2003 distributech conference

Power System Engineering, Inc. 1

Rick A. SchmidtPower System Engineering, Inc.

Web Site: www.powersystem.orgE-Mail: [email protected]

February 2, 2003, Las Vegas, Nevada

2003 DistribuTech ConferenceWireless SCADA – Beyond the Substation

2

Rick A. SchmidtCommunications ConsultantDirect Line: (608) 268-3502

Fax: (608) 222-9378Email: [email protected]

Power System Engineering, Inc.2000 Engel Street

Madison, WI 53713 Visit our Web Site at:

www.powersystem.org

Contact InformationJohn Moring

Presentation ContributorDirect Line: (760) 633-1790Email: [email protected]

John Moring ConsultingVisit our Web Site at:

www.moring.net

Copyright 2003 Power System Engineering, Inc.


3

Discussion Topics/Agenda

1. 8:00 – 8:30 Introduction and Applications2. 8:30 – 8:45 Line Device Requirements3. 8:45 – 9:00 Sharing of Communications Infrastructure4. 9:00 – 10:15 Communication Technology Overview5. 10:15 –10:30 Break6. 10:30 – 11:45 Case Studies and Methodologies7. 11:45 – 12:00 Questions

4

Introduction and Applications

• SCADA Beyond the Substation =– Line Device Monitoring and or Control– The use of wireless technology as the transport– The use of the SCADA infrastructure located at the SCADA

master or other centralized energy management software packages

– Beyond the substation sites include: line device locations, including:

• Capacitor Banks• Voltage Regulators• Fault Detectors• Reclosers• Switches• Key Customer Sites

Definition and Scope of Discussion



5

Radio tower

SCADA Master

Utility Data Center

Technician Located inUtility Data Center

DistributionAsset w/

Embedded Antenna

Presentation Scope

Telco ProvidedLink

MAS Radio Provided Link

Satellite Provided Link

Spread Spectrum Radio Link

Commercial CellularProvided Link

OtherCentralizedPackages

or


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• Why monitor line device sites:– Cost savings opportunities– Locate outages more quickly– Real time control through central management– Improve customer satisfaction by restoring service

more quickly– Improve employee safety– Reduce operating and maintenance costs– Remotely control distribution capacitors and switches– Potential for improved engineering by having

historical records of problem areas

Business Reasons for Introducing



7

Introduction and ApplicationsCommon Project Steps

Define the Requirements

Technology Recommendation and Conceptual Design

Technology Decision

•Detailed Design•Address Operational Issues•Detailed Cost Calculation•High-Level Roll-Out Plan

Operational Plan

Proof Of Concept Plan

Hands-on Test in Lab Environment

Roll out/Introduction

Define Project Objectives and Operational Needs

8


• Key questions to uncover:– What systems will be integrated with line device sites - e.g

SCADA, maintenance software– What type of line device assets are being considered and

quantities– What communication networks exist– What new communication programs are planned– How many sites are included in the program – by year– What is the total budget – In order to meet a business case target, what is the limit on the

one-time and recurring cost per site– Expected system life expectations– What are the “must have” functional requirements

Define the project scope and key parameters



9


• Define the communications requirements– Protocol of communication network– Protocol of line device assets connecting into communications

network– Protocol of SCADA and other systems– Network monitoring and maintenance requirements– Is one way communication acceptable, is two-way

communication a requirement– By application, how much data will be sent or received– What is an acceptable network latency interval– What is the polling sequence– What are the wireless coverage requirements

Define the Business Requirements for the Program

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• Time frame for implementation• Ceiling costs per site• Availability of spectrum• Availability of other data communication

capabilities• Internal staffs available for implementation

or ongoing maintenance

Define Assumptions or Restrictions



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• Protocol of end devices• Will new line devices be installed• Network interface approach • Location of end devices: pole top, pad or

underground• What intelligence is required in the IED

Define the End Device Requirements

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Define the Requirements• Interface at end devices and communications network • Interface at SCADA Master or other management systems• Interface at applicable network hubs• Interface with any applicable third-party commercial carriers• Interface at Network “health” system

Define the end interface requirements

S C A D A C on tro lle r

R ad io to w e rIn te rconn ec t- le ased o r

sha red

R ad io to w e r

R ad ioC o n tro lle r

C a rrie rN e tw o rk

In tra ne t

R a d io tow e r

D is tribu tio nA sse t w /

e m be dde dR a d io A sse t



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• Authentication process• Access• Encryption• Intrusion Monitoring• Redundancy• Recovery plans

Define the Security Requirements for the Program

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• Mean time between failure• Throughput and reliability commitments• Network coverage• Acceptable latency

Other Network Performance Considerations• How to measure and track performance?• Is there a need for a service level agreement?• What is the impact for missing performance targets?

Network Performance



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• What additional business case inputs have been uncovered?

• Any new impact on upfront and ongoing costs expected?

