a automated teller machine

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A automated teller machine (ATM) or the automatic banking machine (ABM) is acomputerised telecommunications device that provides theclients of a financialinstitution with access to financial transactionsin a public space without the need for acashier, human clerk orbank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified byinserting a plastic ATM card with amagnetic stripeor a plastic smart cardwith a chip,

that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expirationdate orCVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personalidentification number(PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bankaccounts in order to make cashwithdrawals (orcredit card cash advances) and check their account balances as well aspurchase cellphone prepaid credit. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM isdifferent from that which the bank account is denominated in (eg: Withdrawing JapaneseYen from a bank account containing US Dollars), the money will be converted at awholesale exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible exchange rate forforeign travelers [1] and are heavily used for this purpose as well.

ATMs are known by various other names including Automated Transaction Machine,[2]

automated banking machine, cashpoint(in Britain), money machine, bank machine, cashmachine, hole-in-the-wall, Bancomat(in various countries in Europe and Russia),Multibanco (after a registered trade mark, in Portugal), and Any Time Money (inIndia).

[edit] History

An old NixdorfATM

The idea of self-service in retail banking developed through independent andsimultaneous efforts in Japan, Sweden, the United States and the United Kingdom. In theUSA, Luther George Simjian has been wrongly credited with developing and building thefirst cash dispenser machine[3]. There is no evidence to suggest that Simjian worked inthis device before 1959 while his 132nd patent (US3079603) was first filled in June 30,1960 (and granted 26 February 1963). The roll out of this machine, called Bankograph,
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was delayed a couple of years. This was partially due to Simjian's Reflectone ElectronicsInc. being acquired by Universal Match Corporation[4]. An experimental Bankographwas installed in New York City in 1961 by the City Bank of New York, but removedafter 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph was anautomated envelope deposit machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) and it did not

have cash dispensing features[5]

. The Bankograph, however, embodied the preoccupationby US banks in finding alternative means to capture core deposits, while the concern ofEuropean and Asian banks was cash distribution.

A first cash dispensing device was used in Tokyo in 1966[6][7]. Although little is known ofthis first device, it seems to have been activated with a credit card rather than accessingcurrent account balances. This technology had no immediate consequence in theinternational market.

In simultaneous and independent efforts, engineers in Sweden and Britain developed theirown cash machines during the early 1960s. The first of these that was put into use was by

Barclays Bankin Enfield Town in North London, United Kingdom

[8]

, on 27 June 1967.This machine was the first in the UK and was used by veteran English comedy actorRegVarney, at the time so as to ensure maximum publicity for the machines that were tobecome mainstream in the UK. This instance of the inventionhas been credited to JohnShepherd-Barron[9], while disregarding other engineers at De La Rue Instruments whocontributed to the design and development of that machine. Nevertheless, Shepherd-Barron was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year's Honours List[10].

The Barclays-De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash System or DACS)beat the Swedish saving banks and a company called Metior's (a device calledBankomat) by nine days and Westminster Banks- Smith Industries- Chubb system

(called Chubb MD2) by a month. The collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec andMidland Bankdeveloped a third machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe andthe USA by theBurroughs Corporation. The patent for this device (GB1329964) wasfiled on September 1969 (and granted in 1973) by John David Edwards, Leonard Perkins,John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe & Malcom DavidRoe.

Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which wasretained by the machine while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic stripe atthe back. Hence all this these worked on various principles including Carbon-14and low-coercivity magnetism in order to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored onthe card was developed by a British engineer working in the MD2 named JamesGoodfellow in 1965 (patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 2 1966 with Anthony Davies).The essence of this system was that is it enabled the verification of the customer with thedebited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of acomplete currency dispenser system in the patent record. This patent was filled on 5March 1968 in the USA (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had aprofound influence on the industry as a whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash
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dispenser market as both NCR Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellows PIN system,but a number of later patents references this patent as Prior Art Device [11].

After looking first hand at the experiences in Europe, in 1968 the networked ATM waspioneered in Dallas, Texas, by Donald Wetzelwho was a department head at an

automated baggage-handling company called Docutel. In 1995, the Smithsonian'sNational Museum of American History recognised Docutel and Wetzel as the inventorsof the networked ATM.[12]

ATMs first came into use in December 1972 in the UK; the IBM 2984 was designed atthe request ofLloyds Bank. The 2984 CIT (Cash Issuing Terminal) was the first trueCashpoint, similar in function to today's machines; Cashpoint is still a registeredtrademarkof Lloyds TSB in the UK. All were online and issued a variable amount whichwas immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to aUS bank. Notable historical models of ATMs include the IBM 3624 and 473xseries,Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, andNCR 50xx s[edit]

location

ATMs are placed not only near or inside the premises of banks, but also in locations suchas shopping centers/malls, airports, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, or anyplace large numbers of people may gather. These represent two types of ATMinstallations: on and off premise. On premise ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement an actual bank branch's capabilities and thus moreexpensive. Off premise machines are deployed by financial institutions and also ISOs (orIndependent Sales Organizations) where there is usually just a straight need for cash, sothey typically are the cheaper mono-function devices. In Canada, when an ATM is not

operated by a financial institution it is known as a "White Label ATM".

