2001 tcdc training workshop on shp small hydropower in nigeria · other practitioners in small...

2 SHP News, Spring, 2002

Small Hydropower in Nigeria

Energy

he Federal Ministry of Powerand Steel is responsible with all

electricity related matter in Nigeria.Under the Ministry, National ElectricPower Authority(NEPA), a stateowned company is charge with thesole responsibility of generation,transmission and distribution of elec-tricity. NEPA, currently has installedcapacity of about 6,000MW, withonly 2400MW available. Around84% of Nigeria generating capacityis thermal (Gas turbine), with the re-maining 16% hydroelectric andsteam turbine respectively.

Recently government encour-agement of independent powerproducer(IPP) has seen the privatesector producing additional 90MWfrom installed capacity of 270MW

and additional 30MW from Emer-gency Power Plant (EPP) at Abuja.This poor state of electricity has callsfor a development of hydropower po-tential and utilizing the abundant gasin thermal, which are at feasibilitystudy stage.

Electricity

he power sector in Nigeria hadin the past witnessed consider-

able neglect despite its strategic im-portance to the nation. The presentadministration is addressing the prob-lems of this sector by:(a) short term programme to gener-

ate & deliver 4000MW by theend of the year 2001.

(b) a m e d i u m t o l o n g t e r mprogramme for power sector re-form and deregulation.

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2001 TCDC Training Workshop on SHP

P.E OKPANEFE,S.OWOLABI

Ministry of Power & Steel

Nigeria

igeria is the most populaous black nation in the world. It

has an area of 913,072 square kilometres. The country

population is about 120 million. There are three major lan-

guages, Hausa, Yoruba and lgbo, although there is still more

than 380 dialects in local languages. There are large number

of household on the African continent that are unelectrified.

In Nigeria about 70 million people remain literally in the dark

without access to electricity. The majority of these numbers

are in the rural areas.

This workshop is apt in a number of ways. It is a joint

effort between government, private sector, the academic and

other practitioners in small hydro power station, it is also a

promotion of business and industrial activities as well as de-

velopment of renewable energy resources. I wish to com-

mend the organizers of this workshop. The focus of the work-

shop is relevant to the agenda of the Federal Ministry of Power

and Steel and aspirations of the Federal Government of Ni-

geria to provide regular and steady electricity to majority of

Nigerians before the end of year 2001.

SHP News, Spring, 2002 3

the National Electric Power Au-thority (NEPA) into generation,transmission, distribution andmarketing companies.

(vii) Privatization of the generation,distribution and marketing com-panies.

Table 1 Shows the generation profile of both the hydropower and thermalstations excluding small hydropower stations in a week of August 2001.

Station

KAINJI

Hydropower

JEBBA

Hydropower

SHIRORO

Hydropower

EGBIN

Steam/

Thermal

SAPELE

Steam

Turbine

AFAM

Thermal

DELTA

Thermal

IJORA

Thermal

G.TOTAL

AVAIL.Units

IG6&9

2G2,3,5&6

411G1,2&4

STI,2.3&5

STI,2.&6

NIL

GT6,10,15,16&17

GTS

24 Units

INST.AVAIL

CAP(MW)

200

385.6

450

880

360

NIL

341

20

2636.6

AVAIL Capability

(MW)

160

380

435

859

183

NIL

319

15

2369

REMARKS

1G10&12 N/A

2GI, & 4Unavail

411G3 N/A

GT6,7 N/A

GT13.N/A

Fuel Shortage


Short Term Measures

he present Government of Nige-ria is committed to the immedi-

ate improvement of the power sup-ply of the country.

Consequently, the governmenthas embarked on the rehabilitation ofthe existing power stations and anemergency power programme so thatby the end of the year 2001, 2672MWwill be added. Thus by the end of2001, 4000MW will be available atany one time.

Medium to Long Term Measures

eeting the immediate load de-mand is very important but

even more important is meeting themedium to long term demand. In or-der to be able to meet the future de-mand, it is estimated that generationcapacity of 12,000MW will be re-quired by year 2005 and 25,000MWby year 2010. Moreover, with theWest African Power Pool, Nigeriamay have to supply power to some ofthe ECOWAS Countries.

In order to meet the 2010 demand,major improvement are required andthese include:

(i) Expanding access by Rural Elec-trification, both grid and off-grid,and other sources of supply.

(ii) Private participate in the opera-tion and maintenance of thetransmission company.

(iii) Encouragement of IndependentPower Producers (IPP) and Re-habilitate Operate and Transfer(ROT) Operators.

(iv) Rehabilitation of existing gen-eration facilities to ensure avail-ability of at least 5000MW.

(v) Additional generation capacityof 20,000MW.

(vi) Restructuring and unbundling of

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Power Generation

here are total of eight generat-ing stations in Nigeria of which

five are thermal stations while the re-maining three are Hydropower Sta-tions.

HYDROLOGICAL DATA

DETAILS KAINJI JEBBA SHIRORO

INFLOW(M3/SE) 186 846 NIL

TUB.DISCH 471 901 257

SPILLAGE 403 NIL NIL

TOTAL DISCH 874 901 257

STORAGE -688 -53 -257

HWE 139.81 101.74 367.60

TWE 103.59 73.80 271.00

GOH 36.22 27.94 96.60


from the national grid.

Small Hydro Power

he capacity range of Small Hy-dropower plant is not exactly de-

fined. There is no distinctive capac-ity classification of small hydropowerin Nigeria. However, in some part ofthe country like Plateau State wherethere are quite a number of small hy-dropower stations that are off grid, theranges are between 3-40MW. Anduntil recently the Federal Ministry hasapproved the consultancy services oftwo Small Hydropower Stations inDadin Kowa 34MW and Oyan Dam9MW.

Nigeria is in support of the ideaand the need for the development ofenergy-efficiency projects, particu-larly of mini hydroelectric, windpower and solar energy projects. Forinstance, there is need to develop

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Rural Electrification Programme

he Electrical Inspectorate Ser-vices Department of the Minis-

try executes the rural electrificationprogramme of the Federal Govern-ment in conjunction with the RuralElectrification Department of NEPA.The objective of the scheme is to elec-trify and connect all Local Govern-ment Headquarters including otherlarge and strategic towns like bordertowns, some towns with military, eco-nomic and social institutions to thenational grid supply system.

This is in realization of the factthat the provision of adequate elec-tricity supply is vital for theupliftment of the quality of life in ourrural area. There is, therefore, nodoubt that the development of smallhydropower is very important sincethe power needed to electrify thistown and villages can’t all be tapped

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(i) Mambilla - 1320MW & 260MW 1st & 2nd phase

(ii) Zungeru - 950MW

(iii) Makurdi - 1062MW

(iv) Lokoja - 1870MW

(v) Onitsha - 1050MW

(vi) Ikom - 736MW

(vii) Gurara(Abuja) - 300MW

Small Hydro Power Station as an al-ternative source of energy(Energy inrural development). Apart from itsbenefits, it is a way of tackling thechallenges posed by globalization. Inorder for these energy projects to besuccessful, there is also need for re-gions to pool resources together tostrengthen and accelerate regional co-operation among one another. Thereis therefore need for Nigeria to con-tribute to the development of smallhydropower stations for its own ben-efits and that of other members coun-tries. However, in my own view, re-newable energy for 21st centurywould no doubt be beneficial to theAfrican regions particularly in therural areas where provision of vitalinfrastructures for adequate electric-ity supply would uplift out rural ar-eas. However, I suggest that Africanregions should focus their attentionon how to harness small hydropowerto alleviate the problems of energypoverty issues as well as respond toproblems of energy and environ-ments.

Conclusion

ay I conclude by saying thatthe importance of this work-

shop is to create awareness to helpAfrica and other developing countriesto proffer ways and means of cleanenergy transfer to mitigate greenhouse gas emission in the world.

In particular, development ofsmall hydropower station could playsignificant complementary roles asisolated power systems for lightingnon-urban areas, powering waterpumping stations, communicationspackages in remotes areas, or medi-cal appliances in cottage hospitals.

The three Hydropower Stations,namely Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro,have each installed available capac-ity of 200MW, 3856.6MW, 450MW.But the available capacity of any onetime are 160MW, 380MW and 435MW. The difference is as a result ofnon-availability of some of the unitswhich is due to level of water in hy-dro & fuel shortage in thermal sta-tions. Therefore the current hydro-

power potential is 975MW that islink to the national grid excluding thesmall hydropower that are off grid.

In government’s effort toprojects for the future power demandin the country, the Ministry of Power& Steel & NEPA have proposed andidentified potential hydro stations na-tionwide and will soon embark on theconstruction of the following newhydropower plants.


Electric Power and SHP in Egypt

Gamal Ali El Ouni

Mechanical Works of Maintenanceand Operation for SHP & DieselEngine

Egypt

1 Land and PeopleLocation:Northeast Africa.Bordered by the Mediterranean to thenorth.Sudan to the south.Red Sea and Suez Gulf to eastPalestine & Israel to the northeast,Libya to westArea:1.002 Million km2 , and inhab-ited area is about 5%.Capital:CairoClimate:Hot dry in summer.Warm rainy in winter.

ower Egypt temperature Year,average 20 in day and 7 at

nightUpper Egypt temperature year,

average 25 Max. and 17 min.Population:about 63 Million

Average growth rate of popula-

tion is 2.4%.Administrative Divisions:The

Arab Republic of Egypt is dividedinto 26 governorates.