• Further details on labor savings, post implementation• Any new cost items need to be added or further

researched• Update management or project sponsor with new

business case items

Update the Business Case

16


24-292 bytes

24-292 bytes

24-292 bytes

Bytes of Data Transmitted

Fault Indication to SCADA time <30 secondsMostly one-way

1) Unsolicited report by exception (2) Report when requested (3) report once per day if no exception or requests were made

30034.5 kV Fault Detectors

SCADA to switch time < 8 seconds

Two-Way

(1) Unsolicited report by exception (2) Report when requested (3) report once per day if no exception or requests were made

10034.5 kV Switches

SCADA to switch time < 15 seconds

Two-Way

(1) Unsolicited report by exception (2) Report when requested (3) report once per day if no exception or requests were made

2004.8 kV Pole Top Capacitor Controls

Time Interval & Direction

Function & Feature NeedQuantity of Locations

Type of Asset

Sample Communications Operational and Business Requirements



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Sharing Existing Communications Infrastructure• When considering the communications alternatives for line device monitoring,

it is very appropriate to evaluate how to take advantage of any existing communications assets used for other applications or purposes.

• Examples of common communication assets owned by electrical utilities:– FCC radio license– Fiber or leased lines to substations, district offices or any locations located

throughout the service territory– Owned radio tower sites– Leased tower sites– Intellectual/knowledge– Common protocols

• Availability of third-party commercial communication services:– Cellular – Paging– Satellite

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• Forecast future communications needs when developing plan for line device automation:– Develop a five year communications plan:

• AMR• SCADA• Load Management• Mobile Workforce Management• Data communications for district offices• Mobile voice system evolution path• Substation meter reading

Sharing Existing Communications Infrastructure

Develop a communications roadmap for future applications

Consider a shared communications strategy that facilitates the transport for multiple applications



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Sharing Existing Communications Infrastructure• Define the communication challenges and opportunities:

– Challenges:• Long distance from line devices to Master • Hilly terrain and heavy tree foliage, buildings, traffic adds

complications• No availability of FCC radio licenses• Integration concerns

– Opportunities:• Possible excess data capacity on the substation data links used for

SCADA • Availability of commercial cellular coverage• Tower sites located throughout the service territory• Experience working with numerous wireless technologies• Others…….

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Line Device

SCADA Server

Communications Equipment

Utility Employees

Line Device Database

Key Customer Sites

Line Device

Substation

Line Device

Line Device

Wireless CommunicationsCommunications Path

The substation could become a data concentration point

Sharing Existing Communications Infrastructure

Sharing of communications link from substation and SCADA software



Wireless SCADA – Beyond the Substation:Technologies

Las VegasFebruary 2, 2003

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Outline

• Introduction– Overview– Wireless Characteristics– Wireline Alternatives

• Survey of Technologies

• Medium Rate Systems– Cellular Circuit Data

– Low Speed Packet Services– MAS/ VHF/UHF Private

Systems– 2.5G Cellular Packet– Point to Point Microwave

• Low Rate Systems– AMPS Control Channel– Cellular Messaging (SMS)– Paging– LEO Satellite

• High Rate Systems– GEO Satellite– Point to Point Microwave– Spread Spectrum– Free Space Optical

Created by John T. Moring



23

Introduction and ApplicationsCommon Project Steps

Business/Technical Requirements

Technology Recommendation and Conceptual Design

Technology Decision

•Detailed Design•Address Operational Issues•Detailed Cost Calculation•High-Level Roll-Out Plan

Operational Plan

Proof Of Concept Plan

Hands-on Test in Lab Environment

Roll out/Introduction

Define Project Objectives and Operational Needs

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Wireless Landscape

10 bps

100 bps

1 kbps

10 kbps

100 kbps

1 Mbps

10 Mbps

Control Channel

Cellular SMS

Paging ReFlex

LEO Satellite

GPRS, cdma2000

MASCDPD, Motient

Cellular circuit

Microwave,Spread spectrum

VSAT

Free space optical

Medium Rate Systems

Low Rate Systems

High Rate Systems

bps: bits per second

CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data

MAS: Multiple Address System

VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal

bps: bits per second




Technologies Ranked by Throughput


Microwave



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Wireless Tradeoffs

• Limitations– Performance– Range, availability– Cost– Security

• Benefits– Ease of deployment– Mobility

Why Wireless?


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Wireless Performance Metrics

• Throughput– Bits per second– Messages per day

• Latency– Delays through the system– Medium– Equipment/network– Sometimes setup latency

• Range– 10's of feet to 10's of miles

• Error rate– Error correction impacts latency and throughput

Measurable aspects of the wireless technology




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Other Wireless Characteristics

• Connection type– Circuit, packet, message

• Spectrum ownership– Utility, public, third-party carrier

• Service availability, coverage• Reliability• Product lifetime• Multi-vendor support• Interfaces• Equipment size, power consumption, siting,

environmental needs

Other technical aspects of the wireless technology


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Connectivity Options –Private vs. Commercial

Data CenterRemote Assets

Substation or Private Tower Site

Commercial Carrier

commercial radio link

private radio link

Public or private backhaul • radio •frame relay • etc.

