2007 08 26 dc keynote keizer
TRANSCRIPT
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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
helping to build a world without hunger
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World Food Summit 1996
Reducing Hunger and Poverty in the World by 50% in 2015
"The Rome Declaration calls upon us to reduce by half the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015 .... If each of us gives his or
her best I believe that we can meet and even exceed the target we have set for ourselves.""The Rome Declaration calls upon us to reduce by half the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015 .... If each of us
gives his or her best I believe that we can meet and even exceed the target we have set for ourselves.“
"We have the possibility to do it. We have the knowledge. We have the resources. And with the Rome Declaration and the Plan of Action, we've
shown that we have the will."
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Information and Knowledge Management at FAO• The First Article of the FAO Constitution:
“The Organization shall collect, analyse, interpret and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture.”
• A specific objective of FAO’s Strategic Framework– In response to the World Food Summit (1996)– “improve decision-making through the provision of
information and assessments and fostering of knowledge management for food and agriculture.”
• A new focus on FAO as a “Knowledge Organization” as approved by the FAO Council
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Food
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AGMES – Application ProfilesBuilding Blocks for a Semantic Web Space in Food
and Agriculture
Gauri [email protected]
http://www.salokhe.com
Johannes [email protected]
http://www.johanneskeizer.com
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Starting Points in 2000
•AGRIS (FAO Documentation)•AGROVOC
• And there was a question: Is there any need to invest in metadata and
vocabularies in the age of electronic information?
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……. we went 2001 to Ottawa to participate the first time in the Dublin Core meetings
...... since then we are knitting the semantic web in our area
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Resources we are dealing with..
• Document – Like Information Objects (DLIOs)
• Learning resources
• Organizations
• Projects
• News and Events
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Document – Like Information Objects - About
• Starting point was the AGRIS Database, which gathers bibliographic information from over 200+ centres from across the world
• It currently contains 2.5 million bibliographic records.
• Before the year 2000, participating centers were forced to use a proprietary software or complicated format conversions were necessary at the central database
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center3
center1
center2
center4
service2
common exchange layer
serviceetc.
center2
center1 center3
center4
services
...our starting point was simple: exchange of bibliographical data between different repositories
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Document – Like Information Objects – Our Proposal
• The AGRIS Application Profile (AGRIS AP) is a metadata standard created specifically to enhance the description, exchange and subsequent retrieval of agricultural Document-Like Information Objects (DLIOs).
• It is a metadata schema which draws elements from well known Metadata standards such as – Dublin Core (DC), – Australian Government Locator Service Metadata
(AGLS), and – Agricultural Metadata Element Set (AgMES)
namespaces.
• It allows sharing of information across dispersed bibliographic systems and provides guidelines on recommended best practices for cataloguing and subject indexing.
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Document – Like Information Objects – the metadata
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Implementation of the AGRIS AP
……. many discussions
main points:- too many elements- too complicated
but we did not surrender
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CitationFor example, the citation information using AGRIS AP is displayed as: <ags:citation> <ags:citationTitle>Journal of Agricultural Research and Extension
(Thailand)</ags:citationTitle> <ags:citationTitle>Warasan Wichai Lae Songsoem Wichakan
Kaset</ags:citationTitle> <ags:citationIdentifier scheme="ags:ISSN">0125-8850</ags:citationIdentifier> <ags:citationNumber>18(2) p.1-12</ags:citationNumber> <ags:citationChronology>Apr-Sep 2001</ags:citationChronology></ags:citation>
The dumbing down process would result in the information being merged into various fields and presented as:
<dc:relation> Journal of Agricultural Research and Extension (Thailand); Warasan Wichai Lae Songsoem Wichakan Kaset; 18(2) p.1-12; ISSN: 0125-8850; Apr-Sep 2001</dc:relation>
RelationFor example, the relation information using AGRIS AP is displayed as: <dc:relation> <dcterms:isVersionOf>http://www.fao.org/agris/agmes/DC1-FAO1.doc
</dcterms:isVersionOf > <ags:relationHasTranslation>ftp://ftp.fao.org/fao/W8270c.pdf
</ags:relationHasTranslation></dc:relation>The dumbing down process would result in the information being merged into various
fields and presented as: <dc:relation> http://www.fao.org/agris/agmes/DC1-FAO1.doc</dc:relation> <dc:relation> ftp://ftp.fao.org/fao/W8270c.pdf </dc:relation>
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Document – Like Information Objects
• Now all active AGRIS Centres are sending data in AGRIS AP XML format.