Language:Arabic is the officiallanguage of the state.Currency:Egyptian pund(L.E.).

Topography:Arab Republic ofEgypt divided into 7 parts.1) River Nile valley and Delta

4% of total area.2) Western Desert, about 671,000

km2.3) Eastern Desert, about 225,000

km2.4) The Sinai Peninsula, about

60,000 km2.Water Resources:Annually availablewater volume is 61 billion m3.The River Nile: 55.5 billion m3.Subterraneau waters 3 billion m3

Recycled drainage water 2.5 bil-lion m3(For irrigation).2 History and Civilization

Egypt is a country of ancientgenuine civilization. The pharaonicis one of the most ancient and highlyimportant civilization. The ancientEgyptian State hosted the oldest po-litical system in History at large.3 Agriculture and Irrigation

The Agriculture sector is one ofthe main Egyptian national econo-mies. It contributes 21% of the na-tional income and 34% of the localmanpower and is responsible for se-curing food sufficiency in Egypt.Through this sector, several majormaterials required for industry areproduced. The agricultural exportsare considered a main source of for-eign currency.

The Suez Canal has a long his-tory setting a wonderful example forthe Egyptian Man’s will struggle andaspirations. It is the artery of life link-

ing East and West and promotingtrade and culture among world na-tions. The Suez Canal carries 14%of world Trade, 26% of Gulf oil ex-ports, 41% of common cargo in Gulfports, 22% of canned cargo from andto the Red Sea, Gulf and eastern portsof Africa. It generates higher rev-enues in the balance of payments,bringing in foreign currencies.4 Electricity

The electric energy is a majorpillar on which the State’s economicstructure rests such as industrial, ag-ricultural, urban and desert-controlprojects together with food securityprojects, and daily sevices. It furtherprovides direct communication withthe people for domestic usage oflighting.

The electricity sector adopts anambition to something as follows:1) Provide electric energy for diver-sified usages, observing sustainablefeeding being vital to Nationaleconomy.2) Provide electric energy for projectsof the State’s socio-economic devel-opment plan so as to face up the natu-ral growth at the short and long terms.3) Improve the standard of electricservices for beneficiaries to match theinternational one.4 ) O p t i m a l u s e o f e n e r g ysources:water or petroleum in gener-ating electrity, concentrating on othersubstitutes enevitable to lesson theconsumption of petroleum in this re-spect.5) Rationalize the consumption ofelectric energy.6) Expand the setting up of electricindustries and developing availableones with a view to effecting self suf-ficiency, curbing importation and sav-ing foreign currency. Consequently,

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it will be possible to improve the bal-ance of payments and support na-tional economy.7) Define and assess new energysources to be used at a larger scalewith a view to developing their sys-tems of local manufacturing poten-tials so as to achieve optimal ratio-nalization of conventional ones.4.1 Electricity Generation Energy4.1.1 Hydraulically-Generated En-ergy

Egypt still occupies a pioneer-ing position in this field. It is highlydependent on the Nile water. TotalHydro electric installed capacity was2810 MW which represents about20% of the total Installed capacity.4.1.2 Petroleum and Natural Gas

One of the important localsources serving as fuel for produc-ing electricity. The amount of naturalgas taken up by the electricity sectorfor energy generation purposes standsat nearly half of the country’s over-all production.Table 1 Crude Oil and Natural GasReserves(BBOE)

(BBOE:billion barrel of oil equiva-lent)4.1.3 Coal

Local available coal reservesare estimated at 50 million tons. It isused mainly as a raw material inEgypt.4.1.4 Nuclear Station

The use of nuclear stations forelectricity purposes has now becomean absolute imperative.4.1.5 Solar Energy

Egypt is geographically lo-cated in the solar belt between 22 and39 north. The average solar energy atthis latitude is 5.73 kw/h/m per day.

Egypt enjoys about 2300-4000 hour/year of sun shines. Egyptian programfor solar energy focuses on develop-ing and constructing stations for elec-tricity generation by using the solarsystem.4.1.6 Wind Energy

Some regions in Egypt have ahigh average wind speed to generateelectrical energy through windmillsand wind farms. The important re-gions are the Red Sea coast. Windspeed could reach 20-30 km/hr whichis the economic speed range to gen-erate electricty. The first large in-stalled capacity of wind energy isabout 600MW by year 2005.4.1.7 Biomass Energy

Biomass energy potential suchas agricultural, animal, human andsolid wastes is high in Egypt. Thiscan be utilized as a cheap thermalenergy resource as fertilizers and toimprove the environment by gettingrid of these wastes.4.1.8 Five Hydro Power Plants

The usage of hydro power sta-tions return to the year 1926 hencehave been installed in Fyom. The friststation is EL azab by capacity of 680kW. The following of the two powerplants are in this year 1926 in Fyomin other region by capacity of 2.6 MWan so in year of 1960 in NagaHamaady SHP of capacity of 2.7MW.In 1960 the work was finished in abig station of Aswan by capacity of

345 MW called Aswan(I). In 1967began the working of the high damby compound capacity 12 unit 175MW in this time it is the biggerstation. Aswan(II) by capacity of 4unit 76MW and Esna station bycapacity of 90MW, then renewable ofSHP in Naga Hamaady by four units4 16MW, then establishing Lahhonstation in Fyom by capacity of785kW. The authority of electricitystudies the sources of the water whichmay be enabled to be used in smallhydro power on the Egypt’s NileRiver and its tributary.5.1 The small hydro power in Egypt1) Sation of El AZB in Fyom by ca-pacity of 680kW.2) Station of Hawarit addlaan by ca-pacity of 2.6MW in Fyom.3) Station of Naga Hamaady by ca-pacity of 2.7MW.4) Station of Naga Hamaady bycapaciy of 3 units 1.5M=4.5M5) The work is continuous in stationof Laahoon in Fyon by capacity of785kW.6) The work is continuous in the sta-tion of new Naga Hamaady by capac-i ty of four uni ts (4 Uni ts 16MW=64M).5.2 There are studies on the placesat the Nile river and its tributary.1)KanaTer AsuiT project by 40 MW.2)KanaTer EL Delta(Domiat pranchby 12MW).3) Project of station Qutarace Low.


Site Head(m) Discharge(m3/s) Power(MW)1.Mixture 21 4.9 12.Kanater rashid 3 180 63.Tawfikg 2 139 24.Asuit 1 230 35.Gamgra 2 50 16.Abasy 1 137 27.Ibrabimy 1 114 28.Behiry 1 188 29.Monofy 1 173 210.West Nagga 1 81 111.Karanin 1 80 112.Sharakawia 1 232 213.Yoosef 1 120 1

Table 2 The new studies

Year Crudc oil Natural gas

1997/1998 2.97 7

1996/1997 3.03 6.32

Growth rate (1.98%) 10.80%


Work implemented in 2001

Entrusted by the Chinese Minis-try of Foreign Trade and Eco-nomic Cooperation, successfullyconducted two TCDC interna-tional training courses on SHP,with 32 engineers from 16 coun-tries. During the courses, lectureswere combined with discussionsand study tours as well assightseeing during weekends. Itnot only well disseminated Chi-nese SHP technology, but alsohelped the participants to knowmore about China and played animportant role in China’s contri-bution to TCDC/ECDC.Received three ministerial delega-tions respectively from Cuba, In-dia and Bangladesh.Made exchange and discussionswith the visiting experts from Viet-nam, UK, India, Canada, Holland,USA, etc.Received over 20 ESCAP officialsfrom 16 countries.Dispatched staffs to UK, Cuba andMongolia for visiting and explor-ing business.Dispatched delegations to DPRKorea, Pakistan and Vietnam, as

implementation of joint projectsbetween governments, which wereapproved by Chinese MOFTEC.Made further progress on “948”project, i.e. a task from the Min-istry of Water Resource, to intro-duce advanced technology fromCanada, USA, Singapore, etc. Es-pecially, the automatic control sys-tem on SHP with no/fewer staff onduty has been checked and ac-cepted by MWR, and been popu-larized and applied in many sta-tions.Entrusted by MOFTEC, com-pleted the design for the two SHPstations in Cuba, which are to bebuilt with donation of Chinesegovernment.Entrusted by the International Or-ganization for Bamboo and Rat-tan, made a study report on social& economic benefit of isolatedMHP station, with the aim to solvethe power supply for the develop-ment of bamboo industry.Kept further cooperation of SHPprojects concerned in Nepal, Pa-kistan, Mongolia, Canada andMalaysia.Made continuous efforts on pub-lication of “Small Hydro Power”

(Bimonthly, in Chinese) and “SHPNews” (Quarterly, in English).Since the information exchange onSHP is regarded as one of the im-portant duties of HRC, so we tryour best to publish at home andabroad.

Work Plan in 2002Entrusted by MOFTEC, to con-duct two TCDC internationaltraining courses on SHP.To set up a pilot micro hydro-power station base.To set up a water-pumped storagepower plant, in technical coopera-tion with Mongolia.To apply the automatic control &supervision system for 2 hydro-power stations, in technical coop-eration with Vietnam.To reconstruct 3 hydropower sta-tions, in technical cooperationwith DPR Korea.To made development of microhydropower, in technical coopera-tion with Pakistan.To make further efforts on com-piling and publishing of “SmallHydro Power” and “SHP News”.

