy of the DNA strand

Review - What are the 3 types of Review - What are the 3 types of RNA?RNA?– mRNA – messenger RNAmRNA – messenger RNA– rRNA – ribosomal RNArRNA – ribosomal RNA– tRNA – transfer RNAtRNA – transfer RNA

TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION What is the function mRNAWhat is the function mRNA??

– The RNA copies the DNAThe RNA copies the DNA– Leaves the nucleus into the Leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasmcytoplasm to to

the site of the site of protein synthesis.protein synthesis.– Combines with rRNA and involves tRNA to Combines with rRNA and involves tRNA to

complete TRANSLATIONcomplete TRANSLATION

tRNA and rRNAtRNA and rRNA

What is the function rRNAWhat is the function rRNA? ? – Helps to bond amino acids Helps to bond amino acids

together in protein synthesistogether in protein synthesis What is the function tRNAWhat is the function tRNA??

– tRNA brings amino acids to the tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomal RNA so they can be ribosomal RNA so they can be assembled into proteinsassembled into proteins

– Has the anticodon that Has the anticodon that matches with the codon on the matches with the codon on the mRNAmRNA

tRNAtRNA

Transcription SummaryTranscription Summary

TranscriptionTranscription

Pop Quiz -- Write you name and the period at Pop Quiz -- Write you name and the period at the top of the page.the top of the page.

1.1. What is one difference between DNA and RNA?What is one difference between DNA and RNA?

2.2. What is another difference between DNA and What is another difference between DNA and RNA?RNA?

3.3. What is produced during the process of What is produced during the process of transcription?transcription?

4.4. What does adenine bond with?What does adenine bond with?

5.5. What does cytosine bond with?What does cytosine bond with?

6.6. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

7.7. What is the enzyme that What is the enzyme that ““unzipsunzips”” the double the double helix?helix?

8.8. What are the building blocks of proteins?What are the building blocks of proteins?

9.9. What does AUG code for?What does AUG code for?

10.10. What does UUA code for?What does UUA code for?

4-28 ATB4-28 ATB

What is a codon? What is produced What is a codon? What is produced during the translation?during the translation?

Today:Today:– Keystone Test InfoKeystone Test Info– period 5– period 5– Review translationReview translation– Translation assignmentTranslation assignment– TomorrowTomorrow: Online translation assignment: Online translation assignment– Test Test Next week – Weds / Thurs??? Next week – Weds / Thurs???

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5vH4Q_tAkYv=D5vH4Q_tAkY

TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION What is translationWhat is translation? ?

– Process by which the order of bases Process by which the order of bases in mRNA codes for the order of in mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a proteinamino acids in a protein..

tRNA and rRNA - tRNA and rRNA - TRANLSATIONTRANLSATION

What is the function rRNAWhat is the function rRNA? ? – Helps to bond amino Helps to bond amino

acids together in protein acids together in protein synthesissynthesis

What is the function tRNAWhat is the function tRNA??– tRNA brings amino acids tRNA brings amino acids

to the ribosomal RNA so to the ribosomal RNA so they can be assembled they can be assembled into proteinsinto proteins

– Has the anticodon that Has the anticodon that matches with the codon matches with the codon on the mRNAon the mRNA

Transcription animationsTranscription animations

– http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.htmlm_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html

– http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swfflashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf

What is a codonWhat is a codon?? Three nitrogen bases that code for Three nitrogen bases that code for

an amino acidan amino acid There are There are ““startstart”” and and ““stopstop”” codons codons (The code is the exact same as in (The code is the exact same as in

humans as in a virus or a skunk)humans as in a virus or a skunk)– (Scientist see this as evidence that (Scientist see this as evidence that

we all share a common ancestor)we all share a common ancestor)

– Practice:Practice: What is UUU?What is UUU? What is the start codon?What is the start codon? What is UGA?What is UGA? What is AAA?What is AAA? What is GAA?What is GAA? What are the stop codons?What are the stop codons???

Codon ChartCodon Chart

TranscriptionTranscription– http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/

gene/gene_a2.htmlgene/gene_a2.html

TranslationTranslation– http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/

gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.htmlgene_a3.html

Translation – Step by StepTranslation – Step by Step

Translation – Step by StepTranslation – Step by Step

Translation – Step by StepTranslation – Step by Step

Translation SummaryTranslation Summary

Translation AnimationsTranslation Animations

http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teaching/genetics/~johnson/teaching/genetics/animations/translation.htmanimations/translation.htm

Transcription and Transcription and TranslationTranslation

4-29 ATB4-29 ATB

What type of bond holds the amino What type of bond holds the amino acids together?acids together?

Today:Today:– Online assignmentOnline assignment

5-2 ATB5-2 ATB

What is the job of an enzyme? What is the job of an enzyme? Today:Today:

– How did the keystone bio test go?How did the keystone bio test go?