• FAO has converted the central database to XML
• The standard has been adopted by: – Global Forestry Information System (GFIS)– Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Year AGRIS records
2000 66,186
2001 57,058
2002 43,012
2003 38,476
2004 51,873
2005 24,994
2006 28,859
2007 (June) 25,090
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http://oai.bibsys.no/repository?verb=listRecords&metadataPrefix=agris&set=agris
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Figure 3. The Data Providers : open archives. A data provider can export metadata in different metadata formats (Figure 3). The Unqualified Dublin Core is the basic metadata format for OAI Protocol, but the function of DC is basically to facilitate the exchange of metadata at cross-domain level, to enable the communication outside of the specific communities. For AGRIS Community, as other subject networks, it is necessary the use of a richer metadata format. For that AGRIS Iniative will encourage the export in AGRIS AP in order to guarantee a high level in the quality of description of agricultural information resources.
Data Management
Data Management
ArchivalStorage
ArchivalStorage
AccessAccess
DescriptionDescription
CataloguingCataloguing
MetadataExport
MetadataExport
Dublin Core Unqualified
Dublin Core Unqualified
MARC21MARC21
AGRIS APAGRIS AP
Self-archivingSelf-archiving
The AGRIS—AP now underpins the new model of the AGRIS network
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Home
Figure 2. Agris Network: Content Management. The Figure 2 shows the main elements in the workflow for AGRIS Network and their connections following the new architecture. Conceptually, the workflow is divided in two principal actions: content management and exposing metadata.
InformationManagement
Specialist
InformationManagement
Specialist
Metadata+
Full text
Metadata+
Full text
SoftwareSoftware
AGRISWebsite
AGRISWebsite
AgrisService
Providers
AgrisService
Providers Standards
Standards
UsersUsers
ResearcherOpen Access
ResearcherOpen Access
ExternalService
Providers
ExternalService
Providers AgrisData
Providers
AgrisData
Providers
ContentManagement
ContentManagement
Self ArchivingSelf Archiving
KnowledgeExchange
KnowledgeExchange
DirectoriesDirectories
MethodsMethods
Internet
The AGRIS—AP now underpins the new model of the AGRIS network
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DLIO - Tools
• Metamaker
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DLIO – Services (http://www.fao.org/agris/search)
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Services – Navigation of objects
• Cross-searching of objects using AGROVOC Keywords
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Services – One click re-query of Data
• Cross-searching of objects using AGROVOC Keywords
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Document – Like Information Objects – Next Steps
»AGRIS Ontology Project
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Learning resources - About
• The United Nations General Assembly recognizes the crucial role of capacity building for achieving the Millennium Development Goals
• It has called upon the United Nations organizations to increase their support to developing countries’ own efforts.
• Capacity and institution building is a core function of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
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Learning resources – Our Proposal
• In order to provide structured access to FAO’s agricultural learning resources and capacity and institution building services, the “Capacity and Institution Building Portal” project was started in 2006.
• A metadata standard was needed to assure that each resource will be described appropriately.
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Learning resources - the metadata
• (DC) Title– (AGS) Supplement Title
• (DC) Creator• (DC) Subject
– (AGS) subjectCategories– (AGS) subjectThesaurus
• (DC) Description– (DCTERMS) Abstract– (AGS) Notes
• (DC) Publisher • (DCTERMS) Date• (DC) Type• (DC) Format-Type• (LOM) Aggregation Level
• (LOM) Size• (DC) Identifier• (DC) Language• (DC) Relation• (DCTERMS) Coverage • (DC) Rights• (LOM) Cost• (LOM) Intended End User
Role• (LOM) Context• (LOM) Interactivity Level• (LOM) Typical Learning
Time
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Learning resources – Next Steps
• The “Capacity and Institution Building Portal” will be made available to FAO staff and member countries towards the end of the year
• Approximately, 300+ records have been identified in FAO as learning resources. Metadata for these resources is being created according to the Learning Resources AP
• Strong collaboration with the CGIAR Learning Resource Initiative
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Organizations - About
• Information on agricultural organizations is available from many different information services with independent databases.
• Very few of these systems share data among themselves and in no case do they coherently integrate data.
• This translates into three major difficulties: 1. maintenance is costly; 2. similar (but incomprehensive) information is
available from several sources; 3. visibility in all the existing databases requires
submitting the same data to multiple databases.
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Organizations – Our Proposal
1. Provide a web-based tool that allows everyone to create metadata about their organization.
2. The tool will come with guidelines on "how-to" create the metadata file.
3. The XML file will be stored on institutes’ webserver and the URL will be registered in a central server
• The central server can be exploited to create other value-added services as desired.
• Periodic update requests will be sent out to all the organizations.