HRC’s International TechnicalCooperation and Training Workshop

SHP in China


I. Remarkable achievements on therural hydropower development andthe establishment of preliminarilyhydro-electrified counties

he installed capacity of hydro-power stations rises rapidly, and

in the whole country 800 counties aremainly depending on the electricpower from small hydropower sta-tions and their power grids. By theend of 2000, the installed capacity ofhydropower from the water resourcesadministrative bodies had amountedto 31.1GW, and the annual genera-tion reached 94.5 billion kWh, amongwhich, the installed capacity in ruralregions was 27.51GW and the annualgeneration of 87.9 billion kWh. Cor-respondingly, the power grids config-ured with hydropower stations areswiftly developed, and over 800county-level power grids and morethan 40 trans-county grids have beenset up, which extend more than 1 mil-lion km of transmission & dispatch-ing lines. By the end of 2000, the es-

tate of power generation & supplyfrom the hydro authorities had risento RMB150 billion yuan, the yearlyincome from power sale amounted toRMB40 billion yuan, and RMB6.4billion yuan exempted as the annualduties. The rural hydropower has al-ready become the important basic in-frastructures and the backbone of theagriculture & economic developmentin hilly rural districts. At present,about 1/2 of China’s territory, whichequals to 1/3 of all counties or 1/4population, mainly depends on theelectric energy from rural hydro-power stations and the auxiliarypower grids. In China, there are to-tally 48,000 medium & small hydro-power stations built, which makemore than 300 million residents ac-cessible to electricity, and the prelimi-nary hydro-electrification plays a keyrole in the economic development ofthe vast hilly poverty-stricken areasand minority-resided regions, im-proving the local living standards aswell.

rom the “7th Five-year Plan” tothe “9th Five-year Plan”, in

whole China, there are 3 batches to-taling 653 rural counties which havebeen preliminarily electrified, amongwhich 335 rural counties electrifiedduring the “9th Five-year Plan” pe-riod. During that period, RMB42.01billion, accumulatively, was put intothe rural hydropower construction,and among which, RMB1.35 billionfrom China central government, thatmeans, when one yuan granted fromChina central government, RMB24yuan attracted from the whole soci-ety. The built 653 rural hydro-elec-trified counties embrace 252 millionpopulation, cover an area of 2.74million m2, and more than 82% ofthese counties are located in themiddle & west China and over 80%situated in the old, minority-resided,remote and poor regions. Owing tohydropower construction and the ru-ral electrification, in these areas theGDP, financial revenue, farmers’ percapita income and the per capita

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SHP in China

Hydro-electrification in China’s Rural AreasHydro-electrification in China’s Rural Areas


power-consumption doubled, and theeconomic structure was completelytransformed, as well as the urbaniza-tion procedure accelerated, ecologi-cal environment remarkably im-proved and the social & economicconditions bettered.

In the 335 preliminarily electri-fied counties which were set up in the“9th Five-year Plan” period, the GDPwas increased from RMB234.5 bil-lion to RMB477.8 billion within 5years, with rise rate doubling that ofthe whole country. The financial rev-enue of these counties was increasedfrom RMB15 billion to RMB25.5 bil-lion, and the per capita net income offarmers rose from RMB 1082 toRMB1914, with the annual mean riserate of 8.1%, 1.7 times of the aver-age rise rate of whole China (4.7%).The proportion of industry’s addedvalue was increased by 9% in theGDP of China. By the means of de-veloping the rural hydropower andestablishing the preliminarily electri-fied counties, the small hydropowerwas applied to replace the firewood,which improved the energy structurein rural areas, protected the naturalforests and even return the arable landto the forest. Presently in rural dis-tricts with electric energy supplied byhydropower, about 20 million house-holds are adopting electricity forcooking instead of firewood, pro-tected the local forests and the soilerosion alleviated. During the recent15 years, the average forests cover-age among these 653 preliminarilyelectrified counties was increased by9.88%, 5.4% higher than the averagerate of China.

uring these 15 years of realizingthe preliminary hydro-electrifi-

cation in rural counties, water con-servancy and power generation werecombined together, which accessed120 million people in remote areas

to the electric power, initially con-served thousands of medium & smallrivers, increased 50 billion m3 of res-ervoirs’ capacity and another 25.3million mu (Chinese area unit) arablelands can be irrigated, provided 64.25million people and 47.42 millionherds with dinking water, as well asimproved the agricultural conditionand farmers’ living condition, andbettered the flood control and anti-drought capability.

II. The objectives of hydropower andrural electrification

1.To set up 400 hydro-electrified ru-ral counties

uring the “10th Five-year Plan”,another 400 rural counties shall

be hydro-electrified according to theprinciples of “the investor or con-structor shall own, manage and bebenefited”, “self-construction, self-management and self-consumption”and “SHP shall has its power-sup-plied areas”, to promote the ruralelectrification in China. In these hy-dro-electrified rural counties, everyvillage shall have access to electric-ity, 98% households shall be providedwith electric power and the power-consumption guarantee shall be morethan 95%. The annual mean per capitapower-consumption amounted to500kWh, and 30% of householdsadopted the electric power from SHP,instead of consuming firewood.These requirements for minority-resied areas and hilly regions can besuitably lowered down. The sectorsconcerning water resources shall ef-fectively administrate all the perfor-mances in hydropower fields.

2.To develop SHP and the powergrids remarkably

uring these five years, from thewater-resources sectors of whole

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China 8GW installed capacity of hy-dropower was increased (amongwhich, 6GW increased for rural ar-eas), so the total installed capacityamounted to 39GW and the annualgeneration reached 120 billion kWh,covering about 40% of the total hy-dropower in China. While exploitingthe rural hydropower, measures weretaken to promote the power grids,with a group of SHP developmentbases established.

3.To construct the pilot ecologicalproject with SHP replacing firewood

uring the “10th Five-year Plan”period, on the upstream of

Yangtze River, middle & downstreamof Yellow River, upstream of PearlRiver and other places where SHPcan be applied to replace the firewoodas energy, a group of ecological pilotdistricts with SHP replacing the fire-wood shall be set up. By means ofdeveloping SHP and the power grids,the fuels or energy shall be providedsteadily for farmers’ living and agri-cultural activities in the “returningarable land to forests” areas, naturalforests regions, nature-reserve areas,the key anti-soil-erosion districts andmountainous areas, so as to protectthe ecological environment and evento eliminate the deforestation in thesepilot areas.

4.To upgrade the rural power gridsin water-resources sectors5.To develop the medium & small-sized hydropower resources in westChina6.To tackle the power-consumingproblems for farmers in remote re-gions7.To build a batch of pilot hydro-power stations and corollary powergrids.

SHP in China

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ponsored by the UN and China,Hangzhou Regional Center for

SHP (HRC) aims at promoting theSHP development in the world. Chinahas most SHP stations and has gainedmuch experience in SHP develop-ment. In order to disseminate SHPtechnology, HRC has already heldwith success 34 training workshopsfor 580 participants from 60 coun-tries.1.Objectives: To master the basictheory and principles of SHP devel-opment, feasibility study, operation,maintenance etc.2.Date:From 9 May to 18 June 2002,Hangzhou, P.R. China.3.Venue:Hangzhou Regional Centerfor SHP, Hangzhou, China.4.Course Contents: Procedures ofSHP development, feasibility study,hydrological analysis, low-cost civilstructure, turbo-generator, electricdesign, automation, economic evalu-ation, operation, maintenance.5.Training Methods:Lectures, dis-cussions, field trips & seminar.6. Medium of Instruction:English7.Source of Trainees:SHP technicalpersonnel or officials from develop-ing countries.

8.Methods for Evaluation: present-ing country report on SHP9.Participant’s Qualifications andRequirements for Admission:Theapplicants should be under 45 yearsold, graduated from technical schoolswith two years’ SHP practice, be ingood health with no infectious dis-eases and not handicapped, be profi-cient in English; prepare a reviewpaper or report on SHP developmentof the participants’ country, not tobring family members to the trainingcourse, to observe all the laws, rulesand regulations of P.R. China and re-spect the Chinese customs.10.Training Expenses:The expensesof training, boarding and lodging, lo-cal transportation, pocket money ofRMB 30 Yuan per person per dayduring the training period in Chinawill be borne by the Chinese govern-ment and distributed by HRC. Theinternational travel costs includinground trip tickets, transit fares, theexpenses of medical care, insurancefor the participants are covered by theparticipants themselves.11.Application and AdmissionNominated by their respective gov-ernments, applicants are requested to

fill up the Application Forms, whichshould be endorsed by the depart-ments concerned of their respectivegovernments, and submit with validHealth Certificates provided by au-thorized physicians or hospitals to theE c o n o m i c a n d C o m m e r c i a lCounsellor’s Office of Chinese Em-bassy (ECCOCE) for endorsement; Ifendorsed, Admission Notices will beissued to the accepted participants byECCOCE through the related govern-ment departments. With AdmissionNotices, participants should gothrough all necessary formalities withall the mentioned documents to Chinaon the registration date.12.Insurance:The training course or-ganizer dose not hold any responsi-bility for such risks as loss of life,accidents, illness, loss of propertyincurred by the participants during thetraining period.13.Liaison Address:Attn:Mr.D.Pan&Ms. Shen XuequnHangzhou Regional Center (Asia-Pacific) for Small Hydro PowerHangzhou, P.R. China, 310012;Phone:0086 571 88086586Fax:0086 571 88062934E-Mail:hrc@mail hz.zj.cn

ENROLMENT INFORMATION

2002 TCDC Training Course on Small Hydro PowerENROLMENT INFORMATION

2002 TCDC Training Course on Small Hydro Power

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SHP in China


A Chinese Magazine“Small Hydropower” by HRC

he Chinese “Small Hydro-power”, a magazine that Na-

tional Research Institute for RuralElec t r i f ica t ion (NRIRE) andHangzhou Regional Centre (Asia-Pacific) for Small Hydro Power hasedited and published for 100 issues(bimonthly), allocated with the Inter-national Standard Serial NumberISSN 0256-3118, and China StandardSerial Number CN33-1204/TV. Itwas published in Chinese and withEnglish titles. Special features aretechnical experience of SHP devel-opment in China. Information of in-

ternational SHP activities and impor-tant events in the field of SHP havealso been widely included.

