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General Anatomy

and Physiology

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Introduction

• Anatomy– Study of body structures

• Physiology– Study of body functions

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Ten Body Systems

• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine• Reproductive

• Circulatory• Digestive• Respiratory• Lymphatic• Immune

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Body Planes and Directions

• Sagittal plane– Divides body into left and right halves

• Transverse plane– Divides body into upper and lower sections

• Frontal plane– Divides body into front and back sections

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Body Planes and Directions

Click here to view the animation.

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity– Posterior portion of body – Spinal canal and cranial cavity

• Ventral cavity– Anterior portion of the body– Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the

pelvic cavity

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Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell

• Smallest basic unit of all systems

• Cells differ in appearance, function, and structure, based on their purpose

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Basic Structure and Functions of the Cell

• Cell components:– Cell membrane– Nucleus– Cytoplasm– Chromosomes

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Skeletal System• Functions:

– Support– Movement– Protection– Manufacturing of red blood cells– Storage of minerals

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Skeletal System

• Divisions of the skeletal system– Axial skeleton – Appendicular skeleton

• Number of bones• Adult = 206 Child = 270

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Skeletal System• Composition of the bone (osseous

tissue)– 20 percent water– Two thirds of the remainder are minerals or

inorganic matter– One third of the remainder is organic

matter • Cells, blood vessels, and cartilage

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Skeletal System

• Two types of bone tissue– Cancellous bone – Compact bone

• Osteoclast cells • Periosteum

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Skeletal System• Types of joints:

– Fibrous joints– Cartilaginous joints– Synovial joints

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Skeletal System• Common diseases

– Osteomyelitis– Osteoporosis– Cleft palate– Fractures– Temporomandibular joint disorder

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Muscular System• Functions of the muscular system

– Provides body movement and posture– Produces body heat– Moves food along digestive tract– Keeps heart beating

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Muscular System• Types of muscles

– Striated– Cardiac– Smooth

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Muscular System• Muscular characteristics

– Fibers are groups of muscle cells– Excitability (irritability) is the ability of

muscle tissue to respond to stimuli– Extensibility refers to muscle’s capacity to

stretch– Muscle tone is the tension of the muscular

system

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Muscular System• Muscle attachments

– Tendons– Aponeurosis– Ligaments

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Muscular System• How muscles work

– Antagonistic pairs:• One muscle contracts as its corresponding

muscle relaxes

– Muscles use energy in the form of glycogen

• Form of oxygen and glucose supplied via the blood system

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Muscular System• Conditions and diseases

– Strain– Sprain– Cramp– Inflammation

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Muscular System• Conditions and diseases

– Spasm– Atrophy– Fibromyalgia– Muscular Dystrophy– Myasthenia gravis

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Nervous System• Functions

– Transmits stimuli from outside and inside body

– Serves as body’s communication system– Maintains the body’s unity and harmony

through response and transmitting

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Nervous System• Structures

– Brain– Spinal cord– Nerve cells

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Nervous System• Spinal cord

– Center for reflex and involuntary response– Transmits stimuli from body to brain and

response is sent back to organ or muscle– Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves

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Nervous System• Brain and cranial nerves

– Receive incoming stimuli and interprets and processes information

– Twelve pairs of cranial nerves

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Nervous System• Diseases

– Neuritis– Multiple sclerosis (MS)– Parkinson’s disease– Bell’s palsy

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Endocrine System and Reproductive System

• Functions of the endocrine system– Controls body’s growth– Protects body in stressful situations by

releasing the fight-or-flight hormone– Promotes sexual development– Regulates water balance and use of calcium– Produces insulin

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Endocrine System

• Functions

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Endocrine System and Reproductive System

• Hormones– Control the internal environment of the

body from the cellular to organ level– Similar to thermostats

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Endocrine System and Reproductive System

• Dental concerns of the reproductive system– Main function of the male and female

reproduction system is creation of new life– Protection of these systems should be

provided during certain procedures:• Use of lead apron when exposing radiographs• Adequate ventilation during nitrous oxide sedation

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Endocrine System and Reproductive System

• Major glands of the endocrine system– Pituitary– Thyroid– Parathyroid– Adrenal– Pancreas– Testes– Ovaries

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Endocrine System and Reproductive System

• Diseases and conditions – Diabetes mellitus– Pregnancy– Hypothyroidism– Hyperthyroidism

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Circulatory System• Functions

– Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies throughout the body

– Removes waste

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Circulatory System• Heart

– Pump that circulates blood throughout the body

– Three layers:• Pericardium• Myocardium• Endocardium

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Circulatory System• Heart

– Atria• Right and left upper chambers

– Ventricle• Right and left lower chambers

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Circulatory System

• Heart valves– Tricuspid valve– Pulmonary valve– Mitral valve

• Bicuspid

– Aortic valve

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Circulatory System• Blood vessels

– Arteries– Veins– Capillaries

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Circulatory System• Blood has three main functions

– Transportation of nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones

– Regulates body fluids, Ph balance, body temperature

– Protects body from pathogens and blood loss after injury

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Circulatory System• Blood composition

– Plasma• Liquid portion of the blood

– Corpuscles• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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Circulatory System• Blood Groups: 5 types

– A– AB– B– O– ABO

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Circulatory System

• Pulmonary Circulation

• Systemic Circulation

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Circulatory System• Diseases and conditions

– Bacterial endocarditis– Hemophilia– Leukemia

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Digestive System• Functions

– Digestion– Absorption– Elimination

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Digestive System• Parts of the digestive system

– Alimentary canal• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Duodenum• Large intestine

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Digestive System

– Accessory organs• Teeth• Tongue• Salivary glands• Liver• Gallbladder• Pancreas

• Parts of the digestive system

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Digestive System• Diseases and conditions

– Tooth decay– Periodontal disease– Bulimia– Hepatitis

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Respiratory System

• Functions– Supplying body with oxygen – Exhaling waste product carbon dioxide

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Respiratory System

• Parts of the respiratory system– Nose– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi– Lungs

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Respiratory System• Diseases

– Asthma– Tuberculosis– Lung cancer– Cold– Pneumonia– Bronchitis

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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Function of the lymphatic system– A network of vessels that drains and filters the

tissue fluid that surrounds cells

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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Parts of the lymphatic system– Lymph– Lymph vessels– Lymph nodes– Spleen– Thymus gland– Tonsils

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Lymphatic andImmune Systems

• Function of the immune system– Protects and defends the body from foreign

invaders

• Immunity– Nonspecific immunity– Specific immunity

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Lymphatic andImmune Systems

• Diseases and conditions– Tonsillitis– Hodgkin’s disease– Allergy– Immune deficiency disease