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Organizations – the metadata
• (AGS) organizationName– (AGS)
fullOrganizationName– (AGS)
organizationAcronym• (AGS) address
– (AGS) streetAddress– (AGS) country
• (AGS) telephone• (AGS) fax• (AGS) telex• (AGS) email• (DC) identifier (scheme
“dcterms:URI”)
• (DC) description• (DC) subject
– (AGS) subjectThesaurus
• (AGS) organizationType• (DC) relation
– (DCTERMS) isPartOf (sugg: scheme “dcterms:URI”)
– (DCTERMS) replaces (sugg: scheme “dcterms:URI”)
• (DC) date– (DCTERMS) created– (DCTERMS) modified
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Organizations – Next Steps
• The “metamaker” is under construction
• The registry is being developed by our partner organization the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR)
• Data will be collected by targeting the partner organizations (CGIAR, GFIS etc.)
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Projects - About
• Repositories of Project metadata exist but...
1.maintenance is costly; 2.similar (but incomprehensive)
information is available from several sources;
3.visibility in all the existing databases requires submitting the same data to multiple databases.
• Promote data sharing
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Projects – Our Proposal
• To develop core data standard for enable sharing of project metadata describing projects by evaluating existing standards;
• Provide user friendly documentation on the list of fields used to describe and share project information and best practices on encoding them; and
• To provide machine-readable encoding (such as eXtensible Markup Language) to allow automatic validation of shared information.
• Partner organization (WIS International), with FAO, is developing a proposal for the metadata standard.
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Projects – the metadata
• Project Name• Project Code : What is
on the document• Project Description• Project Objectives• Project Subject
– subject categories (ASC)
– keywords (AGROVOC)• Project Budget• Project Duration
– start date– end date– extension date
• Project identifier (URL)
• Project status • Project coverage.spatial • Donor(s)• Participating
organizations : Organizations that have received funding and are carrying out the project.– name– acronym– address (City,
Country)• Coordinator
– Contact name– Contact organization– Contact email– Contact telephone
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Projects – Next Steps
• Get an agreement from partners on the elements
• Provide a XML DTD for validation of the metadata files
• Promote the standard as a possible “means” for sharing project information without going into too many details.
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News and Events - About
• An event is defined here as “something that happens at a given place and time.” An event can be broken into different ‘subsets’, for example by day or session. In this document, it will be the larger entity that will be addressed.
• For example, some of the events in FAO are: – Eighth AOS Workshop -- 7 years of AOS:
Achievements and Next Steps, Rome, Italy. 21-22 September 2007
– Special Session on Agricultural Metadata & Semantics : 2nd International Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research (MTSR'07), Greece, October 11-12, 2007
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News and Events - About
• At present, the sharing is done in a ad-hoc manner, leading to specialized formats and incompatible exchange models.
• Systems such as NEMS in FAO store and provide possibilities to access this information using RSS feeds. However, the exports are done without using a standard set of elements.
• Such a standard would facilitate the efficient exchange of news and more importantly event information, and the creation of better tools to support event management.
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News and Events – Our Proposal
• In the case of News, we use standard RSS news format. The basic requirements are elements provided by the RSS standard: <link>, <title>, and <description>
• In the case of Events, an expanded metadata set was proposed.
• RSS feeds that comply with the
proposal can be registered at www.agrifeeds.org
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News and Events – the metadata
• (AGS) dateStart• (AGS) ags:dateEnd• (AGS) location
– (AGS) locationCity– (AGS) locationCountry
• (DC) type• (AGS) organizer
<ags:dateStart schema="dcterms:W3CDTF">2007-09-21</ags:dateStart> <ags:dateEnd schema="dcterms:W3CDTF">2007-09-22</ags:dateEnd> <ags:location> <ags:locationCity>Rome</ags:locationCity> <ags:locationCountry schema="dcterms:ISO3166">ITA</ags:locationCountry> </ags:location><dc:type>Workshop</dc:type> <ags:organizer>Food and Agriculture Organization</ags:organizer>
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News and Events – Next Steps
• Agrifeeds will be launched in September 2007
• The “metamaker” is under construction (GFIS)
• Data will be collected by targeting webmasters (CGIAR, GFIS etc.)
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News and Events – Tools
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The architectural model
Shared layer of interoperability
Shared layer of interoperability
Common exchange layer (using common structure and XML format)
Value-addedInformation
Services
Value-addedInformation
Services
Aggregated
Database View
Aggregated
Database View
Subject-specific Portals
Subject-specific Portals
Open URL or OAI based
services
Open URL or OAI based
services
Information System
(n)
Information System
(n)
Web Services
Web Services
DistributedDatasets
DistributedDatasetsDatabase
Database...