Public or private backhaul • Internet •frame relay • etc.




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Private vs. Commercial Tradeoffs

• Private Systems – Utility owns the communication system– Available where commercial options are not feasible– Provides more control

• Potential for system tuning• Possibly higher reliability• Possibly more equipment lifecycle stability• Possibly higher security

– Possibly lower recurring costs (no usage fees)

• Commercial Systems – Utility contracts service from a third party– Economies of scale

• Usually lower equipment cost• Often greater resources

– System operation and maintenance is taken care of


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Typical Remote Site Block Diagram

RTU

Antenna

Radio transceiver

Power supply

Coaxial cable

Serial cable RTU: Remote Terminal Unit

RTU: Remote Terminal Unit

Equipment components




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Alternatives to Wireless

• Private media– Copper– Fiber

• Telephone company offerings– Leased line– Dial-up– Frame Relay– T-carrier– Etc.

Wireless is not the only possible solution


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Low Rate Systems

• Third-Party Commercial– Generally message-based systems– Near nationwide coverage

• Including:– AMPS Control Channel– Cellular Messaging (SMS)– Paging

– LEO Satellite

• ORBCOMM• Iridium

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

LEO: Low Earth Orbit

SMS: Short Message Service

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

LEO: Low Earth Orbit

SMS: Short Message Service

Low-throughput technologies < 10 kbps




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AMPS Control Channel

• "Advanced" Mobile Phone System– First generation (1G) analog– Widest coverage of all cellular systems

• There are a limited number of data bits used for signaling (e.g., called number)

• A couple companies offer service where signaling bits can be employed for user data– Celemetry, Aeris– <100 bits per message

• No circuit setup times

Leveraging high coverage of analog cellular


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Cellular Messaging (SMS)

• Short Message Service (SMS)• All 2nd Generation (2G) cellular systems support SMS

– CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)– TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)– GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

• Used to deliver short text messages– Limited to ~150 characters

• Uses control channels for delivery, so voice circuit is not consumed– No circuit setup time

• Larger messages available in the future – Enhanced Messaging Service– Multimedia Messaging Service

Leveraging messaging capability of 2G digital cellular




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Cellular (Analog Control Channel and SMS)

Pricing Comparison

Typical Price per Month

Service Description

Data Throughput

(Range)Analog Control Channel

1. Aeris

a. Microburst (low-volume) $6.95 3 msg/month 4 bytes per message

b. Microburst (high-volume) $46.00 400 msg/month 4 bytes per message

2. Numerex

a. Cellemetry $.10/msg Billed per message 12 bytes per message

Short Message (SMS)1. Numerex

a. Data1Source$.10/msg

Product packages are available based on volume

150 bytes per message

2. Esemde$.10/msg

Product packages are available based on volume


3. AT&T Wireless

a. Enterprise SMS Plan 1 $500.00 7,500 msg, unlimited devices


b. Enterprise SMS Plan 6 $2,500.00 1,000,000 msg, unlimited devices


Media/Service Type

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Commercial Paging

• One-way (delivery only) vs. two way• Message based

– “Guaranteed” delivery– Store and forward

• Motorola's ReFlex technology leads two-way field– Multiple carriers, e.g., Skytel

• Message size limited (e.g., <1000 characters)

Leveraging widely deployed paging systems




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Commercial PagingCommercial Paging Comparisons

Technology Product and Service Offerings

Monthly Recurring Costs for Residential

AMR or Load Management

Purposes

Useable Capacity Communication Direction

Typical Latency

900 MHz FLEX

Arch Wireless, Cannon Technologies, Metrocall, Weblink Wireless, Skytel

$2 to $4 Per Month 240 bytes

1-Way (defined from

Paging Network to receiver

30 to 90 seconds average

ReFLEX

Arch Wireless, Cannon Technologies, Metrocall, Weblink Wireless, and Skytel

$2 to $4 Per Month

500 to 2,000 bytes 2-Way

30 to 90 seconds average

Proprietary Mobitex (formally Ardis) $5 to $8 9.6 kbps to

14.4 kbps Two-Way 5 to 10 seconds

Proprietary Motient $5 to $8 9.6 kbps to 14.4 kbps Two-Way 5 to 10

secondsComments:

- ReFLEX is available in most urban areas but coverage often is not available in rural areas.- The transceiver hardware costs for telemetry paging will typically range from $75 to $100.

- FLEX is a 1-way paging technology .

