26 nov16 progressive_technologies_in_irrigated_agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
Er. M. GopalakrishnanFellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering
Honorary Diplomate of American Academy of Water Resources Engineering
Formerly Secretary General ICID Formerly Secretary General ICID, Ex‐President, IWRS; Ex‐Member CWC ;
The Food Challenge: Enhancing ”Crops’ Drops” saving water?Crops Drops saving water? World Population growth– 6 to 8 billion in 2025 and 2050 I I di h i d d f 6 billi h In India, to meet the growing demand for 1.6 billion to perhaps even 1.8 billion people by 2050, water requirements wolud reach higher levels; in fact doubling the present levels as per estimatesg g p p
Macro level food needs ask for efficient management of large and medium schemes for irrigated agriculture f li i l h d d 7 out of 10 poor live in rural areas, where most depend on rainfed, or minor irrigation with farming small‐holdings; for them water shed and water management and adaptable small g pscale solutions are required
A major share in efficient water use has to come from irrigated i lt f l ll di d i h agriculture of larger as well as medium and minor schemes:
progressive technologies alround,are the need of the hour.
The trend in Growth Rate in Irrigated Agriculture
World Irrigated Area World Irrigated Area –– Continental shares Continental shares
Growth of Irrigated Area in IndiaGrowth of Irrigated Area in IndiaImportance of an alround efforts in adapting progressive technologies adapting progressive technologies in Irrigation in India is obvious
Improved operation management and Improved operation, management and maintenance (O M & M) of irrigation schemesImproved on‐farm water managementImproved on farm water management
o Efficient irrigation methodso Smart irrigation schedulingo Smart irrigation schedulingo Agronomic measureso Drainage water managemento Drainage water management
Higher the WUE more the water saving. Progressive Technologies focus on this aspectProgressive Technologies focus on this aspect.
StorageWhere water saving is possible?
Consumptive useBeneficial
Crop ETNon‐consumptiveNon‐beneficial
Non‐crop ETEvaporation fromwet field surfaces
Non consumptiveRecoverable
SeepageLeakage/spillU h i d wet field surfaces•Unauthorized withdrawals
Non‐recoverableFlow to saline
On farm Technologiesow to sa e
groundwaterDeep sinks
Application
Off Farm Technologies cover all except “on farm related”.
I d h l i d l l i ifi l Improved technologies and tools play a significant role in achieving water savings, better operation and maintenance, and overall gains in irrigation , g gperformance and thereby in food production.
Let us view more of these technologies categorised for convenience, Let us view more of these technologies categorised for convenience, under the following grouping:
Off farm technologiesOff‐farm technologies
On‐farm technologies
Soft tools for OM &M and Evaluation
Technologies for flow measurement regulation Technologies for flow measurement, regulation, operation, diversion and distribution of water; These include, e.g.,
Canal lining using conventional as well as non‐
conventional technologies
Piped conveyance networks
Upstream/ downstream controls,p / ,
Modern flow measuring devices,
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA),
Total Channel Control (TCC)
Turkey has changed Irrigation design policy from traditional to modern system since 2003traditional to modern system since 2003.
Modern Control StructuresModern Control Structuresin Conveyance Networkin Conveyance Networkin Conveyance Networkin Conveyance Network
Australia
India
I t k d t t South Africa Intake and water gauge at Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS), China
UKUK
Supervisory controlSupervisory control
Coachella Valley Water Dist., USA
MUDA Irrigation Scheme, Malaysia
Water supplied at the field head is applied to crops Water supplied at the field head is applied to crops through various methods. These include;
Modern methods in application of surface irrigationModern methods in application of surface irrigation,
Sprinklers of different types and nature, and
Micro irrigation application.
Surface irrigation Surface irrigation ––Traditional Traditional visvis a a visvis modernmodern
Wild flooding Land Levelling
Border strips
Modern gravity/ surface irrigation systemModern gravity/ surface irrigation system
TroubleshootingTroubleshooting
On‐farm reservoirs/ Farm pondsOn farm reservoirs/ Farm ponds
China
IndiaIndia
UKUK
IranIran
CanadaItaly
18
Micro and sprinkler irrigation systems p g yfor small holdings
Low-cost small scale drip irrigation unit
Portable micro/ sprinkler irrigation units
Micro irrigation technologyhas dramatically changed the wayhas dramatically changed the way
crops are irrigated in India
Subsurface drip irrigation for Sugarcane in Subsurface drip irrigation for Sugarcane in South AfricaSouth Africa
million ha
Water saving:30% to 60%Increase in yields: 20% to 50%
D i d il bili
Possible Reasons: The factors boosting Micro Irrigation
Decreasing groundwater availability
Liberal subsidy by the Central and State Governments (up to 70%)
Well developed pump and pipe industry,p p p p p y,
Strong manufacturing base,
Wide network of dealers/ system suppliers ( >150 manufacturers),
Govt. promoting horticulture in a big way
Portable Micro and sprinkler irrigation systems
Top 10 Irrigation TechnologiesTop 10 Irrigation TechnologiesICIDICIDICIDICID Farmer controlled water supply, or total channel control or downstream
control of canals Emitter delivery systems for precision irrigation and for undulating