DatabaseDatabase Websites
Websites
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The Common Exchange Layer
Shared layer of interoperability
Shared layer of interoperability
Value-addedInformation
Services
Value-addedInformation
Services
Aggregated
Database View
Aggregated
Database View
Subject-specific Portals
Subject-specific Portals
Open URL or OAI based
services
Open URL or OAI based
services
Information System
(n)
Information System
(n)
Web Services
Web Services
DistributedDatasets
DistributedDatasets
DatabaseDatabase
...Database
Database WebsitesWebsites
Metadata ontologies (Application Profiles)Subject ontologies
XML BusXML Bus
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©Berners-Lee
.........the big picture
… and this came somewhat later
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Some Words on Subject Vocabularies/Ontologies
AGROVOC
NAL Thesaurus
CABI Thesaurus
Dedicated KOSs
Non-dedicated KOSs
e.g., ASFA thesaurus
e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus
e.g., the Sustainable Development
website classification
e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS
GEMET
Other thematic thesauri
Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)
Common concepts are not declared
No or very limited interoperability
Insufficient subject + language coverage
Severe maintenance problems
Very limited machine readability
Only very simple encoding of semantic relations
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Investing in AGROVOC
• In 2000 AGROVOC was available in 3 languages and mainly used by AGRIS centres
• In 2007 AGROVOC is available in 16 languages (and many pipeline projects)
• AGROVOC is also basis for many projects related to improving semantics in agricultural information
• The mapping between AGROVOC and NAL was done by an EU project of which existence we only got knowledge in the concluding phase
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Concept Terms String
Concept
Relationshipsbetweenconcepts
Lexicalization/Term
String
Relationshipsbetweenstrings
Relationshipsbetweenterms
designated by
manifested asOther information:language/culture
subvocabulary/scopeaudiencetype, etc.
Note
annotation relationship
Relationship
RelationshipsbetweenRelationships
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USE/UF
Conceptc_167term
i_en_buffaloes_syncerus
Buffaloes (syncerus)
termi_en_african_buffaloes
termi_es_búfalo_africano
Búfalo africanoAfrican buffaloes
has_lexicalization
Conceptc_1040
subclassofConceptc_3182
RTs....
termi_zh_ 非洲水牛
非洲水牛
rdfs:label:
termi_ja_ アフリカ水牛
アフリカ水牛
termi_es_búfalo_syncerus
Búfalo (syncerus)
has_synonymhas_translation
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GR
OV
OC
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Agrovoc Conceptserver Workbench: Overall design
.doc, .pdf, .xml, etc.
Concept Hierarchy
ipun
t
AOS/CS Workbenchconcordance pattern-matchingmultilingual
text corpus
input
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• SKOS discussions(Our model too complicated)
• Some weeks ago Alistair Miles from W3 working group send out a proposal for Label relations
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Fishery Ontology (1)• Ontologies built from existing classifications schemas and thesauri.– Biological species: 44,100
• 11000 species, 4 langs, taxonomic and ISCAAP codes
– Water bodies: 1,500• 300 water division, 5 codes
– Land areas: 25,000 • 250 territories, 5 langs, 2
names, 4 codes. • economic regions, geographical
regions, organizations– ASFA thesaurus: 22,000
• 11000 entries, code– AGROVOC thesaurus - Fisheries:
42,000• 7000 terms, 6 languages
– Commodities: 6,000• Over 150 interesting resources
identified in D7.2.1. Around 30 can be really useful and will be detailed.
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Fishery Ontology (2)
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Geo-Political Ontology
• Class Area:– Groups:
• EconomicRegion• GeographicalRegion• Organization• SpecialGroups
– Territory: • Disputed• NonSelfGoverning• Other • SelfGoverning
• isValidFrom (in years)• isValidUntil (in years)• isSuccessorOf • isPredecessorOf • hasOfficialName (string)
– sub properties for all languages • hasShortName (string),
– subproperties for all languages• hasCode
– sub properties for all classifications • hasBorderWith• dependsOn (domain: non-self-governing territories, range: self-governing-territories)
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Conclusion
• The semantic web starts with existing data applications• semantic standards promise to:
– be an effective approach to resolving the problems posed by semantic heterogeneity
– help users find and discover information efficiently and effectively
• The richer the semantics, the greater the possibilities for developing smart applications.
• investment in the enhancement of relations between vocabularies, both metadata and domain-specific, yields a relatively large return on investment
• not a semantic web, but semantic webspaces for communities of practice
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Thank you
Johannes Keizer {[email protected]}Stefano Anibaldi {[email protected]}
Marta Iglesias {[email protected]}Gudrun Johannsen {[email protected]}Stefka Kaloyanova {[email protected]}
Irene Onyancha {[email protected]} Gauri Salokhe {[email protected]}
Margherita Sini {[email protected]}Imma Subirats {[email protected]}
and credits to our network of collaborators: Dagobert Soergel, Anita Liang, Boris Lauser, Chang Chun, Asanee Kawtrakul, Caterina Caracciolo, Maria Grazia Bovo, Wang Zhong, Ze Li, Jai Haravu,
ARD Prasad, Jayanta Chatterjee, and many others
Organizations directly involved:
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Wageningen International, Globa Forum on Agricultural Research , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hungary Agricultural University,