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

• Message-based or circuit based• Some vendors financially troubled• ORBCOMM

– Message based, high latency– Low-speed telemetry, asset tracking, messaging– ~30 LEO satellites

• Iridium– US Department of Defense and corporate customers– Voice and circuit data

• 2.4 kbps dial-up, 10 kbps Internet

• Others on the drawing board

For those hard-to-reach areas




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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

Communication Parameters Little LEO - Big LEO -

Data Throughput Range 500 bytes per message 2.4 kbps

Typical Latency on 200 Byte File 500 seconds 20 to 30

seconds

Typical Latency on 6 Byte File 500 seconds 20 to 30 seconds

Level of Coverage in US High High

Monthly Recurring Costs Per Device (Small volume) $4 to $20 $15 to $30

Monthly Recurring Costs Per Device (Large volume) $65 to $80 $65 to $80

One-Time Hardware Costs $125 to $500 $1,200 to $2,500

Leading Vendors

Orbcomm, Advanced

Cybersystems, EchoFlight

Iridium, Stratos, DBS Industries,

Vendor Comparisons

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Low Rate Recap

• Low throughput, <10 kbps• Generally message-based systems• Third-party service operators• Near nationwide coverage• Suitable for low rate, latency tolerant, message oriented systems• Satellite available where cellular/paging networks can't reach

Fair/PoorExcellentLEO Satellite

FairGoodPaging

FairGoodSMS

FairGoodAMPS Control Channel

LatencyCoverage/ Availability




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Medium Rate Systems

• 10 kbps to ~100 kbps• Circuit and packet-based systems• Third party carriers and private systems• Including

– Cellular Circuit Data– First Generation Packet Services

• CDPD• Motient• Mobitex

– Private Systems • Licensed: MAS and VHF/UHF• Unlicensed Proprietary Spread Spectrum Radio

– 2.5G Cellular Packet



SMR: Specialized Mobile Radio




Medium-throughput technologies


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Cellular Circuit Data - Analog

• Dial-up modem connection over analog voice circuit

• Specialized modem protocols provide minimal performance– ETC: Enhanced Throughput Cellular– MNP: Microcom Network Protocol

• Long setup times, low throughput– ~2.4 kbps

• Not generally recommended

Possible, but not recommended




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First Generation Packet Services

• Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)• Mobitex• RAM/Ardis/Motient

Flexible performers


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Circuit and Packet Switching

• Circuit Switching– Longer setup times– Guaranteed grade of service

• Packet Switching– Shorter setup times– More efficient network usage– "Message switching" similar




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CDPD• CDPD provides true packet data transfer compatible with AMPS

– Coverage less than AMPS• Signaling rate 19.2 kbps; max user rate ~10 kbps• Digital modulation

– May use segregated channel set– May use temporarily idle voice channels

• Supported by AT&T, Verizon, others• Being phased out in favor of 2.5G packet services


Kbps: kilobits per second




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RAM Mobile Data

• Similar performance to CDPD, but uses private channels

• Uses the Mobitex protocol developed by Ericsson• Operated by Cingular in USA








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Ardis

• Similar in performance to CDPD, Mobitex• Uses Motorola DataTAC protocol• Operated by Motient in the USA


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Licensed Radio Systems• VHF Radio

– 30 to 300 MHZ– Often used for voice communications– Data rates for older analog voice-designed VHF systems normally limited

to 1,200 bps.

• UHF Radio– 300 MHz to 3 GHZ– Most often used for voice– More “dead spots” than VHF– Utilities often use 450 MHz to 470 MHz and 800 MHz and 960 MHz for

data applications.– Normal data rates from older analog voice-designed systems around 2,400

bps.– Some vendors with data-only digital products and new modulation

technology, offer data signaling rates of 19.2 kbps.

Radio System Shared for Voice and Data



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• MAS Radio license bands (Multiple Address System)– Point-to-multipoint – fixed sites– Data rates normally up to 9.6 kbps– Proven technology for SCADA– Per radio costs: $600 - $1,200

• VHF or UHF license bands for exclusive data use:– Separate infrastructure and license avoids congestion with voice channels– Data-only digital or IP based radio technology increases the data

throughput compared with traditional 900 MHz MAS. Data rates canexpand up to a signaling rate of 19.2 kbps (some vendors claim 33.3 kbps).

– Can be used for both fixed and mobile applications– Reduces the need to require the voice radio system to be used or designed

for data– Lower cost modems versus shared voice and data modems

Licensed Radio SystemsSeparate License and Infrastructure for Data

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iDEN• Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network • Special case of SMR• Nextel offers public digital cellular service in SMR bands

– Similar to TDMA cellular– Proprietary Motorola technology

• Business oriented• Unique voice feature: includes both private “walkie-talkie” mode

and PSTN interconnect• Private systems also available

– Large investment suitable only for large systems

• ~20 kbps dataPSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network


TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network


TDMA: Time Division Multiple AccessCreated by John T. Moring



51

2.5G Cellular Packet

• Offered by GSM and CDMA cellular carriers• Shared channels• ~40 – 80 kbps• Internet-protocol based• Turned on in US in 2002• GSM offers General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)• CDMA offers 1xRTT• Available in major US markets