In North America, banks often havedrive-thru lanes providing access to ATMs.

Many ATMs have a sign above them indicating the name of the bank or organizationowning the ATM, and possibly including the list of ATM networks to which thatmachine is connected. This type of sign is called a topper.

[edit] Financial networks
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be comparatively expensive to operate versus a POTS line, meaning less-traffickedmachines will usually rely on a dial-up modem. That dilemma may be solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layercommunication protocols used by ATMs to communicate back to the bank include SNAoverSDLC, TC500 overAsync,X.25, andTCP/IP overEthernet.

In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all communicationstraffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may also be encrypted viamethods such as SSL.[13]

[edit] Global use

There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers totaling the completenumber of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates developed byATMIA place the number ofATMs in use currently at close to 1.8 million.[14]

For the purpose of analyzing ATM usage around the world, financial institutionsgenerally divide the world into seven regions, due to the penetration rates, usagestatistics, and features deployed. Four regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) havehigh numbers of ATMs per million people. [15] and generally slowing growth rates.[16]

Despite the large number of ATMs,there is additional demand for machines in theAsia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America.[17][18] ATMs have yet to reach high numbersin the Near East/Africa.[19]

The world's most northerly installed ATM is located atLongyearbyen, Svalbard,Norway.[20]

The world's most southerly installed ATM is located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica.[21]

While India claims to have the world's highest installed ATM atNathu La Pass, Indiainstalled by the Union Bank of Indiaat 4310 meters, there are higher ATMs installed inNagchu County, Tibet at 4500 meters by Agricultural Bank of China.[22][23].

While ATMs are ubiquitous on modern cruise ships, ATMs can also be found on someUS Navy ships.[24]

In the United Kingdom, an ATM may be colloquially referred to as a "Cashpoint" [25],named after the Lloyds Bank ATM brand, or "hole-in-the-wall", after which the

equivalent Barclays brand was later named. In Scotlandthe term Cashline has become ageneric term for an ATM, based on the branding from the Royal Bank of Scotland.

In the Republic of Ireland, ATMs are also commonly referred to as a "Banklink", namedafter the Allied Irish Bankbrand ofmachines.

[edit] Hardware
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=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathu_La_Passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagchu_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-21%23cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-22%23cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-23%23cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine#cite_note-24%23cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banklinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Irish_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_teller_machine&action=edit&section=5


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A block diagram of an ATM

An ATM is the typically made up of the following devices:

CPU(to control the user interface and transaction devices) Magneticand/orChip card reader (to identify the customer) PINPad (similar in layout to a Touch tone orCalculatorkeypad), often

manufactured as part of a secure enclosure. Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure. Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction) Function keybuttons (usually close to the display) or aTouchscreen (used to

select the various aspects of the transaction)

Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their transaction)

Vault(to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access) Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)

Recently, due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of computer-likearchitectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware architectures usingmicrocontrollersand/orapplication-specific integrated circuits to adopting the hardwarearchitecture of a personal computer, such as, USB connections for peripherals, ethernetand IP communications, and use personal computer operating systems. Although it isundoubtedly cheaper to usecommercial off-the-shelfhardware, it does make ATMspotentially vulnerable to the same sort of problems exhibited by conventional computers.

Business owners often lease ATM terminals from ATM service providers.
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Two Loomis employees refilling an ATM at the Downtown SeattleREI.

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items ofvalue are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:

Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value) Deposit mechanism including a Cheque Processing Module and Bulk Note

Acceptor (to allow the customer to make deposits) Security sensors (Magnetic, Thermal, Seismic, gas) Locks: (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault) Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash memory device based on

proprietary standards) or a solid-state device (an actual printer) which accrues allrecords of activity including access timestamps, number of bills dispensed, etc. -This is considered sensitive data and is secured in similar fashion to the cash as it

is a similar liability.

ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vaultgrade selection include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator riskavoidance practices, and internal volume requirements.[26] Industry standard vaultconfigurations include Underwriters LaboratoriesUL-291 "Business Hours" and Level 1Safes,[27]RAL TL-30 derivatives,[28] and CEN EN 1143-1:2005 - CEN III/VdS and CENIV/LGAI/VdS.[29][30]

ATM manufacturers recommend that vaults be attached to the floor to prevent theft .[31]

[edit] Customer identity integrity

A BTMUATM with a palm scanner(to the right of the screen)

There have also been a number of incidents of fraud by Man-in-the-middle attacks, wherecriminals have attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These havethen been used to record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gainunauthorized access to their accounts. Various ATM manufacturers have put in placecountermeasures to protect the equipment they manufacture from these threats.[40][41]
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Alternate methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in somecountries, such as finger and palm vein patterns,[42]iris, and facial recognitiontechnologies. However, recently, cheaper mass production equipment has been developedand being installed in machines globally that detect the presence of foreign objects on thefront of ATMs, current tests have shown 99% detection success for all types ofskimming

devices.[43]

[edit] Alternative uses

Two NCR Personas 84 ATMs at a bankin Jersey dispensing two types ofpound sterling

banknotes: Bank of England notes, and States of Jersey notes

Although ATMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers, they have evolved toinclude many other bank-related functions. In some countries, especially those whichbenefit from a fully integrated cross-bank ATM network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal),ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of one'sown bank account, such as:

Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling[56][57] Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal

fees, taxes, etc.)

