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3B Scientific®

© 3B Scientific GmbH, Germany

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#01 Trunk, asexual

#03 Trunk, with open back section

#14 Head with four-part brain

#15 Four-part brain hemisphere

#16 Eye, open

#24 Lungs

#25 Heart

#26 Liver and stomach

#28 Entire intestine

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3B Scientific®


© 3B Scientific GmbH, Germany 06/01-1 ## -- 0011

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© 3B Scientific GmbH, Germany

Trunk, asexual

06/01-1 ## -- 0011

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Right external carotid arteryRight internal jugular veinRight superior thyroid arteryThyroid cartilageRight common carotid arteryCricoid cartilage [annular cartilage]Thyroid glandInferior thyroid veinScalenus anterior muscleTrachea [windpipe]Right subclavain veinRight brachiocephalic veinSuperior vena cavaRight lungPectoralis major musclePectoralis minor muscleSerratus anterior muscleRight inferior lobar bronchusExternal intercostal muscles6th ribDiaphragmObliquus externus abdominis muscleAbdominal part of esophagusCostal part of diaphragmDiaphragm, lumbar partRight suprarenal glandCeliac trunkInferior vena cavaRenal pelvisRenal veinUreterRight testicular arteryCrest of iliumRight common iliac veinRight common iliac arteryPromontoryIliacus muscleTransversus abdominis muscleObliquus internus abdominis muscleObliquus externus abdominis muscleBladderRectus abdominis muscleLeft internal carotid arteryHyoid bonePreepiglottic fat padSternocleidomastoideus muscleLeft common carotid arteryCricothyroid muscleLeft internal jugular vein

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Left superior thyroid arteryInferior belly of omohyoid muscleLeft subclavian arteryClavicleLeft brachiocephalic veinAscending aortaSuperior left pulmonary veinLeft pulmonary arteryBifurcation of tracheaLeft principal bronchusEsophagus [gullet]Thoracic part of aortaBronchus of left inferior lobeLeft lungForamen of vena cavaParietal pleuraSpleenSuprarenal gland [adrenal gland]Hilum of spleenLeft suprarenal veinAbdominal aortaLeft kidneyLeft ureterLeft testicular veinQuadratus lumborum muscleLeft testicular arteryLeft common iliac arteryLeft common iliac veinMedian sacral arteryPsoas major muscleSigmoid colon [pelvic colon]RectumInguinal ligamentLymph nodeWhite line of abdomenFemoral arteryGreat saphenous veinLymph vessel

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Trunk, with open back section

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Cervical part of spinal marrowLeft vertebral veinPosterior root of spinal nerveRight vertebral arteryScalenus posterior muscleTrapezius muscle, descending partThoracic intertransverse musclesTrapezius muscle, transverse partScapular spineDura mater of spinal cordDeltoideus muscleTrapezius muscle, ascending partInfraspinatus muscleTeres minor muscleIntercostal vein, artery and nerveTeres major muscleLatissimus dorsi muscleLong head of triceps brachii muscleSerratus anterior muscleIliocostalis thoracis muscleExternal intercostal musclesGanglion of sympathetic trunkVertebral archParietal pleura12th ribSpinal ganglion [intervertebral ganglion]Medullary coneLateral lumbar intertransverse musclesQuadratus lumborum muscleObliquus externus abdominis muscleThoracolumbar fasciaPsoas major muscleCauda equinaCrest of ilium5th lumbar vertebra, transverse processGluteus maximus muscleSacral bone, posterior surfaceGluteal fasciaIliotibial tractObturator internus muscleAdductor magnus muscleSemitendinosus muscleSemimembranosus muscleAdductor minimus muscleAdductor magnus muscleSciatic nerve3rd cervical vertebra, transverse processPosterior root of spinal nerveAcromion [acromial bone]