1x: single channel

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

RTT: Radio Transmission Technology

1x: single channel

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

RTT: Radio Transmission Technology

Will displace many older technologies


52

CDPD and 2.5G Cellular PacketCDPD and 2.5 G Pricing Comparison

List Price per Month

Service Description

Data Throughput (Range)

CDPD1. AT&T Wireless1

a. Wireless Data - Base Plan $8.00 + 0.0055/kbps Pay per byte 8 kbps to 10 kbps b. Wireless Data - Mobile Computing II $19.99 2MB 8 kbps to 10 kbps c. Wireless Data - Local Unlimited $54.99 unlimited 8 kbps to 10 kbps2. Verizon a. Mobile IP $25.00 unlimited 8 kbps to 10 kbps

2.5G Packet1. Verizon a. Express Network (1xRTT) $35.00 10MB 20 kbps to 120 kbps b. Express Network (1xRTT) $99.99 unlimited 20 kbps to 120 kbps2. AT&T Wireless a. Mobile Internet (GPRS) $29.99 10MB 20 kbps to 50 kbps b. Mobile Internet (GPRS) $99.99 100MB 20 kbps to 50 kbps3. Sprint a. PCS Vision $39.99 20MB 20 kbps to 120 kbps b. PCS Vision $119.99 120MB 20 kbps to 120 kbps4. Nextel a. Nextel Packet Stream $54.99 unlimited 20 kbpsNOTES:1. AT&T has formally indicated they will phase out of CDPD service while shifting their emphasis to GPRS.2. 2.5G Services are available in major metro areas.3. Prices are based on information provided by carriers in November 2002. Prices are subject to change.

Media/Service Type



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Medium Rate Recap

• 10 kbps to ~100 kbps• Circuit and packet-based systems• Third party carriers and private systems• Trend toward 2.5G cellular• Private systems provide control, and coverage

GoodFair → Good2.5G Packet Services

GoodFairPublic SMR (i.e. Nextel)

GoodExcellentPrivate MAS/SMR

GoodFair1G Packet Services (i.e CDPD)

FairGoodCellular Circuit Data

LatencyCoverage/ Availability

Good choices for many situations


54

High Rate Systems

• Over 100 kbps• Including

– GEO Satellite– Point to Point Microwave– Proprietary Spread Spectrum– 802.11 b– Free Space Optical GEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit


GEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit


When you need to move serious data …




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Geosynchronous Satellites

• VSAT: Generic term for general-purpose commercial satellite systems– ~500,000 deployed– Becoming technology of choice for difficult to reach substations– Data rates of 30 kbps to 100 kbps– Latency of 2 to 6 seconds for SCADA type data– Price points of ~$200/month

• Alternative to T-1 or fractional T-1– Dedicated channels 9.6, 19.2 ~2 Mbps point to point, point to multipoint

T-1: 1536 kbps



T-1: 1536 kbps



Prices dropping

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Point to Point Microwave

• Private systems• Proprietary equipment• Various licensed bands

– ~2 GHz – 40 GHz

• Line of sight• 9.6 Kbps - 50 Mbps

• T-1/T-3 alternative

GHz: 109 HertzMbps: megabits per secondT-1: ~1.5 MbpsT-3: ~45 Mbps

GHz: 109 HertzMbps: megabits per secondT-1: ~1.5 MbpsT-3: ~45 Mbps

Traditional solution




57

Unlicensed Fixed Systems

• 802.11b– Some based on IEEE 802.11 standards– If IEEE 802.11b can be used with <$100 Wi-Fi modem– Common use: Wireless LAN access– Typical indoor range 150 feet, outdoor range 1,500 feet– Operates in unlicensed 2.4 GHz spectrum– ~1 to 10 Mbps– Mostly Point to Point in an office or campus environment – Double duty for mobile workforce hotspots– Easy to set up and use for private links– Subject to interference in shared bands

GHz: gigahertz

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

GHz: gigahertz

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Large growth trend for Campus Environment


58

Unlicensed Fixed Systems

• Proprietary Spread Spectrum– Not compatible with certified IEEE 802.11b or Wi-FI – Most common at 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz – unlicensed – Common use: Point-to-point or point-to-multi-point– Typical outdoor range: 10 to 25 miles– Requires path and line of site– 900 MHz propagates better than 2.4 Ghz– Many solid vendors – Product functionality differences: i.e. repeater capability, propagation,

environment, interface, capability to add mobile, etc,– Data rates of ~9.6 kbps to 100 kbps– Some products can double duty for mobile workforce hotspots– Some risk for spectrum “overuse” interference (i.e many users sharing

spectrum)

Appropriate for many utility automation programs




59

High Rate Multipoint Access

• High speed radio access is available in some markets• Licensed frequencies, carrier services• Deployment slow• 10's of Mbps• LMDS

