2016 psychology written examination 2 · pdf filepsychology written examination thursday 27...

PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination

Thursday 27 October 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 65 65 65B 14 14 60C 4 4 15

Total 140

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages.• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions.• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 2

SECTION A – continued

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SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.

Question 1ThecorrectsequenceinwhichinformationtravelsalonganeuralpathwayisA. dendrite,synapse,neurotransmitter,axon.B. synapse,neurotransmitter,axon,dendrite.C. axon,dendrite,synapse,neurotransmitter.D. dendrite,axon,synapse,neurotransmitter.

Question 2Whichoneofthefollowingbehavioursisanexampleofmaturation?A. atoddlerwalkingB. learningtowriteinGrade1C. beingtaughttosingthenationalanthemD. athree-year-oldimitatingheroldersister’sdancemove

Question 3Dimowantstoteachhisdogtorollover.AneffectivestrategyforDimotousewouldmostlikelybeA. graduatedexposure.B. aversiontherapy.C. tokeneconomy.D. shaping.

Question 4ThelefthemisphereofthebrainisprimarilyresponsibleforprocessinginformationrelatingtoA. writing,logicandscience.B. listening,dancingandfantasy.C. maths,scienceandappreciationofart.D. speaking,mathsandfacialrecognition.

3 2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

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Question 5PeoplewithspatialneglectfollowingastrokeorotherbraininjurycommonlyfailtoattendtotheA. leftsideofspace.B. rightsideofspace.C. lowerareaofspace.D. boththerightandleftsidesofspace.

Question 6Whatwouldacomparisonofsleepbetweentypicaladolescentsandchildrenshow?A. Childrenhavelatersleeponsetthanadolescents.B. Childrenspendproportionatelylesstimeinslow-wavesleepthanadolescents.C. Adolescentsspendproportionatelymoretimeinrapideyemovement(REM)sleepthanchildren.D. Thetotalamountoftimespentinslow-wavesleepisrelativelysimilarinchildrenandadolescents.

Question 7Accordingtodecaytheory,whydoesforgettingoccur?A. Newerphysiologicalmemorytracesreplaceolderphysiologicalmemorytraces.B. Newerpsychologicalmemorytracesreplaceolderpsychologicalmemorytraces.C. Physiologicalmemorytracesfadeovertimeduetothememoriesnolongerbeingaccessed.D. Psychologicalmemorytracesfadeovertimeduetothememoriesnolongerbeingaccessed.

Question 8Intermsofassessingandmanagingthementalhealthofanindividual,thebiopsychosocialmodelconsidersA. biologicalfactorsmoreimportantthanpsychologicalandsocialfactors.B. psychologicalfactorsmoreimportantthanbiologicalandsocialfactors.C. biological,psychologicalandsocialfactorsequallyasimportant,andinteractingtoinfluencementalhealth.D. biological,psychologicalandsocialfactorsequallyasimportant,butnotinteractingtoinfluencementalhealth.

Question 9Ebbinghaus’soriginalforgettingcurveusingnonsensesyllablesindicatesthatA. three-quartersofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteroneday.B. alittleoverhalfofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteronehour.C. morethantwo-thirdsofallmateriallearntisforgottenafter20minutes.D. approximatelyone-quarterofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteronemonth.

Question 10 Whichofthefollowingindicatesatypicalnightofsleepforanadult?

Duration (minutes) Number of complete sleep cycles

A. 30–40 1or2

B. 60–70 4or5

C. 10–15 4or5

D. 90–120 4or5



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Question 11Afterafewdaysofsleepdeprivation,itismostlikelythatapersonwouldexperienceA. noincreaseintheamountofsleeponthenightsfollowingthesleepdeprivation.B. anincreasedamountofsleepononeormorenights.C. anincreasedamountofslow-wavesleeponly.D. anincreasedamountofREMsleeponly.

Question 12TheparasympatheticdivisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemisresponsibleforregulatingA. angerandaggression.B. learningandmemory.C. moodandarousallevels.D. sleep,eatingandreproduction.

Use the following information to answer Questions 13–15.Triciatookpartinanexperimentonmemory.InStage1oftheexperiment,shewasshown20wordspresentedatarateofonewordeverytwoseconds.Immediatelyafterthefinalwordwaspresented,Triciawasgiven30secondstowritedownasmanywordsasshecouldinanyorder.InStage2oftheexperiment,Triciawasshown20words,10ofwhichshehadseeninStage1oftheexperiment.ShewasthenaskedtoidentifythewordsshehadseeninStage1.

Question 13WhatisthemeasureofretentionusedinStage1oftheexperiment?A. freerecallB. relearningC. cuedrecallD. recognition

Question 14WhatisthemeasureofretentionusedinStage2oftheexperiment?A. freerecallB. relearningC. cuedrecallD. recognition

Question 15TheresultsofStage1oftheexperimentrevealedthatTriciarememberednineofthe20words:thefirstthreewords,thelastfivewordsandthe12thword.Theseresultsdemonstrateaserialpositioneffect,wheretheA. orderofitemsonalisthasnobearingontherateatwhichtheitemsarerecalled.B. recallofitemsinthemiddleofalistisstrongerthantherecencyandprimacyeffects.C. primacyeffectisstrongerthantherecencyeffect,withpoorrecallofitemsinbetween.D. recencyeffectisstrongerthantheprimacyeffect,withpoorrecallofitemsinbetween.



