Swarup Kumar Nayak, Bhabani Prasanna Pattanaik*School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL

ENGINE FUELLED WITH MAHUA OIL METHYL ESTER USING ADDITIVE

Presented at the 4th International Conference on “Advances in Energy Research (ICAER – 2013)” 10– 12 December 2013, IIT Bombay

OUT LINE OF THE PRESENTATION OBJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

REASON FOR BIOFUELS PROMOTION

BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

PREPARATION OF BIO-DIESEL

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND EXPERIMENTATION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

REFERENCES

1

Production of Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME) from neat Mahua oil

via base catalyzed transesterification process.

Characterization of fuel properties for neat Mahua oil, Mahua oil methyl

ester and comparison with diesel.

Preparation of test fuels in the form of biodiesel blends

(biodiesel+additive).

Application of the test fuels to a single cylinder direct injection diesel

engine.

Estimation of various engine performance and emission parameters using

different test fuels and comparison of those with diesel.

OBJECTIVES

2

Biodiesel is a chemically derived renewable fuel.

It is chemically known as mono-alkyl ester (methyl ester) of vegetable oil.

It is non-toxic and biodegradable in nature.

It is being approved by EPA (Environmental protection agency) and

CARB (California air resource board).

Biodiesel is produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, and

waste cooking oil via base catalyzed transesterification.

Biodiesel can be used in the engine in pure form or blended with diesel.

INTRODUCTION

3

It is made from renewable resources.

It possesses almost similar fuel properties as diesel.

Biodiesel combustion produces less emissions as compared to diesel.

It is relatively less inflammable compared to the normal diesel.

It can be mixed with diesel in any volumetric proportion.

It requires very little or no engine modifications.

It contains no sulphur, the element responsible for acid rain.

There are no extra costs for the conversion of engines in comparison to

other biological fuels.

REASONS FOR BIOFUEL PROMOTION

4

BIODIESEL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Biodiesel is made entirely from edible and non edible sources; it does not

contain any sulphur, aromatic hydrocarbons, metals or crude resources.

Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel, emissions of carbon monoxide and soot

reduces.

The occupational safety and health administration classifies biodiesel as a

non flammable liquid.

The use of biodiesel can be extending the life of diesel engines because it

is more lubricating than petroleum diesel fuel.

Biodiesel is produced from renewable edible and non edible oils and

hence improves the fuel or energy security and economy independence.

5

MAHUA -A MAJOR SOURCE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN INDIA

The two major species of genus Madhuca found in India are Madhuca Indica (latifolia) and Madhuca Longifolia (Longifolia).

The seed potential of this tree in India is 500,000 tons and oil content is 180,000 tons.

Madhuca latifolia is a medium sized to large deciduous tree, distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Madhuca Longifolia, a large evergreen tree found in South India, and evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from Konkan Southwards. The tree is planted and most part of India, propagating either by itself or sown seeds.

It attains a height up to 70ft. The tree matures from 8 to 15 years, and fruits up to 60 years. The kernels are 70% of seed by weight. Seed contains two kernels,

having 25 mmx17.5 mm in size. Oil content in latifolia is 46% and 52% in Longifolia. 6

PHOTOGRAPH OF MAHUA TREE & FLOWER

7

THE TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION

8

EXPERIMENTAL

FLOW CHART FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Test Engine

Heating up to 1000C

Filtered raw mahua oil

Acid treatment

Murky solution Glycerol is separated

Straw yellow

Base treatment

Glycerine is separated

Water wash

Pure biodiesel

Raw mahua oil

9

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A SMALL BIODIESEL REACTOR

10

PROCESS PARAMETERS SELECTED FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION

Sl. No.

Process Parameters Description

12 3456789

Process selected Reaction temperatureSample oil usedMethanol usedCatalyst used(KOH)Reaction timeSettling timeWater washStirring speed

Alkali catalyzed transesterification 55-600C1000ml waste cooking oil120ml/kg of oil0.5-1% per kg of oil1.5-2 hours8-12 hours3-4 times 500-600 rpm

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BIODIESEL PREPARATION & GLYCEROL SEPARATION

Initial heating of oil in Acid Treatment Stirring action in Acid Treatment

12

Settlement of glycerin after Base TreatmentSettlement of glycerin after Acid Treatment

13

Soap obtained in water washing process

Clear water in water washing

14

Final biodiesel (M.O.M.E)

15

CHARACTERIZATION OF FUEL PROPERTIES

Fuel propertyProperties of Diesel & Biodiesel (MOME)

Unit Diesel Bio-Diesel

Kinematic viscosity at 40◦C cSt. 2.56 5.11

Density at 25◦C Kg/m³860 881.2

Flash point ◦C66 160

Fire point ◦C78 186

Pour point ◦C−18 4

Calorific value KJ/kg-K42850 42293

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ADDITIVE

Additives are chemicals that can be added to fuels and are used to enhance

certain performance characteristics. Some are designed to help eliminate

carbon build-up inside the engine. There are also additives that are used to

improve the lubricant properties of new low sulphur diesel fuels.