This magazine has carried news,views and articles on all aspects ofsmall hydro power. It is useful tothose who are intersted in technicalexperience of SHP development inChina.

“Small Hydropower” is the onlyprofessional publication on small hy-dropower in China, which is issueddomestically and abroad. It is widelycircled in all corners of China con-cerning SHP, and getting more and

more popular in over 600 rural coun-ties which is primarily hydro-electri-fied, more than 2,300 counties withhydropower resources, more than50,000 small-sized hydropower sta-tions, thousands of colleges or uni-versities, research institutes and otheradministrative authorities on SHP.Advertising is welcome for anyequipment manufacturer to targetChinese market on SHP construction,equipment purchasing or other busi-nesses.Subscription rates (1 year):USD40.00

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The main contents of the 99th issue (2001 No 3) read as follow.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Working ResearchRural hydropower electrifications effects a Permanent cure of alleviating poverty in mountain areaDevelopment of SHP in mountain area of Anhui ProvinceFund collection for development of SHPManagement and AdministrationRegulation control operation and benefits of Fengtan reservoirTechnology ExchangeApplication of AC depth measurement in geological investigation of SHPAnalysis and treatment of roof fall of tunnel in Xizhaixia SHP stationApplication of emulsion silica fume concrete in water release structureA self-made plane rolled-dredgeSeepage prevention of pressure forebayMechanical and electrical equipmentRenewal of anuiliary transformer connection in Yuwengbu SHP stationRenewal of earth screen in Liujiaping SHP stationImprovement of overvoltage protective of synchronous generator rotor demagnetizationApplication of water resistance in SHP stationComputer ApplicationMicrocomputer monitoring system applied in Qixi SHP stationRenewal and ReconstructionReconstruction of Fengle reservoir Eeba SHP stationCapacity increase of Zhaopingtai second cascade SHP stationTechnique renewal measure of water guide block of open-flume fixed-vane turbineRenewal of Daheiting SHP stationService and MaintenanceResolution of loose connection between generator coupling head and main shaftRunner boring of bulb tubular turbineReason of generator non-synchronous tie and its serviceTreatment of unusual sound after generator operationApplication of two new materials in rush-repair of mechanical and electrical equipmentFault analysis of synchronous transformer in generator exciting system

Treatment of superheating of elastic bearing shoe of horizontal turbine

SHP in China


Published by Small Hydro Power Editional Office,

The National Rural Electrification Institute, Add.: P.O.BOX1206, Hangzhou, China

Hangzhou Regional (Asia-Pacific) Zip code:310012

Center for Small Hydro Power Tel.:86-571-88082848

ISSN 1007-7642 Fax.:86-571-88082848

CN33-1204/TV E-mail:[email protected]

The main contents ofthe 100th issue (2001 No 4) read as follow.

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Working ResearchConstruction and development of local medium and small hydropower in Jiangxi province

Rural electrification development in Xichuan county

Management and Administration

Approach on supervision fees of SHP project

Cause of investment exceeded estimate cost of hydropower projects and its controled measures

Relationship between interest rate, basic income rate and power price in economic evaluation

Approach on measure of reckoning generated flow by electric power

Programme and DesignSimplified formula of shrinkage water deep applies to project design

Cliffy crane beam applies to underground power-house

Measures of improving regulating assurance parameter

Project ConstructionConstruction of Wangziling power station

Renewal and ReconstructionFeasibility analysis of unit technique in Zhuzhuang power station

Renewal and reconstruction of old power station in Huaihua city

Renewal of exciter system in Bengbuzha power station

Remake of exciter system in Hongshanzui third cascade power station

Improvement of overcurrent protection for step-up transformer

Remake of trashrack at dam intake

Service and MaintenanceTreatment of higher temperature-rise of stator and howling in generator in Yaozhuang power station

Analysis of unit vibration and its elimination in Huangcheng power station

Substitution of UPS for power of unit accident shutdown

Harm of generator runner earthing and its prevention

Disassembly shaft coupler of turbine generator

A Chinese Magazine“Small Hydropower” by HRC

SHP in China


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Hydropower Development Programming in China

n the light of the speech deliv-ered by Mr.Zhou Dabing,

Deputy Manager General of ChinaNational Electric Power Corporation,on its hosted “Hydropower Develop-ing Seminar”, during the national“10th Five-year Plan” and the “Far-sight Program to 2015”, the installedcapacity of hydropower shall be upto 75GW by 2000, which covers 24%of the total installed capacity in elec-tric power. By 2005 the installed ca-pacity of hydropower shall amount to95GW, which covers 27% of the to-tal installed capacity in electricpower; by 2010 the installed capac-ity of hydropower shall amount to125GW, which covers 28% of thetotal installed capacity; and by 2015the installed capacity shall amount to150GW, which maintains 28% of thetotal installed capacity. At that time40% of the hydropower sources shallbe exploited.

n order to realize the above men-tioned hydropower developing

target, China National Electric PowerCorporation shall abide by the basicprinciple for promoting the electric

power industries, that is, take an ac-tive part in exploiting hydropowersources, optimize the thermal genera-tion, and suitably set up nuclearpower station. According to the ac-tual local conditions, new and renew-able energy shall be develoed, andmuch more attention shall be paid tobuild and refurbish the township andrural power grids, and finally a wholenational power grid expects to be setup. Therefore, directed by the mar-ket demand, oriented on the economicbenefit, based on the optimum con-figuration of sources and improvingthe electric power structrue, in a cer-tain period the China National Elec-tric Power Corporation shall bemainly committed to developing thelarge-sized hydropower stations withsound regulation performance andsuperb hydro-energetic indices.Meanwhile, some medium & small-sized hydropower stations shall bealso set up in line with their actualsituations to benefit the localeconomy. When the key hydropowerstations are cared, the cascade devel-opment in a basin shall be undertaken

too. Nowadays, hydropower develop-ment on the upper reach of YellowRiver, the middle & lower reaches ofYangtze River and their branches, andin the basins of Honghui River, themiddle & lower reaches of LanchangRiver, Wu River etc. shall be paid withmuch more attention. The strategy on“Electric Power Transmitted from theWest China to the East China” shall beput on the schedule, to actively pushforward the hydropower developmentin the middle & western areas of Chinaand the minority regions. In these re-gions such as the middle part of China,Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan and otherprovinces where are abundant in hy-dropower sources and short of coalmines, some medium & small-sizedrivers with super regulation perfor-mance and high electric power qualityshall be executed continuously for theircascade developments. At the powergrid with poor peak-regulation capa-bility and large peak-valley difference,the pumped storage power plants canbe proposed at suitable sites, besidesstrengthening the peak-regulationschematization.

Narrow canyon cuts cost ofconstructing hydro plant

he use of narrow canyon to con-struct a small hydro power plant

in southwest China means that thecost of building the plant will be cutby up to two-thirds.

The Shiziguan hydro powerplant will be built on the Hongjiaheriver in central China’s Hubei Prov-ince. The 180m high dam impoundsa small reservoir with a capacity of

126Mm3.The hydro plant is designed to

have an installed generation capacityof 10MW and is expected to beginoperation by the end of 2001, withan annual power gneration of26.7GWh.

eanwhile, provinces in centraland western China say they

will make the construction of small

hydro power plants a priority in termsof their economic development ac-cording to the Xinhua news agency.

Investment in small hydro powerprojects this year will total approxi-mately US$1.86B and China willhave 43,000 small hydro power plantswith an annual generating capacity of72BkWh.

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SHP in China


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Boosting the assessment ofUngauged small hydro sites

MP’s basic assessment of asmall hydro site begins with an

analysis of the hydrology, usuallywithout access to streamflow data. Inmountain environments, the local cli-mate, and hence the flow, can varysignificantly with elevation and overshort distances. One side of a valleyoften experiences different precipita-tion than the other side, and snow ac-cumulation and melt are elevation de-pendant because of the vertical lapserate for temperature and precipita-tion. The weather data that are inputsto IMP must be carefully interpretedto be representative of the actualweather conditions above the site.Some of this interpretation is consid-ered automatically by elevation de-pendant routines in IMP.