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Question 16Mutiahmovedintoanewhouseandwasgivenagroupofkeysthatalllookedthesametohim.Hewasonhisownwhenhetriedtofindthecorrectkeytogetintohisshed.Inthissituation,MutiahmostlikelyusedtheprinciplesofA. operantconditioning.B. classicalconditioning.C. observationallearning.D. trial-and-errorlearning.

Question 17Ryleedecidedtousethemeanasastatisticalmeasuretoexaminetheeffectoftheconsumptionofenergydrinksonthetimetakentocompleteajigsawpuzzle.TheuseofthemeanissuitableifthescoresareA. clusteredaroundtheextremevalues.B. clusteredaroundacentralscore.C. unevenlydistributed.D. widelyspread.

Use the following information to answer Questions 18–20.AbrahamandBenareactorswhohaveplayedmanyrolesontelevisionoverthelasttwoyears.Threemonthsago,Abrahamobtainedanewroleinatelevisionseriesthatguaranteedhimworkforthenexttwoyears.Ben,however,hasbeenoutofworkforthelastthreemonths.Duringthistime,Benauditionedfor15rolesindifferentshows,buthasyettosecureanywork.

Question 18WhichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesAbraham’sandBen’sallostaticloadsoverthelastthreemonths?A. highforbothAbrahamandBenB. lowforbothAbrahamandBenC. higherforBenthanAbrahamD. higherforAbrahamthanBen

Question 19EachtimeBenpreparesforanaudition,itislikelythathisA. pupilswillconstrictandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.B. heartratewillincreaseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswilldecrease.C. stomachcontractionswilldecreaseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.D. liverwilldecreasethereleaseofglucoseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.

Question 20BendecidedtoaskAbrahamtohelphimpractisehislinesforanupcomingaudition.BeingabletopractisehislineswithAbrahamisanexampleofA. asocialfactorthatwillhelptoalleviateBen’sstressresponse.B. aphysiologicalfactorthatwillhelptoalleviateBen’sstressresponse.C. socialsupportthatwilldecreaseBen’sabilitytocopewithhissituation.D. apsychologicalfactorthatwillhelptoexacerbateBen’sstressresponse.



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Question 21Themostreliablewaytodiscriminatebetweenstage1andstage2ofsleepusinganelectroencephalograph(EEG)wouldbetolookforA. thepresenceofsleepspindlesandKcomplexestoindicatestage1sleep.B. thepresenceofsleepspindlesandKcomplexestoindicatestage2sleep.C. anincreasedproportionofdeltawavestoindicatestage1sleep.D. anincreasedproportionofdeltawavestoindicatestage2sleep.

Question 22ThemostreliablemeasureofsleepwouldbeacombinationofA. videomonitoringandself-reportedsleeplogs.B. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandself-reportedsleeplogs.C. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandvideomonitoringonthesamenight.D. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandvideomonitoringonadifferentnight.

Use the following information to answer Questions 23 and 24.Johnisahealthy34-year-oldmanwhowitnessedawoman’shandbagbeingstolenfromashoppingtrolleyinasupermarket.Johnwasshownaseriesofphotographsoffacesandaskedifanyofthefacesmatchedthatofthepersonwhotookthehandbag.

Question 23ThelobeofJohn’sbrainthatwasmostactivewhenhetriedtoidentifytheperson’sfacewashisA. leftparietallobe.B. lefttemporallobe.C. rightoccipitallobe.D. righttemporallobe.

Question 24Johnisaskedtogiveeyewitnesstestimony.Inthisscenario,whichoneofthefollowingisanexampleofaleadingquestion?A. Wherewereyouinthesupermarketwhenthehandbagwasstolen?B. Whatcolourwasthehandbagthatthemanstolefromthetrolley?C. Whatwasthepersonwhostolethehandbagwearing?D. Whattimewasitwhenthehandbagwasstolen?



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Use the following information to answer Questions 25–27.Simran’sthree-year-oldchild,Ava,regularlythrowstantrumswhensheisnotgivenwhatsheasksfor,suchaswhensheasksforchocolatejustbeforedinnertime.SimransoughtadvicefromAva’skindergartenteacher,whosuggestedthatSimranignorethetantrums,andwhenAvaiscalmandbehavingwell,SimranshouldpraiseAvaandgiveheratreat.

Question 25Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesthekindergartenteacher’ssuggestedstrategyofignoringAva’stantrums?A. operantconditioningthatreinforcestheresponseB. classicalconditioningthatreinforcestheresponseC. operantconditioningthatextinguishestheresponseD. classicalconditioningthatextinguishestheresponse

Question 26IfSimranweretogiveAvachocolatewhenshethrowsatantrum,SimranwouldbeA. positivelyreinforcingthetantrumandincreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.B. positivelyreinforcingthetantrumanddecreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.C. negativelyreinforcingthetantrumandincreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.D. negativelyreinforcingthetantrumanddecreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.

