20110630b bo sapporo - 北海道大学record notes and observations on the natural history of plants...

2011/06/302011/06/30——Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental ScienceAdvanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 11

June 30, 2011June 30, 2011


container of milk: environmental point of viewcontainer of milk: environmental point of view

•• Which container do you like, glass bottles and paper carton? AsWhich container do you like, glass bottles and paper carton? Assume sume that those are of same price and consider based on the environmethat those are of same price and consider based on the environmental ntal point of view.point of view.

<< glass bottle >>• increase in the amount of fuel due to heaviness• airborne pollution due to increase fuel consumption• aquatic contamination due to washing

<< paper carton >>• Paper is renewable resource.• Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by plants.• Paper cartons can not be recycled to paper cartons:

cascade recycle.

<< glass bottle >><< glass bottle >>•• increase in the amount of fuel due to heavinessincrease in the amount of fuel due to heaviness•• airborne pollution due to increase fuel consumptionairborne pollution due to increase fuel consumption•• aquatic contamination due to washingaquatic contamination due to washing

<< paper carton >><< paper carton >>•• Paper is renewable resource.Paper is renewable resource.•• Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by plants.Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by plants.•• Paper cartons can not be recycled to paper cartons: Paper cartons can not be recycled to paper cartons:

cascade recycle.cascade recycle.


recycle in Sapporo Cityrecycle in Sapporo City


collection: pullcollection: pull--tab/newspaper/paper cartontab/newspaper/paper carton

•• Pull tab:Pull tab: 1,400,000 pull tabs of aluminum cans (700 1,400,000 pull tabs of aluminum cans (700 kg/JPY140,000,000!) are equivalent to 1 wheel chair (JPY70,000):kg/JPY140,000,000!) are equivalent to 1 wheel chair (JPY70,000):JPY100 for 1 kg.JPY100 for 1 kg.

•• Newspaper: Newspaper: JPY1 for 1 kg.JPY1 for 1 kg.•• Paper carton:Paper carton: JPY0 for 1 kg.JPY0 for 1 kg.


last time topic = recyclelast time topic = recycle

state 1statestate 11

state 2statestate 22

ener

gyen

ergy

energy releaseenergy release

energy injectionenergy injection

•• If "recycle" is defined to be recover chemicals to the original If "recycle" is defined to be recover chemicals to the original state, at state, at least one path of process requires least one path of process requires energy injectionenergy injection..

•• balancebalance of consumption of resource and energyof consumption of resource and energy


today's topic = ecologytoday's topic = ecology

ecologyecology


ecologyecology

QQ What is "ecology"?What is "ecology"?


ecology in Wikipediaecology in Wikipedia

Ecology is a subEcology is a sub--discipline of biologydiscipline of biology, the study of life. The word "ecology" (", the study of life. The word "ecology" ("oekologieoekologie") ") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834––1919). Haeckel was a 1919). Haeckel was a zoologist, artist, writer, and later in life a professor of compzoologist, artist, writer, and later in life a professor of comparative anatomy. Ancient arative anatomy. Ancient philosophers of Greece, including Hippocrates and Aristotle, werphilosophers of Greece, including Hippocrates and Aristotle, were among the earliest to e among the earliest to record notes and observations on the natural history of plants arecord notes and observations on the natural history of plants and animals; the early nd animals; the early rudiments of modern ecology. Modern ecology mostly branched out rudiments of modern ecology. Modern ecology mostly branched out of natural history science of natural history science that flourished in the late 19th century. Charles Darwin's evolthat flourished in the late 19th century. Charles Darwin's evolutionary treatise and the utionary treatise and the concept of adaptation as it was introduced in 1859 is a pivotal concept of adaptation as it was introduced in 1859 is a pivotal cornerstone in modern cornerstone in modern ecological theory.ecological theory.

Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, naEcology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history or tural history or environmental scienceenvironmental science. Ecology is closely related to the biological disciplines of p. Ecology is closely related to the biological disciplines of physiology, hysiology, evolution, genetics and behavior. An understanding of how biodievolution, genetics and behavior. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological versity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecosfunction is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecosystems sustain every lifeystems sustain every life--supporting function on the planet, including climate regulation,supporting function on the planet, including climate regulation, water filtration, soil formation water filtration, soil formation ((pedogenesispedogenesis), food, fibers, medicines, erosion control, and many other natu), food, fibers, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of ral features of historical, spiritual or scientific value.historical, spiritual or scientific value.