The software uses a conceptualmodel to break down the hydrologi-cal analysis into two components. Thefirst deals with the regional climate,and how it can be applied to estimateaverage precipitation and tempera-tures in the vicinity of the site. Thisusually requires advice from a me-teorologist familiar with local differ-ences in the climate of the region. Thesecond component is a model of theeffect of elevation on these regionalclimate parameters.

The conceptual hydrologicmodel generates daily and hourlystreamflow on an ungauged water-shed from topographic data and atime series of daily precipitation andmaximum and miniumum tempera-ture. Data may be in US or Canadian

weather services format, or may beimported from text files.

Adapted from the University ofBritish Columbia(UBC) watershedmodel developed for BC Hydro, thehydrologic model is well suited to cli-matologically heterogeneous moun-tainous areas like British Columbiain Canada. The model includes quickand slow groundwater routing; sur-face runoff from impervious areas;snow and glacier accumulation andmelt; and surface and ground waterstorage. Water losses from tree coverare included. The watershed can bedivided into sub-basins, each withdistinct topography and hydrologicalparameters.

The UBC model was modifiedby removing computational hydro-

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SHP Development and Programme Worldwide

mall hydro sites located in mountain environ-

ments are often on ungauged streams. A soft-

ware package called the Integrated Method for

Power (IMP 4.0) was designed to assist inexperi-

enced, potential developers of small hydro sites in

situations where the cost of professional engineer-

ing advice would be prohibitive. The goal was to

use an appropriate methodology to enhance the

hydrologic information for ungauged small hydro

sites and to provide a screening tool that would help

to estimate the appropriate level of investment. The

basic approach is to use topographic and weather

data to compute the time series of streamflow.

IMP was developed in North America over a

period of 20 years, and was funded at various

stages by BC Hydro, the Washington State Depart-

ment of Ecology, City of Seattle and Alberta Envi-

ronment. Natural Resources Canada provided the

funding to bring the various independent computer

programs into an integrated Windows environment.

IMP considers the time series hydrograph flow,

which is usually unknown for small mountain

streams, and uses it to:

Develop a flood frequency curve.

Select an appropriate penstock-turbine-genera-

tor set.

Calculate the energy capability and economic

optimisation of the installed capacity.

Assess the impact of a development on instream

habitat for fish.

The features provided by IMP include those

which are common to many resource engineering

situation. These include:

Hydrology model.

Flood frequency model.

Power study model.

River hydraulics model.

Fish habitat model.

Instream flow model.

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logic routines that are not relevant tosmall hydro sites. For this reason,caution should be exercised in usingthe hydrologic model in IMP for largewatersheds.

Hydrologic Simulation

ata describing the watershedabove the power site are readily

obtained from topographic maps andaerial photographs. The IMP pack-age includes default values of hydro-logic parameters that have been cali-brated for six regions in British Co-lumbia, and for streams in Manitoba,Newfoundland and Yukon. The re-gions cover a range of conditions in-cluding glaciated mountains on thePacific coast, in the interior, and thearid interior plateau. The calibrationwas achieved by adjusting model pa-rameters until a good agreement wasreached between the computer out-put and the observed flows of smallgauged watersheds in each region.

Hydrologic simulation will pro-duce daily flows from daily precipi-tation and maximum and minimumtemperatures. In some cases, daily av-erage flows are inadequate for smallflashy streams. In other cases, thehydrograph varies diurnally in re-sponse to the daily cycle of meltingduring the day and refreezing at night.IMP provides a facility for usinghourly precipitation patterns to pro-rate daily runoff to hourly values.Daily snowmelt is distributed hourlybased on a diurnal temperature cycle.The hydrologic simulation will thenproduce hourly flows for analysis ofhourly energy production and spill.

The watershed model providesopportunities to explore the sensitiv-ity of hydrologic sequences to factorssuch as tree cover, soil types, landslopes, and the range of elevation. Aparticular watershed can also be

transposed to a different climate toshow the relative importance of wa-tershed and climate parameters. Asthere are no observed flows, and thesimulated record normally would betoo short, the hydrologic simulationmodel is not used to estimate flowsfor flood frequency analysis. Instead,a completely different approach isused, which is ideal for quantifyingjudgements about the climate ex-tremes encountered on an ungaugedwatershed.

A theory for the closed formmathematical model of flood fre-quency was developed in 1972. Themodel can be thought of as an appli-cation of the technique of derivedprobability distributions.

The flood frequency modelcomprises two components. The firstdefines the transformation from rain-fall (and snow melt) to direct runoffby providing overland and channelrouting equations for the time of con-centration as a function of the water-shed shape, size, and slope and theprecipitation intensity. These data aresimilar to the watershed descriptionused for conceptual hydrologic simu-lation. Infiltration and groundwaterreturn flows are not included in thismodel. Water that does not contrib-ute to the flood peak is eliminated bytwo coefficients:one represents waterlosses, the other is the ratio of directrunoff to total precipitation. IMP pro-vides advice for selecting these coef-ficients.

A joint probability distributionfunction for precipitation events is thesecond component of the flood fre-quency model. This provides theflood probability distribution functionby numerical integration with therouting equations in the limits of in-tegration. The parameters of the jointprobability distribution function forprecipitation are easily estimated,

even for an ungauged site. They arethe reciprocals of the average inten-sity and average duration of precipi-tation events. The flood frequencycurve is then obtained from the aver-age annual number of events, whichcan also be estimated.

The method separates the water-shed properties from the climatologi-cal parameters that influence floodfrequency. To assist in transposingprecipitation statistical parameters toungauged areas, IMP compares themathematically derived flood fre-quency curves with flood frequencycurves developed from recorded dis-charges on other streams in the re-gion.

Large watersheds

he method has proved to be use-ful for very large watersheds, as

well as those of interest to IMP. Onlarge watersheds, snowmelt may con-tribute significantly to flood fre-quency. The contribution of snowmeltto flood frequency is included by pro-viding equivalent parameters devel-oped from analysis of simulated dailysnowmelt. IMP will then identify theseparate contributions of rain andsnow, where the curves cross, andtheir combined effect.

The flood frequency methodprovides an opportunity to developthe unsteady flow routing equationsfrom first principles, to apply themto real watersheds, and to gain expe-rience rapidly in understanding thepractical role played by fundamentaltheoretical approximations.

The power study model providessimulation for a power station withone generating unit and with the op-tion of having one reservoir. IMP pro-vides efficiency curves for severaltypes of hydraulic turbine and roughcoefficients for a selection of pen-


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stock materials. Inflows may be theoutput from the watershed model(simulated hydrographs), or actualrecorded streamflow (in US Geologi-cal Survey or Canadian format). Theoutputs are the firm energy, averageannual energy, and the time series ofenergy, spill and reservoir storage. Anoptimisation routine conducts a post-analysis around the simulated designand recomends the installed capacityat which the marginal value of theenergy generated equals the marginalcost of additional capacity.

The power study model providesopportunities to develop an under-standing of the significance of the hy-drologic sequence in evaluating apower site. The model can also beused to develop the data for a trade-off curve between reservoir capacityand costs, and generating capacityand costs. The model clearly showsthe relationship between energy out-put and the penstock capacity andidentifies the maximum energy thatcan be developed from a given pen-stock diameter and material.

The purpose of this model is toprovide a quantitative description ofthe velocity and depth regimes thatprovide fish habitat. The analysis isfor a single cross-section. The resultsare interpreted in the fish habitatmodel as “habitat area”, described bya strip of unit width extending acrossthe river at a particular location. Ateach point along this strip the hydrau-lic model determines the velocity anddepth.

The river hydraulics model usesthe Manning equation and a stage-dishcharge rating curve to determinevariations in velocity and depth alonga cross-section of the river, as a func-tion of discharge. Manning’s “n” canbe different at each point across theriver, reflecting changes in substratematerials. Data are provided for sev-

eral river location. The model doesnot deal with back eddies. This modelprovides an understanding of howhabitat hydraulic conditions vary asthe stage and discharge change at aparticular location.

Fish Habitat

sing fish habitat preferencecurves and the output from the

hydraulic model of the river, the fishhabitat model determines the portionof the river cross-section area thatprovides the most suitable fish habi-tat.

Fish habitat preference curvesrelate the velocity and depth at spe-cific locations to the purported pref-erences of fish. For each species, andfor each life stage, the curves are dif-ferent. In practice the curves ideallywould be developed from a subsur-face snorkel survey in the river toidentify the locations, velocity anddepth preferred by the fish of inter-est. IMP provides default data for sev-eral species and life stages, which canbe adequate for a preliminary assess-ment.

IMP illustrates how the rivercross-sectional shape affects its suit-ability as habitat for specific types offish and life stages at the specificflows that are likely to be experiencedbelow the site.

Instream flow

he instream flow model deter-mines the time series sequence

of habitat from the time series se-quence of flows in the river. The cal-culation of habitat uses the functionalrelationship between discharge andhabitat that was developed by thehabitat model. The instream flows canbe the natural flow sequence, theregulated power house flow se-quence, or the flows in the bypass

reach that receives only spills. Fre-quency analysis provides a conve-nient method for comparing the habi-tat impacts of alternative design con-cepts.