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Infraspinatus muscleTeres minor musclePosterior internal vertebral venous plexusVertebral bodyInterganglionic branchVertebral canal12th thoracic vertebra, spinous processPosterior superior iliac spineGemellus superior muscleGluteus medius muscleObturator internus muscleGemellus inferior muscleQuadratus femoris muscleVastus lateralis muscleGracilis muscle

Thoracic vertebraTransverse processSuperior articular processWhite substance of spinal cordAnterior horn of spinal cordVertebral canalIntervertebral discSpinous processVertebral archPosterior horn of spinal cordCentral intermediate grey matter of spinal cordPosterior branch of spinal nerveAnterior branch of spinal nerveSpinal ganglion [intervertebral ganglion]Spinal nerve, communicating branchVertebral body

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Muscular arm

1 Tendinous junction2 Dorsal interosseous muscles of hand3 Radial nerve4 Radial artery5 Extensor retinaculum6 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle7 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle8 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle9 Brachioradialis muscle

10 Brachialis muscle11 Deltoideus muscle12 Supraspinatus muscle13 Scapular spine14 Trapezius muscle15 Infraspinatus muscle16 Latissimus dorsi muscle17 Teres major muscle18 Teres minor muscle19 Triangular space20 Long head of triceps brachii muscle21 Lateral head of triceps brachii muscle22 Tendon of triceps brachii muscle23 Ulnar nerve24 Anconeus muscle25 Medial epicondyle of humerus26 Olecranon process of ulna27 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle28 Extensor digitorum muscle of hand29 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle30 Tendon of extensor digitorium muscle of hand31 Head of ulna32 Tendon of extensor digiti minimi muscle33 Dorsal branch of ulnar nervea34 Coracobrachialis muscle35 Axillary nerve36 Posterior circumflex humeral artery37 Quadrangular space38 Brachial artery39 Humerus40 Lateral epicondyle of humerus41 Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle42 Median nerve43 Flexor retinaculum44 Tendon of palmaris longus muscle45 Common palmar digital nerves of median nerve46 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle47 Adductor pollicis muscle

48 Lumbrical muscles of hand49 Tendon of flexor digitorium superficialis muscle50 Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament51 Common palmar digital arteries52 Digital synovial sheath53 Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus muscle54 Annular part of fibrous tendon sheaths55 Proper palmar digital nerves of ulnar nerve56 Cruciform part of fibrous tendon sheaths57 Superficial palmar arch58 Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand59 Opponens digiti minimi muscle of hand60 Superficial branch of ulnar nerve61 Dorsal metatarsal arteries62 Head of metacarpal bone63 Dorsal digital arteries of hand64 Dorsal digital nerves of fingers65 Tendon of extensor indicis muscle66 Body of metacarpal bone67 Tendon of extensor pollicis muscle

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Muscular arm

1 Trapezius muscle2 Clavicle3 Subclavius muscle4 Axillary artery5 Pectoralis minor muscle6 Brachial plexus7 Deltoideus muscle8 Pectoralis major muscle9 Brachial artery

10 Median nerve11 Ulnar nerve12 Short [medial] head of biceps brachii muscle13 Tendon of biceps brachii muscle14 Brachioradialis muscle15 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle16 Ulnar artery17 Flexor retinaculum18 Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand19 Head of ulna20 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle21 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle22 Flexor carpi radialis muscle23 Pronator teres muscle24 Palmaris longus muscle25 Medial epicondyle of humerus26 Brachialis muscle27 Medial head of triceps brachii muscle28 Long head of triceps brachii muscle29 Latissimus dorsi muscle30 Teres major muscle31 Thoracodorsal nerve32 Subscapularis muscle33 Medial margin of scapula34 Coracobrachialis muscle35 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle36 Dorsal branch of ulnar nervea37 Ulna38 Olecranon process of ulna39 Inferior collateral ulnar artery40 Humerus41 Triceps brachii muscle42 Radial nerve43 Acromion [acromial bone]44 Musculocutaneous nerve45 Radial artery46 Anterior interosseous artery47 Pronator quadratus muscle

48 Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle49 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle50 Superficial palmar arch51 Tendon of palmaris longus muscle52 Tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle

