Step 4Individual Differences & Motivation

- Individual Differences- Factors influencing differences- Implications in the classroom

- Personality & Self-esteem- Motivation

- Characteristics of Motivation- Types of Motivation

- Intrinsic- Extrinsic

Individual Differences• Individual difference refers to the uniqueness and the variety that exists

among different human beings• different personalities, motivation, intelligence, ability, interest, values and

self-concept.

• Differences due to gender, intelligence and personality affect teaching and learning too.

• PHYSICAL • COGNITIVE• SOCIAL• EMOTIONAL • CULTURAL & RELIGIOUS

Plato says, “No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another.”

Early Childhood Development• Physical Growth – size, height, weight• Skills Development – mind & intelligence &

personality

Factors affecting Growth and Development

• Genetic Factors– determine the potential and

limitations of growth and development

– congenital malformations, hormonal disturbances, disability, genetic diseases

– Traits and talents also inherited

Factors…• Environmental Factors

– Favourable factors• adequate nutrition, learning

opportunities– Unfavourable factors

• malnutrition, infections, lack of emotional support, lack of play, and lack of language training.

Both factors

influence children

Factors Affecting Difference in Individuals:

Genes – inherited from parents

Social – influence of other people

Lifestyle – choices that one makes

Environment – situation &

opportunities Genetic

Inheritance Gender Twins Physical

features  

Family relationships

Ethnicity and religion

Friendships

Life Experiences (birth, marriage, death and divorce)

Income Diet Material possessions Exercise

Employment & unemployment

Alcohol & smoking

 

Pollution Housing

conditions Educational

experiences Access to health

and welfare services

Experience of illness or disease

  

Factors influencing differencesThe Social Context: • Relationships with peers and adults,

– Families, schools and peer groups.

The Cultural Context: • Cultural values & customs,

– How children relate to their parents, – the type of education – type of childcare.

The Socioeconomic Context: • Parents’ status

– how much education people have, – how much money they earn, – the job they hold and where they live,– access to opportunities – health care, quality nutrition and education.

Implications in the classroom

• Plan classroom management • Vary teaching strategy

–pair teaching –use cooperative learning–collaborative group

• Group pupils homogenously • Individual teaching • Coach after class time• Counsellor to parents

Personality

• Personality theories attempt to study individual behaviour and factors that cause these differences.

• Personality consists of two aspects, that is, character and trait.

‘Personality’ originated from the Latin word, ‘persona’ that means “face mask”. Persona is the image that one presents to the world which is different from the inner self.

Character & Traits

• Character – combination of qualities like honesty,

trust, cleanliness, tolerance, kindness and pity.

• Trait – acquired since birth through learning

from the environment around like permanent characteristics such as being an introvert or extrovert.

Change Attitudes to Improve Personality

Build positive personalities by focusing on:• Physical appearance

– attire and dressing• Social development

– social etiquette • Psychological development (mental and

emotional) – acquiring confidence with increasing

knowledge and skills, positive thinking– handling positive and negative emotions,

moods – understanding & inculcating values and good

belief systems•

Personality can be Improved

Feelings

Thoughts & Thinking

Positive Personality

Self-concept

Attitudes Social attitudes

Moods / Emotions

Self-esteem

Self-esteem• Self-concept is the way in one perceives

oneself.

Self esteem is the positive or negative evaluations of the self.

Negative Self Esteem• Labeling behaviours • Unpleasant experiences or failures

that one has encountered • Criticism• Lack of Love and acceptance• Low Achievement in studies and

sports• Lack Socialisation skills• Coming from Socio-economic

Background• Physical Appearance

Motivation

• Is an internal need, desire or want that cause certain behaviours

• It determines how well one performs in any action like singing, learning, playing, etc.

• Two factors that influence – motives (goal or urge) – Incentives (reward)

Types of Motivation

MOTIVATION

INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC C

Operant Conditioning Social Needs Cognitive (mental) Physical (Biological)

Affective (Emotional) Spiritual (moral/ ethical)

Video clips

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKpWb1F5Vjc

• Preschoolers’ Growth & Developmenthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5Ntw-TwNnE