There is often more than onespecies and life stage present in theriver at the same time. This compli-cates water management decisionsthat protect fish. IMP provides a hy-pothetical “equivalent fish” that re-flects the combined preferences of anumber of species and life stages.This highlights the multiple objectivenature of habitat protection and en-hancement.

On-Line help

he on-line help module of IMP4.0 is a hyper-textbook contain-

ing tips on how to use the software,charts, equations and documentationdescribing details of the methods usedin the modules.

IMP was developed for the Hy-draulic Energy Programme ofCANMET-Natu ra l r e sourcesCanada. Version 4.0 is available freeof charge and version 5.0 is currentlybeing developed. For more informa-tion contact the authors.

The authors can be contacted C/OCharles Howard & Associates, 239Menzies St, Suite 210, Victoria, BC,V8V 2G6 Canada

AcknowledgementsThe hydrologic model of IMP

was adapted from the UBC water-shed model provided by MichaelQuick and Tony Pipes, formerly of theUniversity of British Columbia. Stafffrom Charles Howard and Associatesdeveloped all of the other compo-nents.

Source:International Water Powerand Dam Construction


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Small hydro policy and potential in Spain

Environmental impactmall hydro promoters in Spainare still puzzled by the existing

situation: as is discussed below, smallhydro has perhaps the lowest envi-ronmental impact of all energysources, including other renewableenergies. Considering the ambivalenttreatment given to small hydro in allinstitutional action and legislation,the sector believes there should be aclear differentiation between largeand small hydro in the hydro concept.‘Both [are] renewable sources of en-ergy, but obviously with a very im-portant difference of impacts in theenvironment’, says Jose MariaGonzalez Velez.

The study Environmental Im-pacts of the Production of Electric-ity, developed by the APPA togetherwith highly regarded Spanish institu-tions and organizations involved inenergy issues, aims to quantify-usingscientific methods-the environmentaldamage caused by the generation ofelectricity from eight technologies:lignite, coal, fuel oil, natural gas,nuclear, wind, small hydro and solarphotovoltaics.

The conclusions of this study arequite clear:

renewable energies have 31times less impact than conven-tional energy sources, and 1kWhproduced by small hydro is 300times ‘cleaner’ than a kWh pro-duced by lignite.small hydro does not have a sig-n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n t h eenvironment:there are no emis-sions of gases scuh as SO

2, CO

2

or NOX, nor is there anything

that causes ground or wateracidification, acid rain, climatechange, ozone layer depletion,etc.The unit used in the study for

measuring the environmental impactsof the eight, tested generation systemsis the ‘ecopoint’-a unit of environ-mental penalty. These were calculatedby considering the following environ-mental factors: global warming,ozone layer depletion, acidification,eutrophication (oxygen depletion ofwater), heavy metal pollution, emis-sion of carinogenic substances, win-ter smog, summer smog, generationof industrial wastes, radioactivity, ra-dioactive waste and depletion of en-ergy sources. The more ecopointsobtained by a generation system, thegreater environmental impact it will

Table 1. Ecopoint listing of eight tested en-

ergy generation systems

System Ecopoints

Lignite 1735

Fuel oil 1398

Coal 1356

Nuclear 672

Solar PV 461

Natural gas 267

Wind 65

Small hydro 5

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Small hydro in Spain

pain has 662 small hydro installations, as regis-tered in the “Special Regimen” of 31 December

1999, with 1,271,573 kW of installed power producingthe equivalent of the electricity consumed by 1.1 mil-lion families, avoiding emissions of 2.6 million tonnesof CO

2 per year and substituting 250,000 toe.

During 1999, 15 new small hydro plants were reg-istered, and they added 23,698 kW to the total powerinstalled. According to several studies, there is techni-cal potential for the installation of a further 1000 MWof small hydro on Spanish rivers. Already, following the

‘Plan de Fomento de las Energias Renovables’ (‘Pro-motion Plan for RES’, IDAE, Madrid, December 1999),100 small hydro plants have already been built and areawaiting official authorization to start operation.

The share of hydro in Spain’s total energy produc-tion is 2.5%. This share will be progressively reduced,as energy demand is rising at a rate of 7% per year-andthe share of wind energy is rising much faster. It is veryimportant to bear in mind that the trend of Spanish de-pendence on primary energy sources will increase fromthe present 70% to 85% by 2020 (according to EUsources). The figure across the European Union sug-gests a rise from 50% to 70% in the year 2030.

Other studies have shown simi-lar outcomes, as seen in Table 2.

The larger, well known environ-mental organizations generally sup-port the responsible development ofsmall hydro, recognizing the benefitsof renewable technology as part of thebroad environmental picture. Thereare other-usually small and local-or-ganizations which resist individualinstallations on ‘environmental’grounds, failing to appreciate thewider benefits of renewable energy.Just as wind turbines do not kill largenumbers of birds, so small hydroplants do not alter or reduce the vari-ety of flora and fauna in the rivers.These groups tend to ignore the ben-

Shave. The full listing is given in Table1.


efits of renewable energy in combat-ing climate change:‘If greenhousegases were coloured yellow or grey,then the[se] institutions would defi-nitely support all the renewable en-ergy technologies’, Gonzal ez Velezcommented.

Market prices and competi-tiveness

oming back to Amendment 6 ofthe Directive, it is worth remem-

bering that only in the ‘Justification’is the following established: ‘Hydro-electric power plants, in particularlarge ones, can generally produceenergy at market prices. They shouldtherefore not be included in the sup-port schemes. However, this wordinghas been chosen in order to make itpossible, in exceptional cases, e.g.following necessary modernisation,to fully exploit potential that has notbeen used at market prices.’

This justification, where smallhydro is not specifically mentioned,is based on arguments such as ‘en-ergy market prices’ and the ‘com-petitiveness’ of hydro power plants,which is not absolutely fair. Smallhydro is, as we have shown, a veryclean means of energy generation, andhas a lower environmental impactthan large hydro. Therefore, the priceper kilowatt hour produced by thistechnology must correspond to theexternal costs, i.e. take into accountthe avoided environmental impactsand should not be based in the ‘en-ergy market price’ argument.

Comparison of the costs of thedifferent energy generation systemsmust reflect the total cost, to guaran-tee the efficiency, and to account forthe distortions in the energy market.This total cost needs to be calculatedfrom the internal costs for generationper kWh, plus the external costs orbenefits. The following are defini-

tions included in the Communityguidelines on state aid for environ-mental protection of the EuropeanCommission.

Prices to reflect costs. This prin-ciple states that the prices ofgoods or services should incor-porate the external costs associ-ated with the negative impact onthe environment of their produc-tion and marketing.The concept of the internaliza-tion of costs. In these guidelinesthe ‘internalization of costs’means the principle that all costsassociated with the protection ofthe environment should be in-cluded in firms’ productioncosts.

Administrative barriersn the Spanish small hydro sec-tor, the biggest problem with

present legislation is that it has notbeen carried through. For instance, itis more difficult to refurbish a 100kW small hydro plant in the Spanishregion of Castillay Leon , than it is toinstall a 30,000kW gas plant.

In the framwork of the local ad-ministration, the problem is not aneasy one to solve. The village or thelocal area receives nothing for the in-stallation of a small hydro plant intheir zone, yet its promoter will profitfrom the water from ‘the river of thevillage’. This is not an unusual situa-tion and it will always happen.

Juan Fraga, General Director ofHidronorte, S.A. and General Secre-tary of EUFORES, observes that‘small hydro plants are usually in-stalled in small villages with very fewpossibilities of financing, and this in-stallation is probably the only indus-try that will be implemented in theirmunicipality’. The small hydro sec-tor proposes, therefore, a new initia-tive to help to the those small villages-

that is, the cancellation of the elec-tricity tax on the inhabitants of thosemunicipalities where plant was in-stalled.

Other barriersmall hydro firms could do morethemselves. There is a lack of

quality information disseminated toenvironmental groups by small hydrofirms, and a lack of promotion of thetechnology, which together slow therate of development of this renewableenergy. This phenomenon relates tothe ‘It is our river’ effect. ‘It is moreattractive for the press to publish [re-ports] that a small hydro plant hasdestroyed the salmon fishing, than tolook for the real causes (disposal ofwastes, over-fishing, poaching, etc.)’,in the words of Gonzalez Velez.

Socio-economic impact ofsmall hydro development

n Table 3, we can see the esti-mates for employment creation

associated with installations of spe-cific technologies in Spain. Theachievement of the 12% objectivewould provide the Spanish small hy-dro sector with 18.6 new jobs permegawatt installed-about 1250 ofthem fixed jobs.

Environmental impact studyfor a small hydro plant

idronorte, S.A. could well serveas a representative Spanish

company in this sector. Hidronorte isa company which promotes not onlysmall hydro, but also wind and biom-ass energy. The company owns 12small hydro plants in Spain, with57,000kW of power installed by theend of the year 2000, with a medianyearly production of 170 GWh.

The company contracted an in-dependent advisory company, in col-laboration with the University of


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Vigo, Pontevedra, to develop aProgramme for Environmental Vigi-lance for the river Tambre, and morespecifically, the part affected by theinstallation of the hydroelectric plantat Fecha, in the municipality ofSantiago de Compostela, A Coruña.The objectives of the study, were:

the analysis of environmentalimpact during the first year ofthe plant’s operation, and theobservation of the environmen-tal legislation presently in effect.checking the reformed measuresapplied during the constructionand operation of the plant.preparing a proposal for new re-formed measures to minimize orcompensate for the identifiedpossible negative effects.