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Head with brain hemisphere

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HairFrontal regionGlabellaTemporal regionNasal rootOrbital regionSuperior palpebra [eyelid]Infratemporal regionZygomatic regionInfraorbital regionNasal regionNostrilsOral regionSuperior lipParotideomasseteric regionInferior lipMentolabial sulcusChin regionLongitudinal fissure of cerebrumSuperior frontal sulcusCerebral arteryMedial frontal gyrusFrontal boneSphenoid boneTemporalis muscleSupraorbital foramenBall of the eye [ocular bulb]Lacrimal glandLacrimal sacZygomatic bone [cheekbone]External carotid arteryStyloglossus muscleFacial arteryStylohyoideus muscleTongueExternal jugular veinSublingual glandGenioglossus muscleMylohyoideus muscleTriangular fossaAntihelix [anthelix]HelixExternal acoustic meatusAntitragusEar lobuleTragusZygomaticus major muscleParotid glandParotid duct [duct of STENON]

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Masseter muscleSubmandibular glandParietal boneSuperior sagittal sinusTrunk of corpus callosumPellucid septumSubcallosal area [BROCA's parolfactory area]Pituitary gland [hypophysis]Anterior cranial fossaOval foramen of sphenoid boneZygomatic bone [cheekbone]Medial cranial fossaSublingual glandFalx of cerebrumFornixChoroid plexusStraight sinusFourth ventricleCerebellumPons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Medulla oblongata [bulbus]Temporalis muscleExternal earFrontal boneDura mater of brainMiddle cerebral arteryTemporal boneSphenoid boneNasal boneSuperior tarsusCavum of noseInferior turbinate boneMaxillary boneOrbicularis oris muscleHard palateFirst incisorGenioglossus muscleMandibula [mandible]Parietal boneLeft telencephalic hemisphereTemporalis muscleMuscle of uvulaPharynxStyloglossus muscleExternal carotid arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleFacial arterySublingual glandSubmandibular gland

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Brain hemisphere

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Cingulate sulcusParacentral lobulePrecuneusParietooccipital sulcusPosterior cerebral arterySplenium of corpus callosumPosterior commissureCuneate lobe [cuneus lobe]Lamina quadrigeminaMesencephalic tegmentumMedullar body of cerebellumFourth ventricleArbor vitaePons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Cerebellar hemispherePosterior inferior cerebellar arteryCentral canalHypoglossal nervePostcentral sulcusAnterior cerebral artery, paracentral branchesSuperior frontal gyrusCingulate gyrus [limbic gyrus]Trunk of corpus callosumChoroid plexusPellucid septumFornixInterthalamic connexusAnterior commissure [rostral commissure]Mamillary bodyOculomotor nerveOptic nerveInfundibulumFrontal poleTemporal lobeMedulla oblongata [bulbus]Temporal poleCentral sulcusPrecentral gyrus

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Precentral sulcusOpercular part of inferior frontal gyrusAscending branch of lateral sulcusMiddle cerebral arteryTriangular part of inferior frontal gyrusLateral sulcusMiddle temporal gyrusSuperior temporal sulcusTemporal lobeOlfactory tractFrontal gyriFrontal poleOlfactory bulbAbducent nerveVestibulocochlear nerveFacial nerve [intermediofacial nerve]Hypoglossal nervePostcentral sulcusPostcentral gyrusSuperior parietal lobulePosterior cerebral arteryParietal lobeSupramarginal gyrusParietooccipital sulcusSuperior temporal gyrusSuperior temporal sulcusOccipital lobeSuperior semilunar lobuleOccipital poleCerebellumInferior semilunar lobuleSuperior cerebellar arteryPons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Cerebellar tonsilOlive [olivary body]Medulla oblongata [bulbus]Spinal marrow