Question 27IfSimrangaveAvachocolatejustbeforedinnertimeandAva’stantrumsubsequentlystopped,Simran’sbehaviourwouldbeA. positivelyreinforced,increasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.B. positivelyreinforced,decreasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.C. negativelyreinforced,increasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.D. negativelyreinforced,decreasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.

Question 28Hollyismonitoringherheartrateasaformofbiofeedbacktohelphermanageherstressatwork.AlimitationofusingbiofeedbackinthissituationisthatA. heartrateisnotaneffectivephysiologicalresponsetobeusedaspartofbiofeedback.B. itcanbechallengingforHollytoapplytheprinciplesofbiofeedbackwhileatwork.C. Hollyispassiveintheprocesswhiletheheartratemonitorisactive.D. changestoheartratecannotbemadeconsciously.



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Question 29ItislikelythatapersongivenahighdoseofalcoholcomparedtoalowdosewouldshowA. increaseddistortionintimeorientationanddulledemotionalawareness.B. decreaseddistortionintimeorientationanddulledemotionalawareness.C. increaseddistortionintimeorientationandheightenedemotionalawareness.D. decreaseddistortionintimeorientationandheightenedemotionalawareness.

Use the following information to answer Questions 30 and 31.Vladimirtookpartinanexperimentonworkingmemory.Hewasbrieflyshownablockletter(picturedbelow)andthenaskedtocountinhisheadthenumberofcornersontheletter.

Question 30AsVladimirperformsthistask,hisA. phonologicalloopstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehiscentralexecutivestorestheimageof

theblockletter.B. phonologicalloopstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisvisuo-spatialsketchpadstoresthe

imageoftheblockletter.C. visuo-spatialsketchpadstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisphonologicalloopstoresthe

imageoftheblockletter.D. centralexecutivestoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisepisodicbufferdirectshisattentionto

thecornersoftheblockletter.

Question 31Whatistheroleofthecentralexecutiveinthisscenario?A. HoldtheimageoftheletterwhileVladimiriscounting.B. Storeinformationfromlong-termmemoryregardingthelettersofthealphabet.C. Attendtoidentifyingeachcornerandaddingittothenumberofcornerscounted.D. Integrateinformationfromthevisuo-spatialsketchpadandphonologicalloopwhilekeepingcountofthe

numberofcorners.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 32–35.DrWilliamswantedtoperformapartialreplicationofJBWatson’s‘LittleAlbert’experimentusingayoungmonkeyinsteadofahumaninfant.SimilarlytoWatson’sexperiment,anironbarwasstruckbehindthemonkey’sbackeachtimeawhiteratwaspresented.Soonthemonkeyshowedfearoftheratevenwhenthebarwasnotstruck.

Question 32ItislikelythatDrWilliamsusedayoungmonkeyinsteadofahumaninfantinthestudybecauseA. usingamonkeyislesslikelytogetapprovalfromanethicsboardthanusingahumaninfant.B. monkeysandhumanshavesignificantlydifferentstructuresintheirnervoussystems.C. hewantedtofindoutifyoungmonkeysandyounghumanslearninthesameway.D. hewantedtoexploreotheraspectsofobservationallearning.

Question 33DrWilliamsdecidedthathewouldcontinuetopresentthewhiterattothemonkeywithoutstrikingthebar.Attheendofthefirstday,themonkeyremainedscaredoftherat.Afteranight’ssleep,whenpresentedwiththeratatthestartofthenextday,themonkeywasstillvisiblyscared.Whichoneofthefollowingisthemostlikelyexplanationforthemonkey’sfearoftheratthenextday?A. unconditionedresponseB. spontaneousrecoveryC. conditionedresponseD. extinction

Question 34Laterintheresearch,DrWilliamsstrucktheironbarbehindthemonkey’sbackwhenthemonkeywaspresentedwithafurrySantaClausmask.Onlyafteranumberofpairingsdidthemonkeyshowfearofthemask.Themonkey’sfearofthemaskisanexampleofA. aconditionedresponse.B. stimulusgeneralisation.C. stimulusdiscrimination.D. anunconditionedresponse.

Question 35DrWilliamsconsideredwhethertousefloodingorgraduatedexposuretotreatthemonkey’sfearoftheSantaClausmask.AsimilarityinthesetreatmentsisthattheyarebothA. ethicallyjustifiedinallcases.B. basedontheprinciplesofoperantconditioning.C. basedontheprinciplesofclassicalconditioning.D. basedondirectexposuretothefear-producingstimulusasthefirststep.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 36 and 37.Rose,whohasnohistoryofdiseaseorinjurytothebrain,wasaskedtomaintainherfocusonacentralfixationpointwhilethefollowingfourstimuliwereprojectedatrandomontoeithertheleftsideorrightsideofascreen:• Stimulus1–theword‘cat’projectedontotheleftsideofthescreen• Stimulus2–apictureofabananaprojectedontotherightsideofthescreen• Stimulus3–theword‘dog’projectedontotherightsideofthescreen• Stimulus4–apictureofahammerprojectedontotheleftsideofthescreen

Rosewasinstructedtopressthespacebaronakeyboardasquicklyaspossiblewhenshesawapicture.Whenshesawaword,shewasinstructedtosaythewordaloudasquicklyaspossible.ThetimetakenforRosetorespondtoeachstimuluswasrecorded.

