2nd Bioenergy Week

Maputo, Mozambique, 5-9 May 2014 SESSION: SUSTAINABLE MODERN BIOMASS ENERGY

DEVELOPMENT

Possibilities of sustainable woody energy trade and impacts on developing countries: country case

study – Brazil

Suani T. Coelho (with the collaboration of Javier F. Escobar)

CENBIO/University of Sao Paulo Maputo, 7 May, 2014

Structure

• Traditional Biomass x Modern Biomass

• Modern Biomass in Brazil

– Solid biomass in Brazilian Energy Matrix

– Solid biomass (residues) for power production

– Forest plantations in Brazil

– Perspectives for biomass trade

– Sustainability issues - Brazilian experience

– Challenges for international biomass trade

– Next step: GBEP sustainability indicators in São Paulo sugarcane mills (2014)

Energy Access in the World

• 1.5 billion people without electricity access in the world

• 3 billion people – traditional biomass for cooking/heating

• Need to ensure energy access using modern and clean fuels.

• United Nations Secretary-General Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC) – 2008-2010

• Now: Sustainable Energy for All

•Cogen for Africa Project in Sub-Saharan countries

Solid biomass in Brazilian Energy Matrix (primary energy supply)

source: Adapted from BEN (2012)

•Black Liquor - paper and pulp industry.

•Firewood - food industry, red pottery, residential and rural uses.

•Charcoal – pig/iron industry.

Mtoe

Source 2012

RENEWABLE 120,2

Hydropower and electricity 39,2

Sugar cane biomass 43,6

Firewood, Charcoal and Liquor 30,4

other renewable 7,1

NON-RENEWABLE 163,4

oil 111,2

natural gas 32,6

coal 15,3

Uranium (U3O8) 4,3

Biomass for power production in Brazil (2013)

Source: ANEEL, 2014

Biomass – 7% of the electricity generated by power plants

Bagasse from sugarcane - 80% of this power.

Forest-based biomass - 15.8%

Other types - 1.8%.

Large scale power production using biomass Sugarcane residues in sugarcane millls – surplus to the grid

High pressure boiler (63 bar / 480ºC) –

Santa Adélia Mill – São Paulo

Small scale power production using biomass - wood residues (200 kW)

Breves Village – Marajo Island - Para State (Brazilian Amazonia)

Enermad Project - CENBIO - FINEP (2009)

Forest plantations in Brazil (Eucalyptus and Pinus, 2011)

Source: adapted from ABRAF (2012)

Forest plantations in Brazil

Source: Adapted from ABRAF (2012)

• Forest plantations supply 100% of all sectors, except firewood/charcoal sectors in N/NE(native/plantation)

1. Pulp & Paper

2. Firewood

3. Wood Industry

4. Charcoal

5. Industrialized Wooden Panels

6. Treated Wood

7. Others products

Total

7,37

0,88

0,46

100,0

Segment wood consumption (%)

36,11

26,30

18,88

10,00

Forest plantation area (ha)

2011 2012 %

Eucalyptus 4.873.952 5.102.030 70,8

Pine 1.641.892 1.562.782 22,0

Others 489.281 521.131 7,2

Total 7.005.125 7.185.943 100

• In the past, high fuel wood consumption due to production of charcoal, for

iron/steel production (native forests)

• Later on the use of native forests started to be replaced by planted forests

• 2009-2014 – forecast for expansion of 980.000 hectares of planted forests in

new areas for charcoal-based pig/iron industries

• integrated producers - 780.000 ha

• independent producers - 200.000 ha

• Scenarios for 2020: 12 - 16 million ha ( 1.5 Million ha/yr )

2014 – MMA-MDIC – New program: Production of Sustainable Biomass Based Charcoal for Iron/steel Industry in Brazil

Sourse: ABRAF, ABIPA, AMS, BRACELPA

Forest plantations in Brazil

Roundwood productivity (plantations) in Brazil

• Soil, climatic and site conditions, coupled with investment in R&D and highest productivity per hectare: reduction on the harvest cycle for forest plantations, which have commercial MAI´s around 30%-50% higher than other countries (ABRAF, 2013).

Specie Planted Area (ha) MAI Production (m3/year) %

Eucalyptus 4.873.952 40,1 195.445.475 74,7

Pine 1.641.892 35,9 58.943.923 22,5

Others 489.281 14,7 7.192.431 2,7

Total 7.005.125 - 261.581.829 100,0

MAI = Mean Annual Increment (m3/ha year).

