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VisionVision''''Prosperous and Prosperous and

cohesive Eastern cohesive Eastern Africa farmers Africa farmers

community”community”

MissionMission

““Represent, lobby and Represent, lobby and advocate for advocate for

farmers interests farmers interests and buildand build their

capacities.” www.eaffu.org; ; info@eaffu.org; ; Nairobi, KenyaNairobi, Kenya

The Voice of Farmers of Eastern Africa

EASTERNEASTERNAFRICAAFRICA

FARMERSFARMERSFEDERATIONFEDERATION

(EAFF)(EAFF)

TOPICTOPIC: : production systemsproduction systems

CASE STUDY: Horticulture CASE STUDY: Horticulture

By Stephen MuchiriBy Stephen MuchiriCEO-EAFFCEO-EAFF

EURO-AFRICA MEETING EURO-AFRICA MEETING LONDONLONDON

SEPTEMBER 2010SEPTEMBER 2010

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Outline Outline

1.1. Introduction Introduction

2.2. Local food websLocal food webs

3.3. Processes disrupting local food websProcesses disrupting local food webs

4.4. Measures processes & technologies affecting food sovereignty Measures processes & technologies affecting food sovereignty

5.5. Actions, processes and research to improve food sovereignty Actions, processes and research to improve food sovereignty

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1) Introduction 1) Introduction Since 1985 horticultural produce and commodities have been experiencing Since 1985 horticultural produce and commodities have been experiencing

increasing importance in developing countries, especially fruits and vegetables increasing importance in developing countries, especially fruits and vegetables

making up a large proportion of their exports. Future growth will likely depend on making up a large proportion of their exports. Future growth will likely depend on

rising and changes in demand in both developed and developing countries and on rising and changes in demand in both developed and developing countries and on

the capability of emerging economies to maintain or increase their competitive the capability of emerging economies to maintain or increase their competitive

strength in world markets. strength in world markets.

Agricultural productivity in most sub-Saharan countries is 2-3 times lower than the Agricultural productivity in most sub-Saharan countries is 2-3 times lower than the

world average and the production gap between developing and developed world average and the production gap between developing and developed

countries is widening.countries is widening.

Horticulture commodities are predominantly produced by small (<1 acre) to Horticulture commodities are predominantly produced by small (<1 acre) to

medium scale farmers (10 acres) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where only 10% of medium scale farmers (10 acres) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where only 10% of

the land is considered arable. For example, smallholder farmers in Kenya generate the land is considered arable. For example, smallholder farmers in Kenya generate

40 to 50% of total exports and 90% of the commodities consumed locally40 to 50% of total exports and 90% of the commodities consumed locally

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Introduction Introduction

Major constraints facing horticulture smallholder farmers include: high inputs Major constraints facing horticulture smallholder farmers include: high inputs

costs, insecurity, poor storage, farm and road infrastructure, inadequate costs, insecurity, poor storage, farm and road infrastructure, inadequate

extension support services, limited awareness on market access or market extension support services, limited awareness on market access or market

standards, limited farmer institutions/centres for specific training and standards, limited farmer institutions/centres for specific training and

information channeling related to horticulture hence minimal capacity building information channeling related to horticulture hence minimal capacity building

particularly in production. Those smallholder farmers producing for export face particularly in production. Those smallholder farmers producing for export face

additional challenges such as: inaccurate trade data, limited compliance to additional challenges such as: inaccurate trade data, limited compliance to

regulatory standards i.e. good agricultural practices or trade standards, TBTs regulatory standards i.e. good agricultural practices or trade standards, TBTs

like “food miles” and increasing freight charges like “food miles” and increasing freight charges

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2) local food webs 2) local food webs Vegetable production constitutes a key component of the livelihood strategy for Vegetable production constitutes a key component of the livelihood strategy for

poor farmers, providing revenues and jobs in developing countries while improving poor farmers, providing revenues and jobs in developing countries while improving

general nutrition. Root vegetables are staple foods in many African countries. general nutrition. Root vegetables are staple foods in many African countries.