Question 36Whichtwostimuliwouldhavemostlikelyproducedthefastestresponsetimes?A. catandbananaB. dogandbananaC. catandhammerD. dogandhammer

Question 37WhichareaofRose’sbrainenabledhertopronouncethewords‘cat’and‘dog’?A. Broca’sareainthefrontallobeB. Broca’sareainthetemporallobeC. Wernicke’sareainthefrontallobeD. Wernicke’sareainthetemporallobe



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Use the following information to answer Questions 38 and 39.WhenAmirwasinYear10,heorganisedareunionofhisGrade6class.Initiallyhecouldonlyrecallthenamesof12classmates,eventhoughheknewthatthereweremorestudentsintheclass.Hefoundanoldphotographoftheclass,withoutanynames,andwasthenabletorecallthenamesof22ofthe25classmates.

Question 38Amir’sinabilitytoinitiallyrecallthe10additionalnamesofhisGrade6classmateswasmostlikelyduetoA. decay.B. interference.C. retrievalfailure.D. motivatedforgetting.

Question 39AmirknewthattherewasaboymissingfromthephotographofhisGrade6classastheboyhadjoinedtheclasslaterintheyear.Despitehavingthefeelingthatheknewtheboy’snameandthattheboy’snamestartedwith‘G’,Amircouldnotrecalltheboy’sname.ThisisknownasA. decaytheory.B. retrogradeamnesia.C. proactiveinterference.D. tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon.

Question 40Basedonexplanationsofmemorydeclineoverthelifespan,olderpeopletendtoA. havepoorerproceduralmemoriesthanyoungerpeople.B. havelessconfidenceintheirmemorythanyoungerpeople.C. havemoreconfidenceintheirmemorythanyoungerpeople.D. performworsethanyoungerpeopleontasksthatrelyonrecognition.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 41–45.OscarandFlynnstartedattendingthesamekindergartenatthesametime.Theyhadpreviouslyattendedthesamechildcarecentretogether.Initially,whenstartingkindergarten,Flynndisplayedsymptomsofseparationanxietywhendroppedoffinthemorning,includingcryingandclingingtohismother.Hisheartratealsoincreasedandarashappearedonhisforehead.Oncehismotherleft,however,hequicklysettledandenjoyedtheactivitiesprovidedbyhiskindergartenteacher.Afteronemonthofattendingkindergarten,Flynnnolongercriedorclungtohismotherwhendroppedoffandhewouldquicklysettle.Incontrast,whenstartingkindergarten,Oscarwasveryexcited.Heeagerlyranuptothefrontdoorofthekindergartenwithgreatenthusiasm.Hehesitantlywavedgoodbyetohismother,buttookhiskindergartenteacher’shandandsettledquicklyintotheactivitiesprovided.

Question 41Wheninitiallystartingkindergarten,itismostlikelythatFlynnandOscarwereexperiencing,respectivelyA. eustress,distress.B. distress,eustress.C. distress,nostressresponse.D. eustress,fight-flightresponse.

Question 42PhysiologicalcharacteristicsofthestressresponsethatFlynndisplayedwheninitiallystartingkindergartenincludedA. eustressandcrying.B. distressandincreasedheartrate.C. distressandclingingtohismother.D. rashonhisforeheadandincreasedheartrate.

Question 43WhichnervoussystemwasmostlikelydominantwhenOscarstartedkindergarten?A. somaticnervoussystemB. peripheralnervoussystemC. sympatheticnervoussystemD. parasympatheticnervoussystem

Question 44Flynn’sappraisalofkindergartenwhenhefirststartedcomparedtohisappraisalonemonthlaterismostlikelytobe,respectivelyA. stressful,athreat.B. irrelevant,stressful.C. stressful,benign/positive.D. benign/positive,stressful.



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Question 45WhenFlynnisupset,hegoestohisteacherandasksforacuddle.WhatisFlynn’sstrategyanexampleof?A. meditationB. biofeedbackC. physicalexerciseD. emotion-focusedcoping

Question 46WhatisatypicalchangefoundinthebrainofanAlzheimer’ssufferer?A. adecreaseinthesizeoftheventriclesB. anabnormalincreaseinthelevelsoftheneurotransmitteracetylcholineC. abuild-upofbothamyloidplaquesandneurofibrillarytanglessurroundingtheneuronsD. adecreaseinamyloidplaquesandanincreaseinneurofibrillarytanglessurroundingtheneurons

Question 47Toulawantedtostopherdogbarkingat6amanddecidedtouseastrategyinvolvingpunishment.Forpunishmenttobemosteffective,itshouldbeadministeredA. twohoursafterthedogbarks,everytime.B. immediatelyafterthedogbarks,everytime.C. twohoursafterthedogbarks,someofthetime.D. immediatelyafterthedogbarks,someofthetime.

Question 48AstudywasconductedwheresubjectswereselectivelypreventedfromenteringREMsleepoveraperiodoffivedays.Onthesixthnight,theywereallowedtosleepnormally.ThemostlikelyresponseintermsoftheproportionofREMsleeponthesixthnightwouldbeA. adecreasedproportionofREMsleep.B. anincreasedproportionofREMsleep.C. anincreasedproportionofstage2sleep.D. anincreasedproportionofstages3and4sleep.