Resultso dead fish have ever been foundin the channel itself, nor down-

stream of the plant. The trashrackcleaner of the channel and the fore-

bay has fulfilled its function in a sat-isfactory way. The figures were asfollows:

level of noise:50/52 db at 25metres.47/48 db at 50 metres.it can be established that in at75 metres the only audiblesounds are those of the naturalenvironment.In the study, the positive effect

on the aquatic fauna in the water ofthe weir section of the Fecha plant hasbeen established. From informationsupplied by the Forestry Guard andlocal anglers, it was discovered thatthe main type of fish was large rain-bow trout. This fact supports the ideathat the water allocated in the weirsis characterized by low depth and ex-cellent quality, as well as by the highvegetation content in both sides of theriver. This vegetation diversifies thehabitats for this kind of fish, servingfor refuges and reproduction areas forthose aged between 4-5 years.

The water quality classifies theTambre River as Type I(highestquality), meaning it is clean wa-ter with no contammination,even in the part of the river af-fected by plant.The vegetation from both sidesof the river is well suited to con-servation measures, with good-sized plants on both sides of theriver, increasing the biodiversityof the flora and landscape of thearea.The visual impact of the struc-ture of the plant has been evalu-ated as medium to low.New, reformed measures havebeen identified to minimize im-pacts, following on from onesalready developed:

- construction of a fish channel,suitable even for young fish.

- an acoustic fish guidance sys-tem, to prevent the fish enteringthe forebay of the plant.The study will be repeated infour years’ time.These conclusions show that

small hydro plants do not have a nega-tive effect on the environment if con-struction work and operation of theplants are carried out with respect forthe environment and within legalguidelines-a small hydro plant can-not create disturbances capable ofweakening the fluvial econsystem.

Cristina Gutierrez is responsible forcommunications at EUFORES andHidronorte S.A.Fax:+34 91 3833159e-mail:[email protected]@hngrupo.com

Source:Renewable ENERGYWorld/September-October 2001

Table 3. Potential employment creation in Spanish renewables. Source:IDAE(1998)

Technology Type of instailation Employment installation Direct employment in op-

eration and maintenance

Wind 20MW 13 EE/MW(25% direct) 0.2 EE/MW

Small hydro 1.7MW 18.6 EE/MW(40% direct) 0.4 EE/MW

Solar thermal 100m2 0.1 EE/MW(direct and indirect) 0.01 EE Mptas

Solar PV 1kWp 82.8 EE/MW(direct and indirect) 0.2 EE/MW

EE-Employment equivalent to 1800 hours/person year. 35 hours per week; EE/MW-Employment created per

MW installed; EE Mptas-Employment created per million pesetas invested


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Table 2. Life-cycle emissions of electricity generation systems(g/kWh) Sources:AIE(1998),CIEMAT(1998)

CO2

SO2

NOX

Large hydro 9 0.03 0.07

Small hydro 3.6-11.6 0.009-0.024 0.003-0.006

Solar PV 98-167 0.20-0.34 0.18-0.30

Solar thermo-electric 26-38 0.13-0.27 0.06-0.13

Wind 14.9 0.02-0.09 0.02-0.06

Geothermal 79 0.02 0.28

Coal 1026 1.2 1.8

Natural gas(combined cycle) 402 0.2 0.3


Contract for new Scottish hydro station 4M (US$6M) Contract hasbeen awarded to Miller Civil En-

gineering Services for the constructionof Scottish and Southern Energy’s new3MW hydro power station on the riverCuileig, near Ullapool in Scotland. Theplant will be the power company’s firstnew hydroelectric station since the1960s. Construction is set to take 12months, beginning in mid November,and Cuileig will be operational fromOctober 2001. Work will include build-

A ing a samll intake weir and a 2.5kmpipeline.

Scottish and Southern Energy’shydro generation manager, DavidLee, said: ‘The potential of the catch-ment of the river Cuileig has beenrecognised since the 1950s but wehave taken care to design a projectthat recognises the needs of the envi-ronment and will bury the pipelineand power station underground.’

Ian Greg, civils unit director of

Miller Civil Engineering Services,added: ‘We are proud to be in thevanguard of the new generation ofhydro schemes, adding to energy as-sets in Scotland. We look forward toworking with our designers MottMacDonaid.’

Consent for the Cuileig stationwas given by the Scottish Executiveearlier this year and the project wasaccep ted under the Sco t t i shRenewables Order(SR01).

Underground hydro scheme for Ullapoolcottish and Southern Energy hasawarded a contract for a new hy-

dropower plant Scotland, thecompany’s first hydro project sincethe 1960s. The $6 million scheme willbe built by Miller Civil EngineeringServices Ltd.

The plant is to be sited on theriver Culeig near Ullapool. With en-vironmental and visual impact a keyconsideration, the power station andpenstock will be buried underground.

The station will have a generat-ing capacity of 3MW. Work was dueto start before the end of 2000 andthe unit is expected to become opera-tional in October 2001.

The project will involve con-

struction of a small intake weir fromwhich water will be taken via a 2.5kmpipeline to the power station. Fromthe turbine it will be returned to theriver. The plant will operate from ahead of 150m.

The potential for developing thecatchment area around the riverCuileig has been recognized since the1950s, according to Scottish andSouthern Energy spokesman DavidLee. “The power station will be auseful addition to Scotland’s renew-able energy resources and contributeto the targets to reduce emissions.”Consent for the project was grantedearlier this year by the Scottish Ex-ecutive.

S

Manso gets rManso gets rManso gets rManso gets rManso gets ready to generateeady to generateeady to generateeady to generateeady to generatehe first of the four gneratingunits for the Manso hydroelec-

tric power project in Mato Grosso,Brazil, have been erected success-fully, according to Impsa Hydro.

The erection work took fivemonths and required 15 people to in-stall the 15t generator, which is 6.5min diameter and 1.5m high.

Impsa’s involvement in theproject included design, manufactur-ing, transport, erection supervision

and commissioning tests for the tur-bines and generators. Impsa also sup-plied hydromechanical equipment,control and automation systems andelectrical and mechanical associatedsystems for the project.

The first 53.6MW unit is ex-pected to start operating on 30 No-vember 2000, a month earlier thanscheduled.Vital statistics* Turbines

Type:Four Francis vertical shaftDiameter:3.4mRated output:53.6MWSpeed:180rpmHead:57.5m*GeneratorsType:Four synchronous vertical shaftRated capacity:55.5MVAPower factor:0.95Speed:180rpmRated voltage:138.kV

Srisailam unit setSrisailam unit setSrisailam unit setSrisailam unit setSrisailam unit setfor operationsfor operationsfor operationsfor operationsfor operationsndia’s Srisailam power plant is dueto begin operations by the end of

November, according to reports in TheHindu. The first 150MW unit of the900MW station is almost complete andthe remaining five units are to come onstream at six month intervals. However,the paper also records that 27 people havedied in the construction so far, mostly dueto land silips. Each of the victims’ fami-lies will receive Rp2 lakhs ($4376) incompensation. The project is backed bythe Japan Bank for International Coop-eration to the tune of Rp390 crore($853.4million) and is using equipment suppliedby Sumitomo, Hitachi and Mitsubishi.

Source:Modern Power Systems

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News in SHP


News in SHP

press release, issued by thegovernment of the state of

New South Wales (NSW) in Austra-lia, says water releases from thestate’s dams could be used to providerenewable, pollution-free electricity,as well as eliminate the production ofmore than 260,000 tonnes of carbondioxide each year.

The Sustainable Energy Devel-opment Authority (SEDA), a NSWgovernment agency, has identified 32existing dams in the state as potentialsmall hydro sites.

Work has already started on theconstruction of a mini hydro projectat Toonumbar dam, operated by StateWater, an agency under the Depart-ment of Land and Water Conserva-tion. At Toonumbar power is to begenerated using a pump modified tooperate as a turbine, with an effi-

ciency of about 82%. This turbine isdirectly connected to an asynchro-nous generator which avoids synchro-nizing, voltage regulating and otherequipment which a synchoronousgenerator would require.

The Toonumbar project will beautomatically controlled, with thepower output determined by the wa-ter level in the dam.

When commissioned it isexpcted to avoid the burning of 200tonnes of coal and the production of400 tonnes of greenhouse gases eachyear. Each megawatt of electricitygenerated at a hydroelectric plant pre-vents the production of one tonne ofcarbon dioxide for each hour it oper-ates.

Australia looks to small hydrofor greenhouse gas reductions

A

Small hydro plants at Burrinjuck,Glenbawn, Copeton, Keepit, Wyangalaand Burrendong dams are generatinga combined total of 71MW of electric-ity-enough to meet the needs of about35,500 homes. With work now underway at Toonumbar dam, State Wateris focusing on another three hydropower projects which are expected tobegin construction in coming monthsat Brogo dam near Bega, Lostock damnear Maitland and Glennies Creekdam, near Muswellbrook. Along withthese dams, a further six weirs on theMur-rumbidgee are expected to begingenerating hydroelectricity next year.

he construction of the TisAbay II hydro power project

in Ethiopia, which is considered to bea key element in Ethiopia’s power de-velopment programme, is nearingcompletion. It is hoped that theUS$63M project, which is funded bythe Ethiopian government, will helpthe country meet its 10-12% annualgrowth in electricity demand and sup-port the expanding economy. A lackof rain which has failed to fill exist-ing dams in a country where consecu-

Progress at Tis Abay II

tive droughts have caused wide-spread crop failures, is also pushingcompletion of the project.