Many people in Japan use this word to showMany people in Japan use this word to show

something environmentally benignsomething environmentally benign


ecological way: vinyl bagsecological way: vinyl bags

QQ Is "noIs "no--use of vinyl bags" in stores ecological? Answer with use of vinyl bags" in stores ecological? Answer with reasons.reasons.


ecological way: vinyl bagsecological way: vinyl bags

Three thousands million (30,000,000,000) vinyl bags were Three thousands million (30,000,000,000) vinyl bags were used in Japan in 2008, which corresponded to 250,000 tons used in Japan in 2008, which corresponded to 250,000 tons of petroleum.of petroleum.The source distilled part of petroleum is of low boiling point The source distilled part of petroleum is of low boiling point which has no other usage to be discarded by burning, i.e., no which has no other usage to be discarded by burning, i.e., no decrease of resulting carbon dioxide can be expected when decrease of resulting carbon dioxide can be expected when those vinyl bags are not used in stores.those vinyl bags are not used in stores.A vinyl bag costs ca. 0.2A vinyl bag costs ca. 0.2——0.3 JPY0.3 JPYAssuming that the average weight of vinyl bag to be 8 g and Assuming that the average weight of vinyl bag to be 8 g and two bags (16 g) are used per occasion, use of petroleum two bags (16 g) are used per occasion, use of petroleum corresponding to vinyl bags can be reduced only by that 10% corresponding to vinyl bags can be reduced only by that 10% of people stop using cars to visit stores (8 g gasoline = 0.1 of people stop using cars to visit stores (8 g gasoline = 0.1 km drive).km drive).

Reduction of usage of cars is much more Reduction of usage of cars is much more effective for reduction of carboneffective for reduction of carbon--dioxide dioxide

emission.emission.


gasoline ticketgasoline ticket

(July 16, 2008)(July 16, 2008)ItoYokadoItoYokado starts today to offer discount gasoline coupons to the starts today to offer discount gasoline coupons to the shopersshoperspurchasing to some amount. The service are available in their 7purchasing to some amount. The service are available in their 79 affiliated 9 affiliated stores. <snip> For six days from 16 to 20, '10stores. <snip> For six days from 16 to 20, '10--yenyen--reduction per one liter' gas reduction per one liter' gas discount coupons are given to every purchase of JPY5,000. No modiscount coupons are given to every purchase of JPY5,000. No more than to re than to coupons are provided to the same person even if his/her purchasecoupons are provided to the same person even if his/her purchase amounts amounts excess JPY10,000. <snip>excess JPY10,000. <snip>


ecological way: disposable chopsticksecological way: disposable chopsticks

QQ Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks?Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks?


ecological way: disposable chopsticksecological way: disposable chopsticks

QQ Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks?Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks?

AA Use of disposable chopstick may be more ecological.Use of disposable chopstick may be more ecological.

•• For maintenance of forests, it is necessary to thin trees and toFor maintenance of forests, it is necessary to thin trees and to cut small cut small branches and resultant woods cannot be carried out, if they are branches and resultant woods cannot be carried out, if they are sold. sold. Then, forests become sick.Then, forests become sick.

•• In Japan, use of disposable chopsticks has been limited due to tIn Japan, use of disposable chopsticks has been limited due to the he misunderstanding, disabling proper use of waste wood after thinnmisunderstanding, disabling proper use of waste wood after thinning ing and pruning. A large part of woods of disposable chopsticks is and pruning. A large part of woods of disposable chopsticks is imported from China. The woods should be used for other purposeimported from China. The woods should be used for other purposes. s.