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Head with four-part brain

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Longitudinal fissure of cerebrumSuperior frontal sulcusCerebral arteryMedial frontal gyrusFrontal boneSphenoid boneTemporalis muscleSupraorbital foramenBall of the eye [ocular bulb]Lacrimal glandLacrimal sacZygomatic bone [cheekbone]External carotid arteryStyloglossus muscleFacial arteryStylohyoideus muscleTongueExternal jugular veinSublingual glandGenioglossus muscleMylohyoideus muscleParietal boneSuperior sagittal sinusTrunk of corpus callosumFornixSubcallosal area [BROCA's parolfactory area]Pituitary gland [hypophysis]Anterior cranial fossaOval foramen of sphenoid boneZygomatic bone [cheekbone]TongueFalx of cerebrumPellucid septumChoroid plexusStraight sinusCerebellumFourth ventriclePons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Medulla oblongata [bulbus]Temporalis muscleFrontal boneDura mater of brainMiddle cerebral arteryTemporal boneSphenoid boneNasal boneSuperior tarsusCavum of noseInferior turbinate bone

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Maxillary boneOrbicularis oris muscleHard palateFirst incisorGenioglossus muscleMandibula [mandible]Parietal boneLeft telencephalic hemisphereTemporalis muscleMuscle of uvulaPharynxStyloglossus muscleExternal carotid arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleFacial arterySublingual glandSubmandibular glandTriangular fossaAntihelix [anthelix]HelixExternal acoustic meatusAntitragusEar lobuleTragusZygomaticus major muscleParotid glandParotid duct [duct of STENON]Masseter muscleSubmandibular glandOccipital boneFalx of cerebrumPosterior inferior cerebellar arteryAtlasCervical part of spinal marrowInternal jugular veinInternal carotid arterySubmandibular glandAnterior belly of digastric muscleMylohyoid rapheCerebrumTentorium of cerebellumCerebellumVertebral arteryVertebral veinParotid glandExternal carotid arteryAngular arteryMylohyoideus muscleMandibula [mandible]

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Four-part brain hemisphere

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Frontal lobeLateral sulcusAnterior cerebral arteryFrontal poleTemporal lobePons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Hypoglossal nerveMedulla oblongata [bulbus]Anterior cerebral arteryParietal lobeMiddle cerebral arteryPosterior cerebral arteryOccipital lobeOccipital poleCerebellar hemisphereVagus nerve and glossopharynheal nervePosterior inferior cerebellar arteryCerebellar tonsilOlfactory bulbOlfactory tractOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractPeduncle of cerebrumPons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Medulla oblongata [bulbus]FlocculeWorm of cerebellumInternal carotid arteryCerebellar hemisphere, superior surfaceAnterior inferior cerebellar arteryPosterior inferior cerebellar arteryCerebellar tonsilCerebellar hemisphere, inferior surfaceTrunk of corpus callosumFornixChoroid plexusPineal bodyLamina quadrigeminaCerebral aqueductArbor vitaeFourth ventricleCerebellar hemisphereAnterior cerebral arteryPellucid septum

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ThalamusOptic nerveMesencephalic tegmentumPons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Medulla oblongata [bulbus]Spinal marrowThalamostriatic veinInterthalamic connexusPosterior commissureCaudate nucleusAnterior commissure [rostral commissure]Third ventricleMiddle cerebral arteryOptic nervePeduncle of cerebrumPons [bridge of VAROLIUS]Hypoglossal nerveMedulla oblongata [bulbus]Internal capsuleInsulaTrochlear nerveTrigeminal nerveMiddle cerebellar peduncleVagus nerve and glossopharynheal nerveWhite substance of cerebrumGray substance of cerebrumPosterior horn of lateral ventricleInterventricular foramenRadiation of corpus callosumPosterior cerebral arteryMiddle cerebral arteryMamillary bodyOculomotor nerveCentral canalLateral ventricleSplenium of corpus callosumMedullar body of cerebellumTemporal lobeChoroid plexusUncus of hippocampusMiddle cerebellar peduncleSuperior cerebellar peduncleInferior cerebellar peduncleFloccule