terrain, not just through drip systems but also through centre pivots, especially those that can be moved from centre to centre, and with sweeps programmed to serve typical farm blocks
Wetting front indicator Drain controllers, for their capability to improve control of soil moisture
and stimulate sub-irrigation Wetting-drying rice, (widespread application in China) g y g , ( p pp ) No-till (NT) or minimum tillage technologies already used to conserve
erodible soils and nutrients, and save fuel, but which can also conserve water in irrigated as well as rainfed productiong p
Top 10 Irrigation TechnologiesTop 10 Irrigation TechnologiesTop 10 Irrigation TechnologiesTop 10 Irrigation TechnologiesICID ICID …2…2 Fresh-saline irrigation, where saline and brackish water is used for
part of the growing period without much loss of yield or detriment to the soil structure
Salt and drought tolerant food crops, perhaps used in conjunction with 7, or independently, especially where irrigation is ephemeral or only supplementary
Remote sensing coupled with the Internet and mobile communications to help the farmer with everything from establishing land tenure to operational forecasting
Drainage, an "old" technology but one which must not be forgotten to improve and sustain production in rather more parts of the world than irrigation on its own
Land drainage
W l d fi ldSaline soil
Waterlogged field
SSD installationSSD installation
For those who would like to have a feel of these award winning i h l i d I i d ib d i sprogressive technologies and Innovations, as described in a
Statement in the Paper in Page Table 1 in Page 11, a run through of the slides beneath might be helpful
First PagePaddy cultivation in Egypt by Strip method First Page
Transplanting 20 days after transplanting 90 days after transplanting
WUE (kg/cum); Traditional method; 0.6; Strip method: 1
WUE (Kg/ cum)T di i l Traditional : 0.2Furrow method: 0.4
Paddy cultivation on beds and furrows in Pakistan
Center pivot irrigating Rice crop in Brazil
Water Usage
600800
10001200
Use
d (
mm
)
0200400
SurfaceIrrigation
PivotIrrigation
Wate
r U
30
Higher outlet
Lower outletField drain
Root zone
Field drain
Level 2
Level 1Groundwater
Capillary fringe
Drain
Controlled Drainage
Use of wastewater for irrigationUse of wastewater for irrigation
Wastewater ~
Use of wastewater for irrigationUse of wastewater for irrigation
500 million m3 WW/year50% treated to secondary level30% treated to tertiary level4% discharged via cesspits16% inadequately treated
Mix junction using effluent and saline water.
Computerized water management systemused on 142,000 ha, water savings = 10 ‐ 20%
Date and time flow data collected fromdata collected from• chart recorders• electronic loggers
Data can be• captured• ImportedImported• digitized
Irrigation scheduling using Irrigation scheduling using ‘M C i ’ i S th Af i‘M C i ’ i S th Af i‘My Canesim’ in South Africa‘My Canesim’ in South Africa
Wetting front detector
ControlledControlled alternatealternate partial partial rootzonerootzone irrigation (CAPRI)irrigation (CAPRI)
Cotton crop
Valve used for CAPRI
Cotton crop
Irrigation Schedulingo when to irrigate & how much to apply?o when to irrigate & how much to apply?o soil, plant, weather‐based methodso not commonly used by farmers
Tensiometer
WaterMark Sensor
Evaporation Pan
Infrared Thermometer
p
WaterMark Sensor
39Neutron probe
WaterMark Sensor
Computerized water management systemFl i t ti Computerized water management systemUsed on 142,000 ha, Water savings = 10 ‐ 20%
Flow measuring station
Capacity building and awareness creation
f f dTraining of women farmers in India
Training of farmers in Cambodia
Irrigation Department Staff in IndiaPromoting Participatory Irrigation Management through Folk Songs
Saving fresh water for irrigated agricultureby reuse of waterby reuse of water
Use of wastewater for irrigation in IsraelUse of wastewater for irrigation in Israel
Wastewater ~500 million m3 WW/year
% t t d t d l l50% treated to secondary level30% treated to tertiary level4% discharged via cesspits6% i d t l t t d 16% inadequately treated
Mix junction using effluent and saline water.
Soft tools/ models/ decision support system (DSS) have been / / pp y ( )developed for improved operation, maintenance, monitoring and evaluation of irrigation systems
oCanal operation simulation modelsoCanal operation simulation models
oFAO’ RAP And MASSCOTE,
( )oBenchmarking of irrigation schemes ( FAO‐IWMI‐ ICID),
oInternet based irrigation scheduling
oSatellite remote sensing and GIS for assessing irrigated area,
extent of water‐logging, crop water productivity, etc.,
oParticipatory irrigation management (IMT/PIM)
FAO’s MASSCOTE
Discussion with canal operators, W/S at Bhadra irrigation scheme,
Karnataka IndiaSchematic framework
of MASSCOTE Karnataka, India( Source: T.Facon)
of MASSCOTE(Source: FAO)
Stages of the Benchmarking Process
(1)Identification &Planning
(8)Verification &Monitoring
(3)Calculation &Interpretation(7)Action
(4)Comparisons &Id tifi ti f BP
(6)Integration &D i i ki Identification of BP
(5)Analysis
Decision making
( ) y
Developing appropriate/ affordable technologyDeveloping appropriate/ affordable technology,
Effective dissemination of available technologies among
d firrigation managers and farmers,
Effective financing system for purchase of equipments
and tools by small holder and resource poor farmers,
Strengthening the national irrigation extension / advisory
services
Capacity building of local institutions,
Revamping of irrigation agenciesp g g g
Increased investment by public and private sectors,
Affordable technology for use of wastewater in peri Affordable technology for use of wastewater in peri‐
urban agriculture
C i l d d h f Creating Knowledge Base and Exchange of
information