– Local Multipoint Distribution System

• MMDS– “Microwave Multipoint Distribution System” or

“Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service”

Not widely available


60

Optical/Laser

• Companies are developing commercial free-space optical communications

• Point to point laser or LED links (high-speed wireless)– Like IrDA with more throughput, power, focus– Like fiber optics with no fiber– 10s Mbps – 10s Gbps typical– Range several miles– Very new with only dozens of installations

Susceptible to any blockage (e.g., fog)☺ Unlicensed; high throughput

IrDA: Infrared Data Association

LED: light emitting diode

IrDA: Infrared Data Association

LED: light emitting diode

New on the scene




61

High Rate Recap• Over 100 kbps• Point to point or point to multipoint• Private or unlicensed• Owned or third-party• Proprietary or open• Radio or optical

ExcellentPoor802.11b (Wi-Fi)

ExcellentFairOptical

ExcellentPoorLMDS/MMDS

ExcellentExcellentProprietary Spread Spectrum

ExcellentExcellentPoint-Point Microwave

ExcellentExcellentGEO Satellite (VSAT)

LatencyCoverage/ AvailabilityTechnology

Often overkill beyond the Substation


62

International Considerations

• Technology availability varies depending on local regulatory and economic environment

• Most technologies discussed here are available in North and parts of South America

• 2.5G cellular is widely available in Europe and Asia

USA is not the only utility market




63

In Practice

• Identify application requirements– Throughput– Latency– Etc.

• Discount any technologies unavailable in the target area• Discount any technically inappropriate technologies• Trade off remaining technologies

– Cost– Support– Etc.

• Work with vendors for trial or demo before committing

Process to Follow


64

Summary of Selected Technologies

FairGoodGoodPrivate MAS/SMR

GoodGoodGoodLicensed 450 MHz (separate from voice system)

FairGoodGood1G Packet Services

GoodGoodOverkillSpread Spectrum

GoodGoodOverkillPoint-Point Microwave

GoodGoodOverkillGEO Satellite (VSAT)

FairGoodGood2.5G Packet Services

FairGoodGood1G Packet Services

N/APoorGoodLEO Satellite

N/APoorGoodPaging

N/APoorGoodSMS

N/APoorGoodAMPS Control Channel

Concentrated Data (Hub)

SCADA –at

Substation

SCADA –Beyond

Substation

Match Functional Requirements with Technology



Case Studies and Methodologies

66


1,300,000 customers with about 33,000 square miles of service territory

Raleigh, NCProgress Energy Carolinas (formally (Carolina Power and Light)

7,000 customers with 6,8000 square miles of service territory

Pahrump, NVValley Electric Association

1,300,000 customers over 30,000 square miles of service territory

Albuquerque, NMPNM

1,300,000 million customers with 54,000 square miles of service territory

Madison, WIAlliant Energy

119,000 customers with over 20,000 square miles of service territory

Boyne City, MIGreat Lakes Energy

Over 480,000 customers with 4,600 square miles of service territory

Kansas City, MOKansas City Power and Light

3,800,000 residents over 468 square milesLos Angeles, CALos Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)

26,000 customers with about 144 square miles of territory

Gig Harbor, WAPeninsula Light Company

Company SizeLocationUtility Name



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•Decrease outage time•Crew safety•Improved system maintenance•An assumed safety improvement•Faster restoration of outages•Ability to monitor voltage and current all through the system•Better sectionalizing (with historical information available•Feeders can be open/closed and substations can be taken off-line remotely

Business Reasons for Introduction

•Reclosers: 58 sites•Motor Operators: 29 sites•SCADA mates: 15 sites•Switches: 1•Regulator controls (soon to be added): 27 sites

What line device assets are being monitored and or controlled?

•Having adequate RF coverage caused by•Hilly terrain

What are the biggest challenges of the program?

Peninsula Light Company

68


•With the combination of the Alligator 900 MHz licensed radio andUtilinet unlicensed spread spectrum, the coverage challenges were met.•Both the Alligator and Utilinet radios could easily be set up as a repeater radio as a means to “hop” around a barrier.•The infrastructure costs of the package (IEDs and radio) met the target cost

Key requirements that the solution met

•In place for over 4 years. Will be expanding to additional sites in 2003.•Very happy with the results

Status of the program

•Most sites utilize 900 MHz licensed MAS with Alligator Communications •Some site utilize Utilinet spread spectrum radios

Communication solution used

•Implemented radio repeater sites as a means to route around challenging terrain•Placed Utilinet Radios at the end of the line sites with a means to route around barriers

What has been done to address the challenges?