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Eye, open

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Eye, superior viewEye, medial viewEye, anterior viewEye, lateral viewEye, inferior view

Levator palpebrae superioris muscleMiddle palpebral ligamentPalpebral part of lacrimal glandInferior palpebra [eyelid]Superior palpebra [eyelid]Fornix of lacrimal sacLacrimal sacOrbital part of lacrimal glandRectus lateralis muscleRectus medialis muscleRectus inferior muscleRectus superior muscleTendon of obliquus superior muscleObliquus inferior muscleOptic nervePupilBall of the eye [ocular bulb]Iris

The eye functions as a "biological camera" which transmits images from the surroundings to the brain. The eyeballis approximately spherical in shape and has a diameter of approx. 2.4cm. The light-permeable cornea covers itat the front like a watch-glass. The central component of the eye is the lens which is approx. 9mm in diameter. Itfocuses the light and projects it onto the retina which lines the eyeball from the inside. Receptors in the retina convertthe light into impulses which are transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain. Light enters the eye through the pupil.The iris regulates the diameter of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eyes. Six ocular muscles movethe eyeball in different directions like a sphere, the eyelids protect the eyes from foreign bodies and drying out,and also prevent too much light entering the eyes.

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Female chest wall

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Sternoclavicular jointSternal bodyManubrium of sternumXiphoid processSternal part of diaphragmClavicleCosticartilage [costal cartilage]First ribSecond rib3rd rib4th rib5th rib6th rib7th rib8th rib9th rib10th rib11th ribCostal archTransversus thoracis muscleTransversus abdominis muscleSternocostal jointInternal intercostal musclesSerratus anterior musclePectoralis major muscle

The thoracic cavity contains the well-protected heart and lungs. The thorax is formed in the man and woman by12 pairs of ribs which are attached to the sternum at the front and the vertebral column at the back by means oflittle joints. The two lower ribs float in the abdominal wall. The thoracic cavity is separated from the visceral cavityby the diaphragm, a muscle plate with a central tendon. The volume of the thorax can be increased or decreasedby the diaphragm and the chest wall muscles. The lungs, which are located on the inner wall, are involved passivelyin this volume change. An increase in volume leads to inspiration of air, a decrease to expiration.

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Chest wall and abdominal wall muscles

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Manubrium of sternumCosticartilage [costal cartilage]First ribSecond rib3rd rib4th rib5th rib6th rib7th rib8th rib9th rib10th rib11th ribTransversus thoracis muscleTransversus abdominis muscleSternocostal jointInternal intercostal musclesSerratus anterior musclePectoralis major muscleArcuate lineSheath of rectus abdominus muscleUmbilicusSternocleidomastoideus muscleRectus abdominis muscle

The thoracic cavity contains the well-protected heart and lungs. The thorax is formed in the man and woman by12 pairs of ribs which are attached to the sternum at the front and the vertebral column at the back by means oflittle joints. The three lower ribs float in the abdominal wall. The thoracic cavity is separated from the visceral cavityby the diaphragm, a muscle plate with a central tendon. The volume of the thorax can be increased or decreasedby the diaphragm and the chest wall muscles. The lungs, which are located on the inner wall, are involved passivelyin this volume change. An increase in volume leads to inspiration of air, a decrease to expiration.

The abdominal wall consists of several muscle layers which are arranged horizontally, vertically and obliquely between the costal arch and the pelvis. These muscles are used to adapt the volume of the abdominal cavity to theneeds of the internal organs. They are also involved in bending, inclination and turning of the trunk and also havean important function in both opposing and working with the deep back muscles.