Product Residue Product Residue

Lumber 30-40 60-70 80-90 10-20

10-20 10-20 30-40 40-50

Total 10-20 80-90 30-40 60-70

Primary and secondary processing

Operation (%)Natural Forest Planted Forest

Perspectives for biomass trade Estimates of forest wood residues in Brazil

Sourse: ABRAF, ABIPA, AMS, BRACELPA

Code Company Name / Location Capacity (ton/year) Production (ton/year)

BRA01 Madersul, São Paulo 18.750 4.800

BRA02 Piomade, Rio Grande do Sul 3.750 2.880

BRA03 Koala Energy, Santa Catarina 22.500 1.000

BRA04 Briquepar, Paraná 30.000 12.000

BRA05 Energia Futura, Rio Grande Do Sul 18.750 4.800

BRA06 BR Biomassa, Paraná 22.500 8.000

BRA07 Ecopell, São Paulo 22.500 5.000

BRA08 Ecoxpellets, Paraná 37.500 5.600

BRA09 Eco-Pellets, Minhas Gerais 1.125 100

BRA10 Línea, Paraná 30.000 1.000

BRA11 Copellets, São Paulo 7.500 4.800

BRA12 Elbra, Santa Catarina 22.500 10.000

237.375 59.980

Brazilian production, consumption, import and export of

pellets: potential to increase; now 25% of the installed

capacity

Sustainability issues National Forest Program

(MMA - 2000) • encourage the sustainable use of natural and planted forests;

• promote reforestation activities, especially on small farms;

• recover from preserving forests permanent, legal reserve and disturbed areas; support economic and social initiatives of the populations living in forests;

• crack down on illegal deforestation and predatory extraction of forest products and byproducts contain accidental fires and prevent forest fires;

• promote sustainable use of production forests, whether national, state, district or municipal;

• support the development of forest-based industries;

• expand domestic and foreign markets for forest products and by-products;

• value environmental, social and economic aspects of the services and benefits provided by public and private forests;

• encourage the protection of biodiversity and forest ecosystems.

New Forestry Code (Law 12727/2012)

National System of Conservation Units (“SNUC”, Law 9985/2000)

Agro-ecological Zonings in Brazil

Sugarcane in São Paulo and eucalyptus in Minas Gerais

Sugarcane and oil palm for Brazil

Scenarios from the agro-ecological zoning

• Intensification of livestock and improved breeding techniques (MAPA) • to raise productivity • by 2030, from the 172 million hectares used for pasture, 70 million hectares

will be available for other purposes • 10 million would be occupied by soybean and other grains • 5 million to meet family farmers needs • 25 million for crops for energy purposes (sugar cane, oil palm,

elephant grass, etc.) • 30 million ha subject to occupation with other cultures, for example,

food, forest plantations for energy and others

No impact on native forests, land use change or deforestation Forestry practices: New Forestry Code (Law 12727/2012). Deforestation control: National Environmental Policy. Biodiversity: The Federal Secretariat for Biodiversity, Federal Ministry of Environment Key mechanisms regulating land clearing practices are related to conservation units, Legal Reserve and other protected areas.

Program for Reforestation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of Forests

BNDES

– Funding the planting of tree species for energy and/or oxi-reduction purposes: reducing pressure on native forests in the production chain of pig iron, ferro-alloys, ceramics and lime industries.

– Funding the reforestation of degraded or converted areas and forest management: native species for conservation and restoration of degraded or converted areas and sustainable forest management of native areas.

http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Institucional/Apoio_Financeiro/Produtos/FINEM/BNDESflorestal.html

Forest Certification in Brazil

Cerflor - Programa Brasileiro de Certificação Florestal (1996). O Cerflor surgiu para atender uma demanda do setor produtivo florestal do país. Desde 1996, a Sociedade Brasileira de Silvicultura - SBS estabeleceu acordo de cooperação com a ABNT para desenvolver os princípios e critérios para o setor.

• Brazil: 5th largest area of FSC-certified forests in the world, • 5.2 million hectares, behind Canada, Russia, Sweden and the United States. • 40% of the certified area in Brazil is mostly located in forest plantations in the

South and Southeast of the country, in the area of Atlantic Forest. • 60% is in the Amazon traditional communities/timber companies.

Forest Certification in Brazil

Challenges for International Solid Biomass Trade in other DC-s

• Social and environmental sustainability for Solid Biomass Production and trade: need for guarantees

• Are the existing international certification schemes adequate to ensure it in all developing countries?

• GBEP indicators could collaborate to guarantee social and environmental sustainability of solid biomass production in developing countries

Brazilian experience on bioenergy sustainability

• Sustainability of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil – several lessons learned for more than 30 years!

• 2014 - GBEP Sustainability Indicators for Sugarcane Mills in Brazil – To be jointly developed by CENBIO/USP with

different partners and researchers

– Mills in different regions of São Paulo State (Ribeirao Preto and Araçatuba)

– Field data assessment

– Funding: Forum of the Americas (Italy)

– Support – Government of Brazil and ÚNICA – União da Industria da Cana de Açúcar

Thanks!! Obrigada!!

http://cenbio.iee.usp.br

suani@iee.usp.br escobar@usp.br