Peninsula Light Company- Continued



69


•Having adequate RF coverage caused by buildings and other structures•Meeting the stringent communication requirements of sending 240 bytes of data within 8 seconds; this presented a limited choice of wireless options.•Addressing the maintenance needs of a eventual system with 5,000 to 10,000 sites•Addressing a 10 year targeted life of the investment


•Improved customer satisfaction•Reduce CADI by 10 minutes (Customer Average Interruption Index)•Reduce operating and maintenance costs•Remotely control distribution capacitors and switches•Improve information for engineering and planning•Improved employee safety

Business reasons for introduction?

•Capacitor Controllers: 2,700 sites•Switches: 240•Fault Indicators: 1,850•Outage indicators: 2,000•Other hubs and general alarming: 1,000


Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

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•Selected commercial cellular (packet 2.5 G ) service from two different carriers: Commercial cellular best addresses network maintenance concerns of an eventual 10,000 site network, coverage throughout LA, latency and bandwidth requirements and a 10 year life expectancy


•Commercial 2.5 G cellular services of Sprint – Sprint PCS Vision•Commercial 2.5 G cellular services of Verizon – Verizon Express Network (1xRTT)By having two Cellular carrier’s using the same cellular technology (CDMA) the modem located in the IED is capable of using either carrier.

Communication Solution Used

•Being implemented in conjunction of new SCADA system and substation RTU rollout•Technology selected and contracts established•Interfaces being built•Pilot planned for 2003


•Excellent coverage is expected – 98% of the sites are expected•Meets Life cycle costs targets •Sufficient bandwidth and latency is expected – 40-80 kbps with less than 2 seconds latency•Will reach the 10 year life target – Historical perspective•Can be built-out and implemented in phases – No wireless infrastructure costs


Los Angeles Department of Water and Power - Continued



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•To route around barriers, a radio with flexible repeater capability is required. Only a few radio vendors offer strong repeater capability•Training of technicians has been very challenging


•In the wireless vendor selection process, strong repeater capability was prioritized within the decision making process• Numerous training programs are now offered for technicians


•To review operational history, the existing SCADA system is integrated with the line device program and the use of Energyline’s WinMon software

Network management health tools

•Better asset utilization with improved VAR management •More timely access to information•Ability to make better engineering related decisions driven by the use of actual historical data.


•Capacitor Controllers:350 sites•Switches: 55•In 2003, approximately 35 more capacitor control and about 10 switches will be added


Alliant Energy

72


•Has been operational in some sites for over three years and has been in a gradual roll-out phase for over three years•Additional sites will be added in 2003•From an operational and cost standpoint, very pleased with results


•Best addressed the high priority of repeater capability•Cost effective•Easy to manage from a network “health” standpoint


•Both UtiliNet 900 MHz spread spectrum and Locus Radio 2.4 GHz spread spectrum•MAS radio for transmission switches


Alliant Energy - Continued



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• Need for secure two-way communications•Broad geographic coverage•Sufficient bandwidth•Low cost data charge•Ease of maintenance•Supports multiple protocols


•Ability to adjust capacitor controllers in “real-time” based on the specific situation. Prior to automation, outside temperature was the driving factor of switching •Ability to make better engineering-related decisions driven by the use of actual historical data•Reduce outage management costs•Develop better VAr regulation (install fewer capacitor banks)•Develop an improved outage notification

Business reasons for introduction

•Capacitor Controllers: 800 sites•(IntelliTeam) Automatic Restoration System: 4 sites•Reclosers: 3 sites•Regulators: 3 sites•Fault Indicators: Pilot in 2003


Kansas City Power and Light

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•To review operational history, the existing SCADA system is used as a network management tool along with comparisons of data and alarms with the line device program by the use of S&C’s EnergyLine WinMon software


•SchlumbergerSema (CellNet) 900 MHz spread spectrum radio provides the solution within the metro area of Kansas City. The CellNet package also provides the Energy Line Capacitor Control IED and Wide Area Network•Telemetric and the use of the Analog Control Channel has been selected for rural areas


•CellNet and Telemetric best addressed the high priority need for an outsourced packaged structure•Cost effective•Easy to manage from a network “health” standpoint


•Additional system growth will take place with the Capacitor controls within the greater Kansas City area in 2003, about 20 sites per year•The Telemetric Analog Control Channel deployment will be expanded in 2003 to the rural areas of the service territory•Met and exceeded all financial and business case objectives


•Outsourced structure of the communications management•Selection of two different technologies based on urban or rural needs•Controlled gradual roll-out of sites

What has been done to address challenges?

Kansas City Power and Light - Continued



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•Multiple vendor integrationWhat are the biggest challenges of the program?