Although some African city dwellers produce food, both for their own consumption Although some African city dwellers produce food, both for their own consumption

and commercial sale, most purchase their food. This urban market is much more and commercial sale, most purchase their food. This urban market is much more

accessible than export markets to rural and peri-urban producers. In most cases, accessible than export markets to rural and peri-urban producers. In most cases,

especially non-processed food, domestic producers can compete with imported especially non-processed food, domestic producers can compete with imported

products. Urban dwellers do not follow the same consumption diet as their rural products. Urban dwellers do not follow the same consumption diet as their rural

counterparts, preferring greater amounts of meat, dairy, oils and fats, and fruit counterparts, preferring greater amounts of meat, dairy, oils and fats, and fruit

and vegetables such as tomatoes and potatoes, and they increasingly demand a and vegetables such as tomatoes and potatoes, and they increasingly demand a

year-round supply of these items. Rural producers need to first understand what is year-round supply of these items. Rural producers need to first understand what is

in demand, then how to supply it year round. This applies to intermediate goods in demand, then how to supply it year round. This applies to intermediate goods

as well—for example, greater demand for meat and dairy will also imply a greater as well—for example, greater demand for meat and dairy will also imply a greater

demand for grains as feed for animals.demand for grains as feed for animals.

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local food webs local food webs Fruit and vegetables account for about one-sixth of the value of EU agricultural Fruit and vegetables account for about one-sixth of the value of EU agricultural

production. The EU is the second largest producer in the world, the second production. The EU is the second largest producer in the world, the second

largest exporter and the largest importer of fruit and vegetables. In line with the largest exporter and the largest importer of fruit and vegetables. In line with the

earlier EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), price support was a major feature earlier EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), price support was a major feature

of the EU fruit and vegetable regime, implemented largely through the of the EU fruit and vegetable regime, implemented largely through the

establishment of a minimum grower price for specific products falling under the establishment of a minimum grower price for specific products falling under the

fruit and vegetable regime. This gave rise to an associated entry price system fruit and vegetable regime. This gave rise to an associated entry price system

(operating on the basis of minimum import prices) to regulate trade in fruit and (operating on the basis of minimum import prices) to regulate trade in fruit and

vegetables. However, CAP reforms in 1996, 2001 and 2007 saw the vegetables. However, CAP reforms in 1996, 2001 and 2007 saw the

abandonment of price support in favour of increased levels of direct aid to abandonment of price support in favour of increased levels of direct aid to

farmers. The incorporation of the fruit and vegetable sector into the single farmers. The incorporation of the fruit and vegetable sector into the single

payment scheme was in line with the wider development of the CAP. Within this payment scheme was in line with the wider development of the CAP. Within this

process of reform, increasing emphasis has been placed on support to producer process of reform, increasing emphasis has been placed on support to producer

organizations. organizations.

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local food webs local food webs   Despite these reforms, the EU, according USDA, continues to operate an external Despite these reforms, the EU, according USDA, continues to operate an external

trade regime for fruit and vegetables regulated through a complex system of trade regime for fruit and vegetables regulated through a complex system of

import quotas, seasonal restrictions and preferential trade arrangements, guided import quotas, seasonal restrictions and preferential trade arrangements, guided

by the entry price system. For processed products, additional duties are charged by the entry price system. For processed products, additional duties are charged

based on the sugar content of the product, except for the ACP/LDC group based on the sugar content of the product, except for the ACP/LDC group