•• In overall forests both in Japan and China are In overall forests both in Japan and China are damegeddameged..


sea levelsea level

QQ Is sea level raised due to the global warming?Is sea level raised due to the global warming?


melting of icemelting of ice

QQ Ice, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water lIce, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water level is evel is 0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming densi0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming density of ty of (liquid) water to be 1.(liquid) water to be 1.


melting of icemelting of ice

QQ Ice, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water lIce, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water level is evel is 0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming densi0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming density of ty of (liquid) water to be 1.(liquid) water to be 1.

AA The ice is given buoyancy of 0.9 kg (= mass of water pushed out The ice is given buoyancy of 0.9 kg (= mass of water pushed out by by the ice) and this means that the mass of ice is 0.9 kg. Since tthe ice) and this means that the mass of ice is 0.9 kg. Since the he volume of 0.9 kg water is 0.9 L, volume of 0.9 kg water is 0.9 L,

no change of water level will be observedno change of water level will be observedno change of sea level due to melting of arctic iceno change of sea level due to melting of arctic ice


global warming and the Antarctic continent global warming and the Antarctic continent

QQ Is ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warmIs ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warming?ing?


global warming and the Antarctic continent global warming and the Antarctic continent

QQ Is ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warmIs ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warming?ing?

AA Ice on the continent is mainly due to snow fall and the temperatIce on the continent is mainly due to snow fall and the temperature in a ure in a central part of the continent is ca. central part of the continent is ca. --50 deg C. If the temperature of sea 50 deg C. If the temperature of sea water raised, amount of water vapor in air will be increased to water raised, amount of water vapor in air will be increased to result in result in heavier snow fall andheavier snow fall and

increase in the amount of iceincrease in the amount of ice


ice in Greenlandice in Greenland

"An Inconvenient Truth" "An Inconvenient Truth" by Al Gore tells that in near future ice covering by Al Gore tells that in near future ice covering Greenland will melt to raise water level by 6 m.Greenland will melt to raise water level by 6 m.

At least several thousands years are necessary (IPCC)At least several thousands years are necessary (IPCC)


TuvaluTuvalu Marshal islandsMarshal islands

sea level and global warmingsea level and global warming

QQ Tuvalu has had problems with flooding in its coastal areas whichTuvalu has had problems with flooding in its coastal areas which has has affected its agriculture industry.affected its agriculture industry. Is this due to "global warming"?Is this due to "global warming"?


sea level risesea level rise

QQ How much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in JapHow much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in Japan?an?


sea level in Tuvalusea level in Tuvalu

•• The South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring ProjectThe South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project””. The Bureau of . The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia (February 6, 2007).Meteorology, Australia (February 6, 2007).

maximummaximum

averageaverage

minimumminimum


sea level risesea level rise

QQ How much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in JapHow much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in Japan?an?

AA ca. 10 cm. cf. change in seasons: ca. 40 cm (highest in summer ca. 10 cm. cf. change in seasons: ca. 40 cm (highest in summer due to due to expansion of sea water. Low pressure of expansion of sea water. Low pressure of ––50 50 hPahPa raises sea level by raises sea level by ca. 50 cm. Considering these problems, there will be no effect ca. 50 cm. Considering these problems, there will be no effect of rise in of rise in sea level.sea level.


collection: pullcollection: pull--tab/newspaper/paper cartontab/newspaper/paper carton

•• Pull tab:Pull tab: 1,400,000 pull tabs of aluminum cans (700 1,400,000 pull tabs of aluminum cans (700 kg/JPY140,000,000!) are equivalent to 1 wheel chair (JPY70,000):kg/JPY140,000,000!) are equivalent to 1 wheel chair (JPY70,000):JPY100 for 1 kg.JPY100 for 1 kg.

