anatomy and physiology chapter 1 introduction. anatomy and physiology anatomy: the study of the...
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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body
Physiology: the study of how living things perform various functions of life.
* This course will examine the anatomy and physiology of the human body.
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Microscopic Anatomy:– Dealing with individual
molecules and biochemistry.
Cytology:– Structure of cells
Histology:– Studies how
specialized cells work together to form tissues.
Gross Anatomy: of organs– Regional anatomy:
specific region of body.
– Systemic anatomy: major organ systems.
Cell Physiology:– Function of organelles
Organ Physiology:– Cardiac physiology– Renal physiology
Systemic Physiology:– Respiratory
physiology: study of the respiratory organ system
Pathological Physiology:– Study of disease with
its physiological effects of body systems.
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Levels of Organization
1. Chemical or Molecular Level2. Cellular Level of Organization: organelles3. Tissues: several types of tissues will join
together to form…4. Organs: e.g. Stomach, liver, gall bladder
will join together to form…5. Organ systems: all the organ systems
together make up…6. Organism: highest level of living
organization.
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Organ System Groups
Organ systems of the body have been classified into eleven groups
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Integumentary
Major Organs– Skin– Hair follicles– Sweat glands– nails
Major Function– Protection from:– Environmental hazards– Moisture– Temperature control
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Skeletal
Major organs– Bones– Cartilage– Bone marrow
Major Function– Support and protection of:– Soft tissues– Locomotion– Mineral storage– Blood formation
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Muscular
Major organs– Skeletal muscles
Major Function– Locomotion– Support– Heat production
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Nervous
Major Organs:– Brain– Spinal cord– Peripheral nerves
Major Function– Direction immediate response to
stimulus– Coordinating activities of other organ
systems
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Endocrine
Major Organs:– Glands: pituitary, thyroid, etc.– Kidneys– Pancreas– Testes– Ovaries
Major Function:– Directing long term changes in the
activities of other organ systems.– Hormone production
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Cardiovascular
Major Organs– Heart– Blood vessels– Blood
Major Functions:– Internal transport of cells and dissolved
materials including nutrients, wastes and gases.
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Lymphatic
Major Organs– Lymphatic vessels– Lymph nodes– Spleen– Thymus
Major Function:– Defense against infection and disease
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Respiratory
Major Organs– Lungs– Nasal cavities– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi, alveoli
Major Functions– Delivery of air to sites where gas
exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
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Digestive
Major Organs– Salivary glands– Pharynx, esophagus– Stomach– Small intestine– Liver– Gall bladder– Pancreas– Large intestine
Major Function– Processing of food and absorption of
nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water
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Urinary
Major Organs– Kidneys– Ureters– Urinary bladder– Urethra
Major Function– Elimination of excess water, salts and
waste products
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Reproductive
Major Organs– Testes and accessory organs– Penis– Scrotum– Uterus– Ovaries – Mammary glands
Major Function– Production of sex cells and hormones
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Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment which allows the organism to survive
Disease: failure to maintain homeostasis
Adjustments that preserve homeostasis are called:
Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation 1. A stimulus is received by a receptor 2. The information is carried from the
receptor to a control center which interprets the stimulus and sends information through…
3. an effector which in turn carries that information to target organs and tissues which…
4. do something in response to the initial stimulus.
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Homeostatic Mechanisms(both are automatic)
AUTOREGULATION– Changes occur automatically when there
is environmental variation– Example: when cells in the blood need
more oxygen they chemically dialate the blood vessels in that area.
EXTRINSIC REGULATION– Nervous system
or endocrine system controls or adjusts many different systems simultaneously.
– Example: when you exercise: heart rate increases, blood flow is reduced to inactive organs (digestive system)
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Homeostatic Reactions
Negative Feedback (Teeter Totter)– Triggers and automatic response that
corrects a variation outside of normal limits.
– Most homeostatic reactions involve negative feedback.
Example: body temperature
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Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback (Domino Effect)– Triggers an automatic response that
REINFORCES a stimulus. – Not as common Example: labor and child birth