(countries both in the ACP and least developed countries), where full duty-free, (countries both in the ACP and least developed countries), where full duty-free,

quota-free access for sugar is now enjoyed. About 37 ACP countries are involved quota-free access for sugar is now enjoyed. About 37 ACP countries are involved

in exporting fruit and vegetables to the EU, accounting for less than 10% of EU in exporting fruit and vegetables to the EU, accounting for less than 10% of EU

imports. The reform process in the fruit and vegetable sector has, by lowering EU imports. The reform process in the fruit and vegetable sector has, by lowering EU

producer prices, reduced the attractiveness of the EU market for undifferentiated producer prices, reduced the attractiveness of the EU market for undifferentiated

fruit and vegetable exports from the ACP. In the case of the ACP, the challenge fruit and vegetable exports from the ACP. In the case of the ACP, the challenge

faced is compounded by increased competition from third-country suppliers, as faced is compounded by increased competition from third-country suppliers, as

the EU concludes a growing range of bilateral preferential trade arrangements the EU concludes a growing range of bilateral preferential trade arrangements

with competitive suppliers in the fruit and vegetable sector, and the stricter with competitive suppliers in the fruit and vegetable sector, and the stricter

enforcement of food safety standards and the growing role of private voluntary enforcement of food safety standards and the growing role of private voluntary

standards in determining access to certain components of the EU market. standards in determining access to certain components of the EU market.

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local food webs local food webs Against this background, ACP horticultural suppliers have to show considerable Against this background, ACP horticultural suppliers have to show considerable

dynamic innovation through raising their quality standards, making greater use of dynamic innovation through raising their quality standards, making greater use of

maritime transport wherever feasible, investing in new technology, rationalizing maritime transport wherever feasible, investing in new technology, rationalizing

costs, exploring economies of scale and using ‘intelligent’ packaging. The need costs, exploring economies of scale and using ‘intelligent’ packaging. The need

for a dynamic response to market changes will intensify in the coming years for a dynamic response to market changes will intensify in the coming years

under the influence of: under the influence of:

a)a) The erosion of ACP margins of tariff preferences for fruit and vegetable The erosion of ACP margins of tariff preferences for fruit and vegetable

products through both multilateral and bilateral processes of EU tariff products through both multilateral and bilateral processes of EU tariff

liberalisation;liberalisation;

b)b) EU price reductions induced by the consequences of reform and EU price reductions induced by the consequences of reform and

improved market access for third-country suppliers;improved market access for third-country suppliers;

c)c) The emergence of China as a major supplier of vegetables.The emergence of China as a major supplier of vegetables.

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local food webs local food webs

Some ACP country producers have responded to preference erosion and declining Some ACP country producers have responded to preference erosion and declining

prices by moving up-market in terms of products, while adding value through various prices by moving up-market in terms of products, while adding value through various

forms of packaging and processing. Others, however, have simply exited the trade. forms of packaging and processing. Others, however, have simply exited the trade.

Since 1 January 2008, all ACP countries whose governments have initialed or signed Since 1 January 2008, all ACP countries whose governments have initialed or signed

an interim or full EPA, or which are classified as LDCs and so benefit from the an interim or full EPA, or which are classified as LDCs and so benefit from the

‘Everything But Arms’ (EBA) initiative, have enjoyed full duty-free, quota-free access ‘Everything But Arms’ (EBA) initiative, have enjoyed full duty-free, quota-free access

to the EU market for all fruit and vegetable exports. The most significant impact of to the EU market for all fruit and vegetable exports. The most significant impact of

this measure has been the removal of all seasonal and special duty restrictions which this measure has been the removal of all seasonal and special duty restrictions which

formerly applied under Declaration XXII provisions of the Cotonou Agreement. This is formerly applied under Declaration XXII provisions of the Cotonou Agreement. This is

of greatest importance to exporters in non-least developed countries, which now find of greatest importance to exporters in non-least developed countries, which now find

themselves with the same market access as LDCs, a development which in some themselves with the same market access as LDCs, a development which in some

important cases (e.g. Kenya and the Dominican Republic) makes it easier to attract important cases (e.g. Kenya and the Dominican Republic) makes it easier to attract

investment in fruit and vegetable sector development, in the face of increased investment in fruit and vegetable sector development, in the face of increased

competition for investment from LDCs. competition for investment from LDCs.