PROPERTIES OF ADDITIVES:

Improves ignition quality. Improves low-temperature starting. Reduces cranking time.

Reduces emissions and smoke. Increases efficiency.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADDITIVES

Dimethyl Carbonate, C3H6O3

Diethyl Carbonate, OC(OCH2CH3)2 Tetrafloroethane, CH2FCF3 Dimethyl ether, C2H6O Diethyl Ether, (C2H5)2O

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PROPERTIES OF DIMETHYL CARBONATE

DIMETHYL CARBONATE:

Dimethyl Carbonate is a colorless, transparent liquid under normal temperature.

IUPAC name

Dimethyl carbonate

PROPERTIES:

Molecular formula C3H6O3

Molar mass 90.08 g/mol

Appearance Clear liquid

Density 1.069 - 1.073 g/ml, liquid

Melting point 2 - 4 °C (275 - 277 K)

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PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS

B-85 (85% Biodiesel + 15% Additive)

B-90 (90% Biodiesel + 10% Additive)

B-95 (95% Biodiesel + 5% Additive)

B100 (100% Biodiesel)

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PHOTOGRAPH OF THE TEST ENGINE

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TEST ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Sl.No Particulars Description

(1) Engine type Single cylinder, 4-stroke. vertical water

cooled diesel engine

(2) Bore diameter 80 mm

(3) Stroke length 110 mm

(4) Compression

ratio

16.5:1

(5) Rated power 3.67 KW

(6) Rated speed 1500 rpm

(7) Dynamometer Eddy Current type

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PHOTOGRAPH OF AVL SMOKE METER

23

24

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

Bra

ke P

ow

er

(kW

)

RESULTS & DISCUSSSIONEngine Performance Analysis1. Brake power

2. Brake Thermal Efficiency

0 20 40 60 80 1000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

Bra

ke t

herm

al effi

cie

ncy (

%)

25

3. Mechanical Efficiency

26

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

Mech

an

ical effi

cie

ncy(%

)

4. Brake Specific Energy Consumption

0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load(%)

bsfc

(k

g/k

Wh

)

27

5. Exhaust Gas Temperature

0 20 40 60 80 1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

Exh

au

st

gas t

em

pera

ture

(ᵒC

)

28

Engine Emission Analysis6. CO Emission

0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

CO

(%

)

29

7. HC Emission

0 20 40 60 80 1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

DieselB100B95B90B85

Load (%)

HC

(p

pm

)

30

8. Smoke Emission

0 20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Diesel

B100

B95

B90

B85

Load (%)

Sm

oke O

pacit

y (

%)

31

9. NOX Emission

0 20 40 60 80 1000

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Diesel

B100

B95

B90

B85

Load (%)

NO

x (

pp

m)

32

CONCLUSIONS The brake power, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical

efficiency increases with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel and it is lower in case of pure biodiesel.

Brake specific fuel consumption is highest for pure biodiesel and decreases with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel.

Exhaust gas temperature is found highest for pure biodiesel and tends to decrease with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel.

CO and HC emission are found highest for diesel and decrease with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel.

Smoke and NOx emissions are found highest for pure biodiesel and decrease with increase in additive percentage in biodiesel.

Hence it may be concluded that with increase in additive percentage in Mahua biodiesel engine performance gets better with lower emissions.

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Biodiesel being more viscous than diesel may require frequent cleaning of engine components. Use of preheated biodiesel blends in engines may be studied.

Biodiesel if used for longer time in engines causes corrosive effects. Studies on engine wear and corrosion due to the use of biodiesel must be carried out.

Biodiesel combustion causes higher combustion and exhaust temperatures. Studies must be carried out for suitable engine modifications resulting in low temperature biodiesel combustion.

Higher NOx emission due to biodiesel combustion is a great matter of environmental concern. Investigation must be undertaken for reduction of the same using newer methods like exhaust gas recirculation.

FUTURE SCOPE

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1097–1107. Barnwal, B.K. and Sharma, M.P. (2005) Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetables oils in

India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9, pp. 363–378. Ramadhas, A.S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2004) Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine

fuels—a review, Renewable Energy, 29, pp. 727–742. MaF and Hanna, M.A. (1999) Biodiesel production: a review, Bio resource Technology, 70, pp.

1–15. Forson, F.K., Oduro, E.K. and Donkoh, E.H. (2004) Performance of Jatropha oil in a diesel

engine, Renewable Energy, 29, pp. 1135-1145. Canakci, M., Erdil, A. and Arcaklioglu, E. (2006) Performance and exhaust emissions of a

biodiesel engine. Applied Energy, 83, pp. 594–605. Meher, L.C., VidyaSagar, D. and Naik, S.N. (2006) Technical aspects of biodiesel production by

transesterification—a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10, pp. 248–268. Kandpal, J.B. and Madan, M. (1995) Jatropha curcas—a renewable source of energy for

meeting future energy needs, Renewable Energy, 6, pp. 159–160. Pramanik, K. (2003). Properties and use of Jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in

compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy, 29, pp. 239-248. Ramdhas, A.S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. ( 2005) Characterization and effect of using

rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines, Renewable Energy, 30, pp. 795-803.35

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