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Lungs

1 Left superior pulmonary lobe2 Oblique fissure of left lung3 Left inferior pulmonary lobe4 Right inferior pulmonary lobe5 Oblique fissure of right lung6 Right middle pulmonary lobe7 Horizontal fissure of right lung8 Right superior pulmonary lobe9 Apex of lung

10 Costal part of diaphragm11 Tendinous centre [phrenic centre]12 Cardiac impression of lung

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Heart

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Apex of heartRight coronary artery of heartCoronary sinusOval fossa of heartLeft coronary veinSmall cardiac veinPosterior interventricular veinAnterior interventricular veinMembranous part of interventricular septumAnterior interventricular branch of left coronaryarteryAnterior interventricular sulcusPosterior interventricular sulcusMuscular part of interventricular septumCircumflex branch of left coronary arteryRight anterior atrioventricular cuspRight posterior atrioventricular cuspSeptal cuspTricuspid valve [right av-valve]Mitral valva [left av-valve]Left anterior atrioventricular cuspLeft semilunar cusp of aortic valvePulmonary trunkPulmonary arteryAnterior semilunar cusp of pulmonary truncSuperior left pulmonary veinInferior left pulmonary veinSuperior right pulmonary veinInferior right pulmonary veinRight pulmonary arteryLeft pulmonary arteryPapillary musclesAscending aortaRight auricleLeft auricleRight ventricleLeft ventricleRight atrium

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Left atriumRight fibrous ringLeft fibrous ringInferior vena cavaSuperior vena cava

The heart is the central circulatory organ and functions like a pump. It is a hollow muscular body which contracts60 times (at rest) to 180 times (under stress) per minute. Approx. 70ml of blood is ejected with every one of thesecontractions. A septum divides the heart into a left and a right section. Each of these areas has an atrium and aventricle. In the right section of the heart, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation is collected and pumpedinto the lungs to be reoxygenated. The blood from the pulmonary circulation then enters the left section of the heartand from there is then pumped to all parts of the body. A blood corpuscle takes approx. one minute to cover thesedistances. Valves to prevent reflux of blood may be found between the different sections of the heart.

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Liver and stomach

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LiverBare area of liverDiaphragmatic surface of liverVisceral surface of liverColic impression of liverDuodenal impression of liverGastric impression of liverEsophageal impression of liverRenal impression of liverCaudate lobe of liverRight lobe of liverQuadrate lobe of liverLeft lobe of liverInferior margine of liverCaudate process of liverCommon hepatic arteryRight hepatic ductLeft hepatic ductInferior vena cavaHepatic veinsRound ligament of liverFalciform ligament of liverNeck of gallbladderBody of gallbladderFundus of gallbladderCystic ductCommon bile ductPortal vein of liver

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StomachRight gastric arteryLeft gastric arteryShort gastric arteriesRight gastroepiploic arteryLeft gastroepiploic arteryGreater omentumMajor gastric curvatureMinor gastric curvatureAngular notch of stomachCardiac notch of stomachCardiac part of stomachBody of stomachFundus of stomachAbdominal part of esophagusPylorus

The liverThe liver is the largest organ in the human body and weighs approx. 1.5kg in the adult. It may be termed a "centrallaboratory" in terms of its tasks in the organism. Numerous metabolic processes take place here, including● protein synthesis and breakdown● synthesis, breakdown and storage of glycogen, the energy carrier in carbohydrate metabolism● synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids● detoxification of foreign substances such as alcohol, drugs and medicines● hormone inactivation● production of approx. 1l bile per day. This is thickened and stored in the gallbladder. Its tasks include lipolysis

and excretion of toxic metabolic products.

The upper side of the liver is attached to the diaphragm, its base is in contact with the stomach and intestine.

The stomachFood taken up by the mouth and oesophagus is stored temporarily in the stomach and passed on in small amountsto the intestine. The cells of the stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria taken in with the food andvarious enzymes start to partly digest the food. The partly digested food passes through the pylorus and enters theduodenum.