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local food webs local food webs Food safety regulations are a particular challenge in the fruit and vegetable Food safety regulations are a particular challenge in the fruit and vegetable

sector, and represent an increasingly important factor in the export trade. These sector, and represent an increasingly important factor in the export trade. These

regulations are placing growing demands on private sector producers and public regulations are placing growing demands on private sector producers and public

authorities responsible for food safety control and compliance verificationauthorities responsible for food safety control and compliance verification

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3) Processes technologies disrupting 3) Processes technologies disrupting or damaging food websor damaging food webs

There had been for some time growing concern in east and southern Africa that There had been for some time growing concern in east and southern Africa that

‘food miles’ campaigners could undermine the market for exported horticulture ‘food miles’ campaigners could undermine the market for exported horticulture

and floriculture products. ‘Food miles’ campaigners advocate that consumers buy and floriculture products. ‘Food miles’ campaigners advocate that consumers buy

the products that have travelled the fewest miles to their point of sale as a way of the products that have travelled the fewest miles to their point of sale as a way of

reducing environmental impact. In January 2009 the UK Soil Association reducing environmental impact. In January 2009 the UK Soil Association

announced its decision to terminate its support for a campaign to label imported announced its decision to terminate its support for a campaign to label imported

horticulture and floriculture products with an aeroplane sticker designed to horticulture and floriculture products with an aeroplane sticker designed to

highlight the carbon footprint of imported products. According to press reports, highlight the carbon footprint of imported products. According to press reports,

the campaign had been encouraging people to buy goods which had travelled a the campaign had been encouraging people to buy goods which had travelled a

minimal distance to market. minimal distance to market.

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Processes technologies disrupting or Processes technologies disrupting or damaging food websdamaging food webs

The KFC, highlighting the findings of its own research which showed that carbon The KFC, highlighting the findings of its own research which showed that carbon

emissions per capita in Kenya are only 2% of what they are in the UK, and that emissions per capita in Kenya are only 2% of what they are in the UK, and that

travelling 6.5 miles to a local supermarket to do your shopping left the equivalent travelling 6.5 miles to a local supermarket to do your shopping left the equivalent

carbon footprint of ‘flying a pack of Kenyan green beans to the UK’carbon footprint of ‘flying a pack of Kenyan green beans to the UK’

With the decision of the Soil Association to take a more nuanced approach With the decision of the Soil Association to take a more nuanced approach

involving monitoring the contribution of air-freighted foods to people’s livelihoods involving monitoring the contribution of air-freighted foods to people’s livelihoods

and communicating the development benefits of organic agriculture in developing and communicating the development benefits of organic agriculture in developing

countries, concerns in eastern and southern Africa over the food miles debate countries, concerns in eastern and southern Africa over the food miles debate

have been eased. This was particularly welcome, since efforts to reduce the have been eased. This was particularly welcome, since efforts to reduce the

carbon footprint of East Africa’s fresh produce export by making greater use of carbon footprint of East Africa’s fresh produce export by making greater use of

sea freight wherever possible, are being undermined by piracy in the Gulf of sea freight wherever possible, are being undermined by piracy in the Gulf of

Aden. This has caused the costs of sea freight for fresh produce to double.Aden. This has caused the costs of sea freight for fresh produce to double.