Question 49Inoperantconditioning,thenatureoftheresponseandthedivisionofthenervoussystemthatismostactiveare,respectivelyA. voluntary,thesomaticnervoussystem.B. involuntary,thesomaticnervoussystem.C. voluntary,theautonomicnervoussystem.D. involuntary,theautonomicnervoussystem.



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Use the following information to answer Questions 50–52.Thediagrambelowshowsasemanticnetworkformusicalinstruments.

musicalinstruments

stringinstruments

sound produced byvibration of strings

object used to make musical soundsused for entertainment or rituals

guitar

strings pluckedor strummed

strings played withbow or plucked

violin

windinstruments

sound produced bystream of air

flute

air blown acrossmouthpiece

air blown througha reed

clarinet

Question 50Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,thenodesinthisnetworkrepresentA. linksbetweenmusicalinstrumentconceptsinmemory.B. aperson’smemoriesofhearingorplayingmusicalinstruments.C. knowledgeofthepropertiesandfeaturesofmusicalinstrumentsinmemory.D. pathwaysbywhichinformationaboutmusicalinstrumentscanberetrievedinmemory.

Question 51Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsshouldpeoplebeabletoverifyfaster?A. Afluteisanobjectusedforentertainment.B. Aclarinetrequiresairblownthroughareed.C. Aguitarisanobjectusedtomakemusicalsounds.D. Aguitarproducessoundthroughthevibrationofstrings.

Question 52Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,whenpeoplehavepreviouslyansweredaquestionaboutflutestheywillsubsequentlybeA. slowertoretrieveinformationaboutwindinstrumentsthanclarinets.B. fastertoretrieveinformationaboutstringinstrumentsthanviolins.C. slowertoretrieveinformationaboutclarinetsthanviolins.D. fastertoretrieveinformationaboutviolinsthanclarinets.



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Question 53Phoebeiseightyearsoldandlovesplayingcricket.ShereallyadmirestheAustralianfemalecricketcaptain,whohasblondehair,likePhoebe,andoftenhitsballsoverthefenceforsixruns.Shetellsherfather,‘I’mgoingtobelikeheronedayandplayforAustraliaandbeonTVlikesheis’.ThestageofobservationallearningthatmostappliestoPhoebechoosingthefemalecaptainasthemodelforherbehaviourisA. attention.B. retention.C. motivation.D. reproduction.

Question 54Gemma’scanary,whowashatchedandraisedawayfromothercanaries,singsadistinctivesongeverymorningdespiteneverhearinganothercanarysing.Inthewintermonths,thecanarystoppedsingingthisdistinctivesong. Onthefirstdayofspring,Gemmaheardthecanarysingthissongagain.ThisisanexampleofA. extinction.B. afixedactionpattern.C. spontaneousrecovery.D. trial-and-errorlearning.

Question 55Hayleyhaslearnttochoosewhichparentsheshouldasktoborrowthefamilycarfromdependingonwhichparentisinabettermood.WhatisHayley’sbehaviouranexampleof?A. responsecostB. stimulusgeneralisationC. negativereinforcementD. stimulusdiscrimination

Question 56ApatientwithWernicke’saphasiaisA. unlikelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithproducingspeechbutanabilityto

comprehendthespeechofothers.B. likelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithproducingspeechanddifficultyspeaking

inawaythatismeaningfultoothers.C. likelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithcomprehendingspeechanddifficulty

speakinginawaythatismeaningfultoothers.D. unlikelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithcomprehendingspeechanddifficulty

speakinginawaythatismeaningfultoothers.



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Question 57Editaisahealthy29-year-oldwomanwhohassustainedaheadinjury.Inhospital,althoughsheisawakeandalert,sheisunabletorememberthefamilyholidayshewentonlastmonth.EditaislikelytobesufferingfromA. retrogradeamnesia.B. Alzheimer’sdisease.C. anterogradeamnesia.D. proactiveinterference.

Question 58Whatfunctionalchangeoccursinneuronswhenmemoriesareformed?A. adecreaseinthereleaseofthemaininhibitoryneurotransmitterglutamateB. anincreaseintheformationofdendriticspinestoallowforeasiercommunicationbetweenneuronsC. moreneurotransmittersbeingproducedandreleasedbypost-synapticneurons,whichactonthereceptorsitesof

pre-synapticneuronsD. moreneurotransmittersbeingproducedandreleasedbypre-synapticneurons,whichactonthereceptorsitesof

post-synapticneurons

Question 59Aresearchernoticedthatafter24hoursofsleepdeprivation,subjectsbegantoshowperiodsofverysloweyeclosureandlapsesofattentionwhilecompletingadrivingtaskonacomputersimulator.TheperiodsofverysloweyeclosureweremostlikelyanindicationofA. microsleep.B. REMsleep.C. stage2sleep.D. reboundslow-wavesleep.