Printing bank statements Updating passbooks Loading monetary value into stored value cards Purchasing

o Postage stamps.

o Lotterytickets

o Train tickets

o Concert tickets

o Movie tickets

o Shopping mallgift certificates.

Games and promotional features[58]

Donating to charities[59]

Cheque Processing Module Adding pre-paid cell phone credit.

Increasingly banks are seeking to use the ATM as a sales device to deliver pre approvedloans and targeted advertising using products such as ITM (the Intelligent TellerMachine) from CR2 or Aptra Relate from NCR. ATMs can also act as an advertising
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channel for companies to advertise their own products or third-party products andservices.[60]

In Canada, ATMs are called guichets automatiques inFrench and sometimes "BankMachines" in English. The Interac shared cash network does not allow for the selling of

goods from ATMs due to specific security requirements for PIN entry when buyinggoods.[61]CIBC machines in Canada, are able to top-up the minutes on certain pay as yougo phones.

A South Korean ATM with mobile bank port and bar code reader

Manufacturers have demonstrated and have deployed several different technologies onATMs that have not yet reached worldwide acceptance, such as:

Biometrics, where authorization of transactions is based on the scanning of acustomer's fingerprint, iris, face, etc. Biometrics on ATMs can be found in Asia.[62][63][64]

Cheque/Cash Acceptance, where the ATM accepts and recognise cheques and/orcurrency without using envelopes[65]Expected to grow in importance in the USthrough Check 21 legislation.

Bar code scanning[66] On-demand printing of "items of value" (such as movie tickets, traveler's cheques,

etc.) Dispensing additional media (such as phone cards) Co-ordination of ATMs with mobile phones[67] Customer-specific advertising[68] Integration with non-banking equipment[69][70]

[edit] Reliability
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An ATM running Microsoft Windows that has crashed

Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone extensive testing

with both test money and the backend computer systems that allow it to performtransactions. Banking customers also have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs,[71] which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimize machine and networkfailures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide highdegrees of incentive to minimize malfunctions.[72]

ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, withindustry benchmarks typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs[73] andup to 99.999% availability for host systems. If ATMs do go out of service, customerscould be left without the ability to make transactions until the beginning of their bank'snext time of opening hours.

This said, not all errors are to the detriment of customers; there have been cases ofmachines giving out money without debiting the account, or giving out higher value notesas a result of incorrectdenomination ofbanknote being loaded in the money cassettes.Errors that can occur may be mechanical (such as card transport mechanisms; keypads;hard disk failures); software (such as operating system; device driver; application);communications; or purely down to operator error.

An ATM running OS/2 that has crashed
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To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll paper journal that isstored inside the ATM, which allows both the users of the ATMs and the related financialinstitutions to settle things based on the records in the journal in case there is a dispute. Insome cases, transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove the cost ofsupplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient searching of data.

Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer receivingcounterfeitbanknotes from an ATM. While bank personnel are generally trained better at spottingand removing counterfeit cash,[74][75] the resulting ATM money supplies used by banksprovide no absolute guarantee for proper banknotes, as the Federal Criminal PoliceOffice of Germanyhas confirmed that there are regularly incidents of false banknoteshaving been dispensed through bank ATMs.[76]Some ATMs may be stocked and whollyowned by outside companies, which can further complicate this problem.Bill validationtechnology can be used by ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cashbefore it is stocked in an ATM; ATMs that have cash recycling capabilities include thiscapability.[77]

[edit] Fraud

As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on tofunction are the targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use themtakes several forms.

The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall inManchester,Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, acriminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys were able to steal information from cardsinserted into the machine by customers.[78]

In some cases, bank fraud could occur at ATMs whereby the bank accidentally stocks theATM with bills in the wrong denomination, therefore giving the customer more moneythan should be dispensed.[79] The result of receiving too much money may be influencedon the card holder agreement in place between the customer and the bank.[80][81]

In a variation of this, WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach of September2006 where a hacker who had probably obtained a factory-default admin password for agas station's white label ATM caused the unit to assume it was loaded with $5 USD billsinstead of $20s, enabling himselfand many subsequent customersto walk away withfour times the money they said they wanted to withdraw.[82][83] This type of scam was

featured on the TV series The Real Hustle.

ATM behavior can change during what is called "stand-in" time, where the bank's cashdispensing network is unable to access databases that contain account information(possibly for database maintenance). In order to give customers access to cash, customersmay be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may be less than their usualdaily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed the amount of available money in theiraccount, which could result in fraud.[84]
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a automated teller machine

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