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Entire intestine

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Ascending colonDescending colonSigmoid colon [pelvic colon]Transverse colonHaustra of colon [Sacculations of colon]Semilunar fold of colonOstium of ileocecal valveIleumJejunumVermiform appendageOstium of vermiform appendageGreater omentumIleocecal valveFree taeniaRight colic flexureLeft colic flexureSacral flexure of rectumVisceral peritoneumInferior duodenal flexureSuperior duodenal flexureAscending part of duodenumDescending part of duodenumHorizontal part of duodenumPancreatic headPancreatic cauda [pankreatic tail]Pancreatic bodyCommon bile ductSplenic artery and vein [lienal artery and vein]Pancreatic ductCecum [blind sac]

The intestine is made up of the small and large intestine and the first part of the small intestine is called the duodenum. The excretory duct of the gallbladder merges with the pancreatic duct which opens into the duodenumat the major duodenal papilla. The further parts of the small intestine are the jejunum and the ileum. The total lengthof the small intestine in living humans cannot be stated exactly due to constant contractions and movements. In arelaxed state, the small intestine is approx. 5 - 6m long. If it is cut open, numerous mucosal folds may be seen insi-de which also feature villi which give the mucosa a velvety appearance. The folds and villi increase the surface ofthe small intestine to 5 - 10 m2. This large surface is used for effective absorption of nutrients. The digestive juicesfrom the liver and pancreas added in the duodenum first split up food into molecules which can be absorbed intothe blood and lymph vessels in the further course of the small intestine. Muscles in the intestinal wall produce con-traction waves which propel the chyme forwards. Finally, the remaining chyme is thickened by water absorptionand excreted in the large intestine which is approx. 1.5m long.

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Male genital organs

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Rectal ampullaRectumSphincter ani externus muscleSphincter ani internus muscleSphincter urethrae musclePubic symphysisUreteric orificeRight ureterLeft ureterApex of urinary bladderBody of bladderVesical trigoneProstateProstatic utricleInternal urethral orificeSpongy part of masculine urethraNavicular fossa of urethra [great lacuna of urethra]External opening of masculine urethraSeminal vesicleDeferent duct [spermatic duct]TestisCremasteric fasciaHead of epididymisCauda of epididymisSpermatic plexusRight testicular artery and veinBulbus penisCorona of glansCavernous body of penisSpongy body of penisSuperficial fascia of penisGlans of penisPrepuce of penisWhite line of abdomenRectovesical excavationTransversus perinei profundus muscle

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Ascending ramus of pubisDescending ramus of pubis [inferior pubic ramus]Right external iliac artery and veinRectus abdominis muscleObliquus externus abdominis muscleObliquus internus abdominis muscleTransversus abdominis muscle

The penis and the scrotum may be identified on the outside.The penis is divided into the root, body and the glans. It consists essentially of three spongy bodies, two cavernousbodies of penis and the spongy body of male urethra. Erection of the penis occurs when the spongy bodies are filled with blood.

Both the male sex hormones and the sperm cells are produced in the testes. Sperm cells pass into an epididymis,a tube behind the testis, where they mature. The vas deferens, a duct approx. 50cm long, connects the epididymis tothe urethra. Also part of the male genital organs are the vesicle glands and the prostate gland.

The main part of the seminal fluid is formed in the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland secretes various enzymesinto the semen.

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Female genital organs

1 Ovarian artery2 Ovarian vein3 Ovary4 Free taenia5 Rectal ampulla6 External iliac vein7 External iliac artery8 Ampulla of uterine tube9 Ureter

10 Bladder11 Vagina12 Pubic bone13 Sigmoid colon [pelvic colon]14 Urogenital peritoneum15 Ovarian ligament16 Ovarian canal [uterine tube]17 Round ligament of uterus18 Medial umbilical fold19 Rectus abdominis muscle20 White line of abdomen21 Fundus of uterus22 Embryo23 Placenta24 Vesicouterine excavation25 Pubic symphysis26 Cavernous body of clitoris27 Greater pudendal lip28 Lesser pudendal lip29 Feminine urethra30 Perineal membrane31 Sphincter ani internus muscle32 Sphincter ani externus muscle33 Anal canal34 Vesicovaginal septum35 Vaginal part of cervix uteri36 Rectouterine excavation [Rectouterine pouch]37 Transverse rectal fold

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