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Processes technologies disrupting or Processes technologies disrupting or damaging food websdamaging food webs

The situation unfortunately could become worse if insurance underwriters were to The situation unfortunately could become worse if insurance underwriters were to

declare the region a war zone, -would make insurance cover impossible to secure declare the region a war zone, -would make insurance cover impossible to secure

and force exporters to use the longer Cape sea route. A range of fresh produce and force exporters to use the longer Cape sea route. A range of fresh produce

exports would be non-viable. The food miles debate was renewed in the run-up to exports would be non-viable. The food miles debate was renewed in the run-up to

the 2009 UN Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. This saw the emergence the 2009 UN Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. This saw the emergence

of the concept of ‘fair miles’ as a counterweight to a more narrowly focused of the concept of ‘fair miles’ as a counterweight to a more narrowly focused

debate on food miles. The approach was publicly articulated in a report published debate on food miles. The approach was publicly articulated in a report published

jointly by Oxfam and the IIED, with a focus on the ‘complexities of the food supply jointly by Oxfam and the IIED, with a focus on the ‘complexities of the food supply

chain and its social, political and economic repercussions’ and argued for an chain and its social, political and economic repercussions’ and argued for an

approach to assessing the environmental impact of production and trade that approach to assessing the environmental impact of production and trade that

encompasses these complexities. The report argued that ‘western consumer encompasses these complexities. The report argued that ‘western consumer

concern over climate change can do more harm than good if it cuts demand for concern over climate change can do more harm than good if it cuts demand for

food produced in developing nations’ food produced in developing nations’

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4. Measures, processes, technologies that disrupt or 4. Measures, processes, technologies that disrupt or damage of vegetable production as horticultural damage of vegetable production as horticultural

crops and the impact of impact of imports, industrial crops and the impact of impact of imports, industrial food systems and food exports and food sovereignty. food systems and food exports and food sovereignty.

At the root of this alarming description of food insecurity is an unstable social and At the root of this alarming description of food insecurity is an unstable social and political environment that has precluded sustainable economic growth. A number political environment that has precluded sustainable economic growth. A number of factors have converged to create this instability: of factors have converged to create this instability:

a) a) Poor economic policiesPoor economic policies have inhibited the development of agriculture based on have inhibited the development of agriculture based on comparative advantage and intensification of agriculture, retarding economic comparative advantage and intensification of agriculture, retarding economic growth; growing population pressures have combined with a lack of investment in growth; growing population pressures have combined with a lack of investment in human resource development, further stressing the natural resource base; civil human resource development, further stressing the natural resource base; civil strife and a scarcity of democratic institutions have undermined sustainable strife and a scarcity of democratic institutions have undermined sustainable growth strategies; and the natural resource base of the region is highly uneven, growth strategies; and the natural resource base of the region is highly uneven, and several countries have limited areas of high agricultural production and several countries have limited areas of high agricultural production potentials. Linked to weak national institutions are weak regional institutions potentials. Linked to weak national institutions are weak regional institutions precluding effective action on these underlying causes. These causes and their precluding effective action on these underlying causes. These causes and their relative importance should be jointly analyzed with African organizations to help relative importance should be jointly analyzed with African organizations to help guide integrated efforts to overcome food insecurity.guide integrated efforts to overcome food insecurity.

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Measures, processes, technologies cont. Measures, processes, technologies cont.

b) Agricultural intensificationb) Agricultural intensification and the development of product markets and and the development of product markets and

processing industries have not occurred partly because of a poor policy processing industries have not occurred partly because of a poor policy

framework that has led to inadequate research, a lack of appropriate technologies framework that has led to inadequate research, a lack of appropriate technologies

and weak dissemination of existing technologies. Many policies persist that and weak dissemination of existing technologies. Many policies persist that

neglect the critical role of women in agriculture and restrict their full involvement neglect the critical role of women in agriculture and restrict their full involvement

in that and other sectors.in that and other sectors.

c) Economic and agricultural policies c) Economic and agricultural policies that distort prices of agricultural inputs and that distort prices of agricultural inputs and

outputs adversely affect investment in agricultural production, marketing and outputs adversely affect investment in agricultural production, marketing and

storage, and incomes earned from these activities. While SAPs appeared to storage, and incomes earned from these activities. While SAPs appeared to

improve some critical pricing and administrative control issues, difficult policy improve some critical pricing and administrative control issues, difficult policy

problems remain especially privatization, land tenure, access to critical inputs, problems remain especially privatization, land tenure, access to critical inputs,

and international and domestic trade. Policy reform is a high priority because it is and international and domestic trade. Policy reform is a high priority because it is

a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for growth.a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for growth.