5-3 ATB5-3 ATB

What makes up the backbone of What makes up the backbone of DNA? What is the product of DNA? What is the product of translation? What is the product of translation? What is the product of transcription?transcription?

Today:Today:– Discuss mutationsDiscuss mutations– Test / RS -- FRIDAYTest / RS -- FRIDAY

A ____________

C ____________

D __________

B _________

5-4 ATB5-4 ATB

What is worse a point mutation or What is worse a point mutation or frameshift mutation? Why?frameshift mutation? Why?

Today:Today:– REVIEW!REVIEW!– DNA Practice QuizDNA Practice Quiz– TEST / RS MONDAYTEST / RS MONDAY

MutationsMutations – page 324 – page 324 MutationMutation – –

– random error or change in a DNA random error or change in a DNA sequence that may affect the sequence that may affect the whole chromosome or just one whole chromosome or just one genegene

– What can cause a mutationWhat can cause a mutation? ? Copying errors by the polymerase, Copying errors by the polymerase,

UV radiation, chemicals, virusesUV radiation, chemicals, viruses

Are mutations always badAre mutations always bad? ? – No. Beneficial mutations can lead No. Beneficial mutations can lead

to evolutionary changeto evolutionary change

MutationsMutations Point MutationPoint Mutation – –

– a change to a single base pair in a change to a single base pair in DNADNA

– (This error can change the (This error can change the ENTIRE ENTIRE MEANINGMEANING of the DNA sequence) of the DNA sequence) EXAMPLEEXAMPLE: :

– THE CAT ATE THE RATTHE CAT ATE THE RAT– THE CAT ATE THE THE CAT ATE THE MATMAT

MutationsMutations Frameshift MutationFrameshift Mutation – –

– a mutation in which a single base is a mutation in which a single base is added or deleted from the DNA added or deleted from the DNA sequencesequence This would cause every ____This would cause every ____codoncodon___ to be ___ to be

different after that addition / deletion.different after that addition / deletion.

SubstitutionSubstitution – – – when one nucleotide replaces anotherwhen one nucleotide replaces another

Insertion MutationInsertion Mutation – – – one or more nucleotide are added to a one or more nucleotide are added to a

gene (can lead to a frame-shift gene (can lead to a frame-shift mutation)mutation)

MutationsMutations

What are chromosomal mutationsWhat are chromosomal mutations??– Mutation affecting gene distribution Mutation affecting gene distribution

to gametes during meiosisto gametes during meiosis

Most common mutationsMost common mutations: (see page : (see page 326)326)

DeletionsDeletions – – – chromosomes part lostchromosomes part lost

InsertionsInsertions – – – chromosome part breaks off and rejoins its chromosome part breaks off and rejoins its

sister chromatidsister chromatid

Most common mutationsMost common mutations: (see page : (see page 326)326)

InversionsInversions – – – when a part of the chromosome breaks off when a part of the chromosome breaks off

and is reinserted backwardsand is reinserted backwards

TranslocationsTranslocations – – – when a part breaks off and joins a different when a part breaks off and joins a different

chromosomechromosome

The EndThe End

5-5 ATB5-5 ATB

What is the job of the tRNA?What is the job of the tRNA? Today:Today:

– Review for the test!Review for the test!– Finish the assignment from yesterdayFinish the assignment from yesterday– Start working on the review sheetStart working on the review sheet– TomorrowTomorrow: Book assignment.: Book assignment.– TEST / Study guide ---- MONDAYTEST / Study guide ---- MONDAY

5-9 ATB5-9 ATB

TEST TEST ANY QUESTIONS? ANY QUESTIONS? Turn in Review Sheet!!!Turn in Review Sheet!!! Turn in DNA Turn in DNA Translation Translation

assignmentassignment

MutationsMutations

MiniLabMiniLab – page 327 – Complete – page 327 – Complete Analysis Questions #1-3 and turn inAnalysis Questions #1-3 and turn in

MutationsMutations NondisjunctionNondisjunction – – failure of failure of

homologous chromosomes to homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosisseparate properly during meiosis– TrisomyTrisomy – – when gamete (sex cell) when gamete (sex cell)

has an extra chromosomehas an extra chromosome So in humans, there would be ____So in humans, there would be ____47 47

chromosomeschromosomes________ If the extra chromosome is #21 in humans If the extra chromosome is #21 in humans

= ___= ___downs syndromedowns syndrome______________

MutationsMutations

– MonosomyMonosomy – –absence of a absence of a chromosome – most do not survivechromosome – most do not survive Females can be missing the ___Females can be missing the ___X___ X___

chromosome and survivechromosome and survive WHY? ____WHY? ____B/C the other X chromosome B/C the other X chromosome

can make up the difference_____can make up the difference_____

ninanina