•Improve on load factor efficiency•Reduce customer outage time•Reduce outage restoration costs•Save on technician labor - outage related•Ability to make better engineering related decisions driven by the use of actual historical data•Reduce outage management costs and response times


•Capacitor Banks: 350•Line Switches: 170•Voltage Regulators: 4


PNM (Public Service of New Mexico)

76


•Capacitor switching: Selected Fisher Pierce/Joslyn PowerFlex VHF radio capacitor control radios. The VHF channel is exclusively used for capacitor switching•Line device sites: MDS licensed MAS (9710’s) radios•Substations: Alligator 900 MHz spread spectrum and MDS licensed MAS


•The challenges of a long paths from substations and line device sites are met with Alligator and MDS radios•The Fisher Pierce combined IED and radio unit made deployment relatively easy


•Over 500 sites implemented•Expansion of capacitor bank, line switches and voltage regulator sites in 2003


•Extensive work with the vendors plus multiple vendor system integrationWhat has been done to address challenges?

PNM - Continued



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• Meeting a targeted investment cost per site• Convincing management that the investment is cost justified• The spread-out service territory presents limited communications options •The implementation of 1,600 sites in 18 months using the existing workforce was difficult


•Save on technician labor - outage related•Ability to make better engineering related decisions driven by the use of actual historical data•Reduce outage management costs (Find problems sooner)•Address needs for mobile substation (substation on wheels for restoration and maintenance purposes)


•Capacitor Controllers: 1,800 sites•Mobile Substation:5 portable substations


Progress Energy Carolinas

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•A software package by RCCS manages and supports the VAr flow and voltage management. The RCCS software also manages the communication network “health” status


•900 Flex MHz one-way paging through Cannon Technologies•An Analog Control Channel arrangement with Telemetric is also being tested at this time. This provides two-way communication and enhances the capability of the one-way sites


•Excellent coverage with 100% of the sites reachable•Low ongoing costs – Approximately $2/month/site communications costs•Met business case targets for upfront and ongoing costs


•Currently 1,800 capacitor control sites are in service now with the communications provided by 900 Flex Paging•A Telemetric analog control channel trial will be accelerated in 2003


•Presented a clear business case to management to address the cost elements of the project•For ease of implementation and for cost reasons, selected commercially available communications platform of one-way paging for capacitor control sites•Selected commercially available analog control channel for mobile substations•Testing additional capacitor control sites with analog control channel


Progress Energy Carolinas - Continued



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• Need for secure two-way communications•Broad geographic coverage – over 200 mile routes•Receiving approvals form towers and repeaters•Ease of maintenance


•Ability to centrally manage remote sites•Provide better information to the technician prior to visiting the site to restore service•Save on technician labor - outage related•Ability to make better engineering related decisions driven by the use of actual historical data•Reduce outage management costs•Develop a improved outage notification


•Reclosers: 45 What line device assets are being monitored and or controlled?

Valley Electric Association

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•Provided by Microwave Data System Network Engineering Technologies view MS network management software.


•Selected Microwave Data System Spread Spectrum 900 MHz MAS radios•Selected Microwave Data System’s licensed LEDR Microwave product suite as the WAN backbone technology •Selected a radio technology that demonstrated strong repeater capability. Determined that 900 MHz spread spectrum radios are capable of coverage over 50 miles of distance.


•Implementation of a wide area network to allow as a backbone for voice and data needs •The data from recloser sites are sent via spread spectrum radio to a microwave interface point. The microwave sites are located at remote district offices (closer to the reclosers). The microwave network consists of multi-hop repeaters stretching in excess of 200 miles to allow connectivity from into the central operations center.•The WAN backbone is expected to facilitate the growth of future line device and substation sites•Determined that 900 MHz MAS and 900 MHz spread spectrum radios are capable of coverage over 50 miles of distance (MDS 9810’s and 9710’s)


Valley Electric Association - Continued



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•Capability to combine 10 hops of MDS LEDR 900 MHz Microwave together•Capability to combine 3 hops of MDS 900 MHz spread spectrum together•Met all throughput and latency requirements•The Microwave backbone provides a key resource to address the challenge of the long paths•The Microwave backbone is also shared with voice and utility enterprise applications that reside in district operation offices


•Very happy with the results.•Expanding additional sites in 2003


Valley Electric Association - Continued

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•Spread-out service territory•Hilly terrain with heavy foliage•Limited coverage of commercial cellular service


•Improve the response time to outages•Save on technician field labor•Improve member satisfaction


•Capacitor banks•Fault Detectors•Switches


Great Lakes Energy



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•Commercially available SNMP software packages are being considered•Proprietary network management software of spread spectrum vendors


•Last mile unlicensed technology routed between line device site and the nearest substation. At the substation, line device data, substation SCADA and other applications are combined on shared link and then routed to a central mater data center•Considering spread spectrum radio (900 MHz and 2.4 GHz) as last mile technology. Leading vendors being considered are MDS and Locus


•Solution addresses the challenges of the large rural service territory•Solution addresses the challenges of poor cellular coverage•Meets targeted cost points


•The program is in the planning phases with a communications pilot being completed during the first quarter 2003


•Develop a communications plan that addresses all known future data applications•Developed synergies with other data programs


Great Lakes Energy - Continued


2003 distributech conference

Documents