•• Newspaper: Newspaper: JPY0.5 for 1 kg.JPY0.5 for 1 kg.•• Paper carton:Paper carton: JPY0 for 1 kg.JPY0 for 1 kg.


recycle/ecologyrecycle/ecology

KunihikoKunihiko TAKEDATAKEDA武田邦彦武田邦彦（（たけだくにひこたけだくにひこ））

リサイクル幻想リサイクル幻想

文春新書文春新書131131・文藝春秋・文藝春秋（（20002000））

偽善エコロジー偽善エコロジー

幻冬舎新書幻冬舎新書081081・幻冬舎（・幻冬舎（20082008））

「エコロジー」の有害性を訴えるだけでなく，「エコロジー」の有害性を訴えるだけでなく，『『どう判断すればいいのかどう判断すればいいのか』』についてものについてものべている．「心が満足していると物は少なくてすむ＝好きな人がいれば，べている．「心が満足していると物は少なくてすむ＝好きな人がいれば，11杯のコー杯のコーヒーでも夢のようなヒーでも夢のような22時間を過ごすことができる」時間を過ごすことができる」


ecologyecology

QQ Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you think think ecologically?ecologically?


ecologyecology

QQ Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you think think ecologically?ecologically?

AA High price of gasoline may induce the decrease in use of cars anHigh price of gasoline may induce the decrease in use of cars and also d also production of cars, using energy such as petroleum to result in production of cars, using energy such as petroleum to result in the the decrease in carbon dioxide emission.decrease in carbon dioxide emission.

tradetrade--off relation betweenoff relation between

economical and environmental issueseconomical and environmental issues


guidelineguideline

"inexpensive""inexpensive"

■■ エネルギーと資源の消費のためにはお金がかかるエネルギーと資源の消費のためにはお金がかかる

■■ 「安いもの」はエネルギーと資源の消費が少ないということ「安いもの」はエネルギーと資源の消費が少ないということ

■■ 支出をへらす＝収入をふやすことではない支出をへらす＝収入をふやすことではない

■■ 「好景気」をもとめない「好景気」をもとめない

■■ 論理的な思考ができる政治家をえらぶ＝税金が少なくなる論理的な思考ができる政治家をえらぶ＝税金が少なくなる

●● 自動車を所有するより，必要なときにレンタカーをつかう方がやすあがり自動車を所有するより，必要なときにレンタカーをつかう方がやすあがり

●● 必要以上に食べながら，お金を払ってフィットネスでエネルギーを消費するくらいなら，必要以上に食べながら，お金を払ってフィットネスでエネルギーを消費するくらいなら，はじめから食べる量をへらせばよい＝支出がへるとおもえば食欲をがまんできるはじめから食べる量をへらせばよい＝支出がへるとおもえば食欲をがまんできる

●● 単位体積あたりの価格が低い単位体積あたりの価格が低い2 L2 LサイズのサイズのPETPETボトルのお茶をもち歩くのはたいへんだボトルのお茶をもち歩くのはたいへんだが，が，500 mL500 mLののPETPETボトルにつめかえればよい．やかんで麦茶をつくる方がもっと経済ボトルにつめかえればよい．やかんで麦茶をつくる方がもっと経済的（じつは隠れた要素＝アスコルビン酸）的（じつは隠れた要素＝アスコルビン酸）


a game: a practice for making a quiza game: a practice for making a quiz

•• firstfirst：： circle/second: circle/second: crosscross

•• Both don't like to be Both don't like to be beaten.beaten.

QQ Which, first or Which, first or second, will win?second, will win?

××

○○ ○×

○

○ ×

×

AA At seventh, the At seventh, the first won. Why?first won. Why?

○


a game in a twoa game in a two--dimensional latticedimensional lattice

•• Only a unit cell Only a unit cell had been shown. had been shown.

•• like atoms or ions like atoms or ions in crystalline in crystalline latticeslattices

•• unit cell: (in two unit cell: (in two dimensional dimensional lattice) connected lattice) connected to leftto left--right and right and upperupper--lowderlowder

•• Unit cell can be Unit cell can be moved without moved without change in its size change in its size and shape.and shape.

•• putting on a lattice putting on a lattice point means point means putting on all the putting on all the lattice points.lattice points.

××

○○

××

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××

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××

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××

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××

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××

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××

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××

○○

○○ ○○○○

○○ ○○○○

○○ ○○○○

×× ××××

×× ××××

×× ××××

×× ××××

×× ××××

×× ××××

○○ ○○○○

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comments on this lecture and questioncomments on this lecture and question

Please send email in Japanese or English within 48 hoursPlease send email in Japanese or English within 48 hours

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20110630b bo sapporo - 北海道大学record notes and observations on the natural history of plants...

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