Question 60Takeshiisanaccountantwhohasworkedallweekonhiscompany’sbudget,whichincludesmanyfour-digitnumbers.Attheendoftheweek,hewenttoanATM/cashmachinetowithdrawmoney,butdespitehavingknownhisfour-digitpinnumberfor15years,hesuddenlyfoundhimselfenteringthewrongfour-digitpinnumberintotheATM/cashmachine.WhatisthelikelycauseofTakeshienteringthewrongpinnumber?A. proactiveinterferenceB. motivatedinterferenceC. retroactiveinterferenceD. theserialpositioneffect



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Question 61Wheninvestigatingnaturallyoccurringbehaviour,anadvantageofusingobservationalstudiesasadatacollectiontechniqueisthatA. comparedwithexperiments,observationalstudiesdonotrequirecontrolledvariables.B. unlikeself-reportmethods,standardisedproceduresarenotrequiredinobservationalstudies.C. similarlytoexperiments,itispossibletocontrolconfoundingvariablesinobservationalstudies.D. comparedwithcasestudies,experimentalandcontrolgroupsarenotneededinobservationalstudies.

Question 62Barbarawaswatchingtelevisionwhenhermotherwalkedinandsaid,‘Barbara,it’syourturntotaketherubbishbinsouttonight’.Barbarawasabouttoaskhermothertorepeatwhatshehadsaid,butdidnotneedtobecauseithadbeenheldinherA. iconicmemory,whichhasadurationof3–4seconds.B. echoicmemory,whichhasadurationof3–4seconds.C. implicitmemory,whichhasadurationof0.2–0.4seconds.D. phonologicalloop,whichhasadurationof0.2–0.4seconds.

Question 63DrTerrenceisrunninganexperimenttoinvestigatetheeffectthatroomtemperaturehasonthetimetakenforpeopletofallasleep.Inthisexperiment,theindependentvariableisA. roomtemperature.B. timetakenforpeopletofallasleep.C. bodytemperaturewhenpeoplefallasleep.D. timetakenbypeopletoadapttoroomtemperature.

Question 64Kelvin,MaryandSoniawerediscussingeventsfromtheirchildhood.KelvinandMarymentionedthetimeatschoolwhenSoniaslippedinapuddle,whichledtoallofherclassmateslaughingatherandteasingher.Whenithappened,Soniawasdistressedand,after,deliberatelytriedtoavoidthinkingabouttheincident.AccordingtoFreud,SoniaislikelytohaveA. consciouslyrepressedthememoryofthisincident.B. consciouslysuppressedthememoryofthisincident.C. unconsciouslyrepressedthememoryofthisincident.D. unconsciouslysuppressedthememoryofthisincident.


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END OF SECTION A

Question 65DrJohnstone,aclinicalpsychologist,assessesherpatient’ssymptomsononeormorescalesatvariousintervals.Shedoesthissothatshecanmonitorchangesinthepatient’ssymptomsovertime.WhatapproachtotheclassificationofmentaldisordersisDrJohnstoneusing?A. socialB. biologicalC. categoricalD. transitional


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TURN OVER

CONTINUES OVER PAGE


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SECTION B – continued

Question 1 (2marks)Identifyonesimilarityandonedifferencebetweenoperantconditioningandsociallearningtheory.

Similarity

Difference

Question 2 (2marks)Rebeccawasreferredtoaclinicalpsychologist.ThepsychologistconsideredthespecificsymptomsreportedbyRebeccaandthosethatwerepresentedduringthementalhealthassessment.ThecharacteristicpatternofsymptomsthatRebeccapresentedwithledthepsychologisttodiagnoseherwithamentaldisorder.

NametheclassificationapproachthatRebecca’spsychologistusedandidentifyadisadvantageofusingthisclassificationapproach.

Classificationapproach

Disadvantage

SECTION B – Short-answer questions

Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.


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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

Question 3 (6marks)Researchersconductedaninvestigationintostatesofconsciousnesswithtwogroupsofhealthy 30-year-oldadultswithnohistoryofdiseaseorinjurytothebrain.Therecordingsfromtheelectroencephalograph(EEG)andelectromyograph(EMG)forparticipantsfromeachgrouparesummarisedinthetablebelow.

Table 1. Summary of consciousness recordings

Group EEG recording EMG recording

1 fast,irregular,unsynchronised, low-amplitudewaves

littleornomusclemovement

2 slow,regular,synchronised, high-amplitudewaves

limitedandirregularmusclemovement

a. Identifythestateofconsciousnessthattheparticipantsfromeachgroupwerelikelytobeexperiencing.Justifyyourresponse. 4marks

Group1

Group2

b. Describewhatatypicalelectro-oculargraph(EOG)recordingwouldshowforeachgroup. 2marks

Group1

Group2


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SECTION B – Question 4–continued