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Measures, processes, technologies Measures, processes, technologies cont. cont.

d) Weak market integrationd) Weak market integration due to both poor infrastructure and domestic and due to both poor infrastructure and domestic and

international trade restrictions affect the ability of food surplus countries and international trade restrictions affect the ability of food surplus countries and

regions to export to food deficit countries and regions. Public infrastructure, an regions to export to food deficit countries and regions. Public infrastructure, an

important condition for both food availability and access, remains limited in all important condition for both food availability and access, remains limited in all

countries. For example, road systems do not reach the majority of the population countries. For example, road systems do not reach the majority of the population

in Ethiopia and are a woefully inadequate support to an active and extensive in Ethiopia and are a woefully inadequate support to an active and extensive

agricultural trade in Tanzania. The eight major railroad systems in the region are agricultural trade in Tanzania. The eight major railroad systems in the region are

in various stages of disrepair. Cross-border trade restrictions as well as in various stages of disrepair. Cross-border trade restrictions as well as

restrictions on internal movement of foodstuffs have prohibited the private sector restrictions on internal movement of foodstuffs have prohibited the private sector

from responding to shortages when and where they exist. Some progress has from responding to shortages when and where they exist. Some progress has

been made in lifting these restrictions, but additional policy analysis and reforms been made in lifting these restrictions, but additional policy analysis and reforms

are needed. are needed.

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Measures, processes, technologies cont. Measures, processes, technologies cont.

e) e) Liberalization of marketing systemsLiberalization of marketing systems has encouraged the growth of small has encouraged the growth of small

trading firms and entrepreneurs in several countries, but viable commercial trading firms and entrepreneurs in several countries, but viable commercial

enterprises throughout the food system (storage, assembly, processing and enterprises throughout the food system (storage, assembly, processing and

marketing) are lacking. The lack of development of efficient services is to some marketing) are lacking. The lack of development of efficient services is to some

extent linked to the inadequacy of roads and the availability and cost of trucking. extent linked to the inadequacy of roads and the availability and cost of trucking.

In many areas private traders are not able to respond to the liberalized markets In many areas private traders are not able to respond to the liberalized markets

because of lack of access to working capital. In addition to policy constraints, because of lack of access to working capital. In addition to policy constraints,

firms in this area need technology, financing and management support to firms in this area need technology, financing and management support to

increase food availability at low cost.increase food availability at low cost.

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MMeasures, processes, technologies easures, processes, technologies cont. cont.

F) East African countries have registered rapid rate of urbanization F) East African countries have registered rapid rate of urbanization (6-8 (6-8

%) during the last four decades. Since the 1970s, urban agriculture has recorded %) during the last four decades. Since the 1970s, urban agriculture has recorded

significant growth. The following key factors have accelerated the growth of significant growth. The following key factors have accelerated the growth of

urban agriculture as a survival strategy by the poor urban farming families: a) urban agriculture as a survival strategy by the poor urban farming families: a)

rapid urbanization, b) ineffective agricultural policies, c) crippled domestic food-rapid urbanization, b) ineffective agricultural policies, c) crippled domestic food-

distribution systems, d) constrained public spending and subsidies, wage cuts, distribution systems, d) constrained public spending and subsidies, wage cuts,

soaring inflation and e) rising unemployment, f) plummeting purchasing power, soaring inflation and e) rising unemployment, f) plummeting purchasing power,

and g) lax urban land use regulations or enforcement. Globally, about 200 million and g) lax urban land use regulations or enforcement. Globally, about 200 million

urban dwellers are now urban farmers, providing food and income to about 700 urban dwellers are now urban farmers, providing food and income to about 700

million people (DGIP/UNDP 1993). The growth of urban agriculture has taken million people (DGIP/UNDP 1993). The growth of urban agriculture has taken

place in the face of socio-economic prejudices in form of planning standards and place in the face of socio-economic prejudices in form of planning standards and

regulations that exclude agriculture from urban land use systems. regulations that exclude agriculture from urban land use systems.