Question 4 (8marks)MrButler,aPsychologyteacher,conductedamemoryexperimentonhisPsychologyclass.Hewantedtoinvestigatewhethertheuseofnarrativechaining,whichisamnemonicdevice,isamoreeffectivemethodofrememberinglistsofunrelatedwordsintheorderinwhichtheyarepresented,thannotusinganymnemonicdevice.Intheexperiment,halfoftheclasswasgiventwominutestostudyfourlistsofwords.Thestudentsweretoldtotrytorememberthewordsfromeachlistintheorderinwhichtheywerepresented.Theywerenotgivenanyotherinstructions.Theotherhalfoftheclasswasgiventwominutestostudythesamefourlistsofwords.Thestudentswereinstructedtousenarrativechainingtohelpthemrememberthewordsfromeachlistintheorderinwhichtheywerepresented.Thatday,afterschool,MrButlerwassupervisingdetention.Heinformedthestudentsondetentionthattheywererequiredtotakepartintheexperimenthehadconductedearlierthatday.Ifthestudentsparticipated,hewouldletthemleavedetention10minutesearly,butiftheydidnotparticipate,detentionwouldbeextendedby10minutes.

a. ThefollowingwordsarefromList1ofMrButler’sexperiment:‘sugar’,‘chair’,‘tree’,‘car’,‘television’.

Usingthesewords,provideanexampleofnarrativechaining. 1mark

b. Outlinethepurposeofthecontrolgroupasitrelatestothisexperiment. 1mark

c. Referringtopsychologicaltheory,describethelikelyfindingsofthisexperiment. 2marks


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d. Operationalisethedependentvariableinthisexperiment. 2marks

e. Intermsofparticipants’rights,describewhichspecificethicalconsiderationMrButlerbreachedwiththestudentsondetention. 2marks


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Question 5 (6marks)Emiliacanstillrememberanemotionaleventfromherchildhood.WhenEmiliawasyoung,shebecameseparatedfromhermotherinalargeshoppingcentre.Whenhermotherfoundher10minuteslater,Emiliawasvisiblyupsetandcrying.

a. IdentifythespecifictypeofdeclarativememorythatthiseventisforEmilia.Justifyyourresponse. 2marks

b. IdentifythetwospecificareasofEmilia’stemporallobethatwereinvolvedintheformationofhermemoryofbeinglost.Explaintheroleofeachareainmemoryformation. 4marks


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Question 6 (4marks)Stan,whoisthreeyearsold,andJames,whois33yearsold,bothsustainedheadinjuriesandsuffereddamagetothesameareaoftheirbrain.Asaresultofthisdamage,bothhavedifficultyspeakingfluentlyandmovingtheirrightarmfreely.

a. Namethelobeandhemisphereofthebrainthathavemostlikelybeendamaged. 1mark

b. Withreferencetotypesofbrainplasticity,explainwhyStanismorelikelytohaveafasterandmorecompleterecoverythanJames. 3marks

Question 7 (3marks)Zahraisafirst-timemother.Whenherbabyboywaseightweeksold,Zahra’smother,wholivesoverseas,cametostayforsixweekstohelpcareforhernewgrandsonandtohelpZahraadjusttohernewroleasaparent.Zahraalsostartedattendingagroupfornewparents,runbyamaternalandchildhealthnursethroughherlocalcouncil,whereshemeetsonceaweekwithagroupoffiveotherfirst-timeparents.

ExplainhowonesourceofsocialsupportidentifiedinthescenariocouldhelpalleviateZahra’sstressresponseassociatedwithcaringforanewborn.


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Question 8 (5marks)SperryandGazzanigaconductedaseriesofstudieswithpatientswhohadundergonesplit-brainsurgery.

a. WithreferencetoSperryandGazzaniga’sstudies,explainthemostlikelyresponsewhenapatientwhohasundergonesplit-brainsurgeryisaskedtoverbaliseanimageofatoothbrushthathasbeenprojectedtotheleftvisualfield. 3marks

b. Thesamepatienthastheirlefthandplacedinsideabagcontainingabanana,apenandatoothbrush.Atthesametime,animageofatoothbrushisprojectedtotheleftvisualfield.

Describehowthepatientcouldidentifytheimageofthetoothbrush. 2marks


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Question 9 (3marks)TheSunnydownBasketballLeaguehas1500playersaged12–18.

Explainhowaresearchercoulddesignarandomsamplingproceduretoinvestigatetheeffectofsportsdrinksontheperformanceofunder-16basketballplayersintheSunnydownBasketballLeague.

Question 10 (3marks)Travisiscurrentlyundertakinghisfirstyearofuniversity.Heisfeelingpressuredbyhisfamily’sexpectationthatheshouldscorehighmarks.Travisalsoworkspart-timestackingfrozenvegetablesinthecoolroomofhislocalsupermarkettosavemoneytogooutwithhisnewgirlfriend,whohewantstoimpress.

IdentifyanenvironmentalfactorinthescenarioaboveanddescribehowitmayexacerbateTravis’sphysiologicalresponsetostress.

Factor

Description


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Question 11 (6marks)Timwasoncefinedforcrossingtheroadatanintersectionwhenthepedestriansignalwasred.Nowhealwayscrosseslegally,whenthepedestriansignalisgreen.

a. Usingthethree-phasemodelofoperantconditioning,explainwhyTimhasnowlearntnottocrosstheroadwhenthepedestriansignalisred. 4marks

b. Timgetsfrustratedwhenhehastowaitatapedestriancrossingandrepeatedlypressesthebutton atthecrossing,thinkingitwillmakethesignalchangefaster.Heisunawarethatthesignalfollowsa pre-programmedpatterntochangeevery90secondswheneverthebuttonispressedatleastonce.

Withreferencetoschedulesofreinforcement,describewhyTim’sstrategywillnotresultinthepedestriansignalchangingtogreenfaster. 2marks


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Question 12 (3marks)DominicandJackareteammateswhocompetedinthesamefootballmatchontheweekend.Twominutesbeforetheendofthematch,theirteammatekickedthewinninggoal.Thirtysecondslater,Dominicreceivedahittotheheadinatackleandwasknockedunconsciousforoneminute.Jackdidnotsustainanyinjuryduringthematch.DominicandJackwereinterviewed40minutesafterthematchandaskedtocommentonthewinninggoal.

Withreferencetoconsolidationtheory,identifywhoismorelikelytobeabletorecallthewinninggoalthatwaskickedandjustifyyourresponse.

Question 13 (4marks)Aresearcherwantstocomparetherelativesensitivitybetweentwodifferentpartsofthebody.

Describeanappropriateresearchtechniquethattheresearchercoulduseandhowtheresultsobtainedcoulddemonstratetherelationshipbetweencorticalrepresentationofbodypartsandrelativesensitivity.Inyourresponse,refertotwodifferentpartsofthebody.


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END OF SECTION B

Question 14 (5marks)Katrinaeatstoastforbreakfasteveryday.Threedaysinarow,thetoastgotstuckinthetoasterandburned,settingoffthesmokealarm.Thesmokealarmmadeahigh-pitchednoisethatcausedherdogBustertostartleandthenrunaway.Now,wheneverKatrinausesthetoaster,Busterrunsoutsideandhidesinthegarden.

Usingtheterminologyofclassicalconditioning,explainhowBusterhascometofearthetoaster.


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SECTION C – continuedTURN OVER

Aresearcherundertookastudytoexaminethestressresponseatkeytimesduringtheweddingplanningprocess.Theparticipantswere300brides-to-berecruitedfromabridalexhibitionthattheyattendedinMelbourne,Victoria.Atthebridalexhibition,theparticipantswereapproachedbytheresearcher’sassistantandaskediftheywouldliketovoluntarilyparticipateinaresearchstudyexaminingtheeffectofplanningaweddingonaperson’sstressresponse.Theywereinformedthattheywouldberequiredtocompleteaquestionnaireatthreedifferenttimes:twiceduringtheplanningoftheirweddingandonceaftertheirwedding.

Questionnaire designAfour-itemquestionnairewasdevelopedbytheresearcher,whichaskedparticipantstoconsiderdifferentaspectsoftheweddingplanningprocess.Theywereaskedtoratetheextenttowhichtheyfeltstressed,at this particular point in time,abouteachoftheseaspectsusingafive-pointscale(where1=notstressedand5=extremelystressed).Aconsentformoutliningthenatureandpurposeoftheresearchwasprovided.

Questionnaire administrationStage1–Participantsatthebridalexhibitionweregivenacopyofthequestionnairetocompletebythemselves.

Oncecompleted,thequestionnairewasplacedinasecure,lockedboxtomaintainanonymity.Stage2–Participantsweremailedasecondcopyofthequestionnairewithinstructionstocompleteitanonymously

oneweekpriortotheirweddingdate.Astampedself-addressedenvelopewasincludedwiththequestionnaire.

Stage3–Participantsweremailedafinalcopyofthequestionnaireandaskedtocompleteitanonymouslyonemonthaftertheirweddingdate.Astampedself-addressedenvelopewasincludedwiththequestionnaire.

Theresearchercalculatedtheoverallmeanresponseforeachitemateachstage.Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.

Table 1. Mean response for each item at key stages before and after a wedding

Item Stage 1 – At exhibition

(out of 5)n = 300

Stage 2 – One week prior

(out of 5)n = 210

Stage 3 – One month after

(out of 5)n = 190

Mean response for each item

(out of 5)n = 700

financialcostofwedding 4.0 4.8 4.1 4.3

involvementofparentsinweddingplanning

3.5 3.8 3.2 3.5

choosingweddingvenue 4.5 2.5 0.8 2.6

decidingonseatingplan 1.5 4.8 1.8 2.7

Overall response for each stage (out of 5)

3.4 4.0 2.5

n=samplesize

SECTION C – Research scenario

Instructions for Section CAnswerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.Yourresponsesmayincludediagrams,chartsandtables.


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SECTION C – continued

Question 1 (1mark)Namethetypeofdatacollectedinthequestionnaire.

Question 2 (2marks)Namethesamplingprocedureusedinthestudyandidentifyoneadvantageofusingthissamplingprocedure.

Question 3 (2marks)Describehowdebriefingmaybeundertakenforthedatacollectiontechniqueusedinthestudy.


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SECTION C – Question 4 –continuedTURN OVER

Question 4 (10marks)Evaluatetheresultsobtainedinrelationtothe:• psychologicaldeterminantsofthestressresponse• roleofprimaryandsecondaryappraisalasinformedbyLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelof

StressandCoping• potentialextraneousand/orconfoundingvariables,includingwaystheycouldbeminimised.


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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK


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TURN OVER

Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.


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2016 psychology written examination 2 · pdf filepsychology written examination thursday 27...

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