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Measures, processes, technologies Measures, processes, technologies cont.cont.

Although urban agriculture is tolerated in Kenya, town planning legislative Although urban agriculture is tolerated in Kenya, town planning legislative

provisions do not recognise urban agriculture as a legitimate land use that should provisions do not recognise urban agriculture as a legitimate land use that should

be provided for in the urban areas. In the case of Tanzania, efforts have been be provided for in the urban areas. In the case of Tanzania, efforts have been

made to integrate urban agriculture into the urban land use system, but little has made to integrate urban agriculture into the urban land use system, but little has

been done to actualise the legislative provisions. Therefore, it has not been been done to actualise the legislative provisions. Therefore, it has not been

possible to harness the full potential of urban agriculture in employment, income possible to harness the full potential of urban agriculture in employment, income

and food supply. and food supply.

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5. Actions, processes, research systems that would help 5. Actions, processes, research systems that would help strengthen vegetable production as a horticultural crop and strengthen vegetable production as a horticultural crop and

improve food sovereignty – access, availability, sustainability, improve food sovereignty – access, availability, sustainability, resilience resilience

To improve food sovereignty in East African Countries would involve To improve food sovereignty in East African Countries would involve

a) Establishment of food sovereignty policiesa) Establishment of food sovereignty policies; at a time when halving worlds, ; at a time when halving worlds,

poverty and eradicating hunger are at the forefront of the international poverty and eradicating hunger are at the forefront of the international

development agenda, reinforcing the diversity and vibrancy of local food development agenda, reinforcing the diversity and vibrancy of local food

systems should also be at the forefront of the international policy agenda. systems should also be at the forefront of the international policy agenda.

b) Controlling the supply and demand imbalanceb) Controlling the supply and demand imbalance which increases the secular which increases the secular

demand and purchasing power in recent years on the one hand and a price demand and purchasing power in recent years on the one hand and a price

crisis on the other rising from the malfunctioning and manipulation of markets. crisis on the other rising from the malfunctioning and manipulation of markets.

c) Speculation and export restrictions in food commodity marketc) Speculation and export restrictions in food commodity market- it - it

appears increasingly likely that the global food price surge is linked to recent appears increasingly likely that the global food price surge is linked to recent

volatility and turmoil in global finance. More countries prefer to produce their volatility and turmoil in global finance. More countries prefer to produce their

own food locally to feed their nations and in an event of a food surplus they own food locally to feed their nations and in an event of a food surplus they

export. export.

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Actions, processes, research systems Actions, processes, research systems cont...cont...

d) Energy costs, biofuels and food securityd) Energy costs, biofuels and food security: Higher energy prices have made : Higher energy prices have made

agricultural production and food processing and distribution more expensive by agricultural production and food processing and distribution more expensive by

raising the costs of inputs such as fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, farm machinery raising the costs of inputs such as fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, farm machinery

use and irrigation, as well as of transport and manufacturing processes. use and irrigation, as well as of transport and manufacturing processes.

e) Mitigating impacts of climate changee) Mitigating impacts of climate change; developing countries most of which ; developing countries most of which

are in Africa have little or no contingency plan in case of destruction of the food are in Africa have little or no contingency plan in case of destruction of the food

due to climate change. Strategies should be put in place to circumvent the due to climate change. Strategies should be put in place to circumvent the

situation in case of a disaster like this one. situation in case of a disaster like this one.

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The EndThe EndTHANK YOU!THANK YOU!

MERCI!MERCI!