Tis Abay II is located near LakeTana in the northwest of Ethiopia. Itincludes a 2km power canal, two140m penstocks and a power house.Substations at Tis Abay and BahirDar are linked to the grid by a 28km,132kV transmission line. The planthas two Francis units with a total ca-pacity of 72MW at a head of 53.5m.Spiral case installation has been com-

he Philippine department of Energy (DOE) has signed a memoran-dum of agreement with the Japanese government for a P33.5M

(US$0.67M) demonstration project. The 65kW micro hydro power systemwill benefit about 200 households in Leyte.

The Leyte micro hydro system is the New Energy Foundation (NEF’s)pilot project in the Philippines. Japan’s Ministry of Economic Trade andIndustry commissioned NEF to provide the DOE with technical and fund-ing assistance to set up the facility.

Micro hydro demo in the Philippines

pleted and installation of the turbinegenerators is about to begin.

Construction work has alreadybeen completed at the Chara-Charaweir site, approximately 30km up-stream form Tis Abay, on the LakeTana outlet. The weir provides somestorage regulation in the lake which,at 5584km2, is the largest in the coun-try.

Engineering services for TisAbay are being provided by an inter-national joint venture of PB Powerand Howard Humphreys & Partnersof the UK, with Coyne et Bellier ofFrance. The joint vendture was re-sponsible for the feasibility study, ten-der design and preparation of tenderdocuments for construction, and isnow supervising construction designand works.

The contractors were required towork to an accelerated constructionprogramme for completion of theproject in 24 months. Despite disrup-tion due to war with Eritrea, theproject should be completed early in2001.

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he World’s first commercialwave power station has success-

fully fed electricity into the UK’snational grid on the Scottish islandof Islay. The station has secured a 15-year power purchase agreement withthe mjor public electricity suppliersin Scotland.

Wavegen and Queen’s UniversityBelfast (QUB) jointly developed theland installed marine powered energytransformer (LIMPET) with EuropeanUnion support. LIMPET is rated at0.5MW and is able to provide enoughelectricity for about 400 local homes.Managing director of Wavegen, AllanThomson, said: ‘This is a big day forus. Wave power has joined the impor-tant group of commercially viable,

T competitive and clean forms of sustain-able energy; this is the launch of a newglobal market.’

QUB installed a small researchwave energy station on Islay in 1990.The successful operation of this plantenabled the development of the LIM-PET project. ‘It is very satisfying tofind 20 years of collaborative aca-demic research being developed com-merc i a l l y, P ro fe s so r TrevorWhittaker of QUB said. ‘LIMPET isan important milestone in the devel-opment of this vast ocean resource’.

Philippe Schild, European Com-mission scientific officer for LIMPETsaid LIMPET is there to prove thatenergy can be extracted commerciallyfrom the ocean.

A world’s first for wave power connection to UK grid

New contracts in Costa Ricaweden-based NCC Civil Engi-neering has won contracts for

two hydro power plants in Costa Rica,as well as a hydro dam facility andwater supply project in the Domini-can Republic.

One of the hydro power plantsin Costa Rica, Brasil II, is located onthe Rio Virilla river, just outside thecapital city, San Jose. The power plantwill be located about 2km down-stream of the Brasil I plant which wasconstructed by NCC and completedin 1998. The project consists of aconcrete dam, a transmission tunnel,concrete conduit, a pressure pipe lineand a surface power plant. The plantwill generate 31MW. The secondpower plant, E1 Encanto, is locatedabout 100km northwest of San Joseon the Aranjuez river. E1 Encantocomprises a concrete dam, a longtransmission tunnel lined with con-crete, penstocks and a surface powerplant. The projct generates 9MW.Both hydro power plants will be con-

structed by a consortium, ConsortioNoruego, which in addition to NCCincludes General Electric EnergyNorway and Alstom Norway.Statkraft Grxner is the designer.NCC’s share of the order amount isabout US$50M.

In the Dominican Republic, thecontract involves the construction ofa dam on the Camu river in La Vegaprovince in the center of the westernpart of the country. The main func-tion of the dam is to provide floodcontrol but it will also provide securewater supplies to the area, for drink-ing water and farm irrigation. Theproject involves a 70m high ballast-filled dam with an asphalt core and a3-4MW surface power plant. NCC’sshare of the project will amount toapproxi-mately US$35M.

Source:International Water Power& Dam Construction

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India invites tenders fornew project

ndia’s National HydroelectricPower Corporation(NHPC) has

announced the imple-mentation of the3 10MW Kishanganga hydroproject in the state of Jammu andKashmir.

NHPC is inviting tenders forconstruction of the dam, tunnel andpower house ,which are expected totake seven years to complete. Theproject envisages the construction of:

A 101m high concrete gravitydam.A 620m long and 6.5m diameterdiversion tunnel.A 21.7km long and 6.5 diameterwater conductor system alongwith a suitable intake structure.A 15m diameter surge shaft.A 3.5m diameter steel-linedpessure shaft.2m diameter penstocks.An underground power housewith 3 110MW units.A 977m long tailrace systemcomprising a 4.1m diameterDshaped tunnel.The work will involve design

and engineering, supply of construc-tion materials, civil construction, fab-rication, transportation, installationand erection of equipment, testing andcommissioning. Bidding ends on 24november 2000.

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News in SHP

In BriefBhutan’s 45MW Kurichu hydro power

project will be expanded by the addi-

tion of a fourth 15MW unit. The project

consists of a 57m high dam and a dam-

toe power house. The original 3

5MW phase of Kurichu, presently un-

der construction by India’s National

Hydropower Corporation, is supposed

to be completed by September 2001 at

a cost of about US$ 56M.


India small hydro fund-ing to foster 110MW

he India Renewable EnergyD e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y

(IREDA) hopes to fund 30 to 40 newsmall hydro projects, totaling about110MW, from US$110 million avail-able for development of private sec-tor projects in India’s northern andcentral states. The World Bank ap-proved US$135 million in funding toIREDA, of which US$110 million isto be used to develop private sectorsmall hydro projects in India’s north-ern and central states; the otherUS$25 million is to be spent on en-ergy efficiency programs. The smallhydro projects are to include canal-based and dam toe schemes, run-of-river schemes, rehabilitation of oldplants, cooling water systems of ther-mal power plants, and stand-alone mi-cro-hydro schemes. The World Banksaid the initiative is to reduce powershortages and greenhouse gas emis-sions by tapping part of India’s esti-mated 10,000MW in small hydro re-sources. It said small hydro resourcestotaling about 500MW have been com-missioned to date, with another500MW under way.

Source:HRW

News in SHP

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Update on Kukulehe construction of the 70MWKukule hydro power project in

southwestern Sri Lanka will now becompleted by the end of 2002.

The project began in 1999 andconsists of a 16m high and 110m longconcrete dam, a 5.7km long and 5.6mdiameter power tunnel. The under-ground power house is 200m below thesurface, 52m long, 16m wide and 29mhigh. The tailrace tunnel is 1.6km long.

T The tunnels will be largely unlined astests have indicated rock of very goodquality.

The Ceylon Electricity Board, astate-owned utility and owner of theproject, has signed a contract withMitsui of Japan for the supply of tur-bines and generators. The turbineswill be operated under a maximumhead of 186m.

Alstom launches new mini hydro rangeSTOM POWER HYDRO hasannounced the launch of a

complete mini hydro solution. NamedMini-Aqua, the product has been de-veloped to integrate the hydro tur-bine, generator and control system ina single and optimised product.

The Mini-Aqua range, usingstandardised components, has beendesigned for a broad range of head.The targeted delivery time is eight toten months, depending upon size andmodel.

The control system used inMini-Aqua is the Aqua, which pro-vides all the necessary control, moni-

toring, voltage regulation, speed gov-erning and electrical protection in onecompact package, said the company.

For high head applications, Mini-Aqua incorporates Pelton type tur-bines, and high speed generators di-rectly coupled to them. Two configu-rations are available:horizontal shaft,with one or two injectors; and verticalshaft, with four or more injectors.

For medium head applications,Mini-Aqua incorporates Francis tur-bines, with three configurations avail-able. Choices are Francis horizontalshaft, single runner; Francis horizon-tal shaft, double runner; or Francisvertical shaft.

For low head applications, theproduct incorporate Kaplan turbinesof the S type family, with generatorscoupled directly to it, or indirectlythrough a gearbox for larger outputsunder a lower head. For very low headapplications, Kaplan turbines are in-corporated with high speed genera-tors coupled indirectly through agearbox.

According to Alstom, first cus-tomer reactions are very positive, asdemonstrated by the recent orders for15 machines in Brazil, and two ma-chines in Morocco.Source:International Water Power& Dam Construction

BC Hydro signs powerpurchase agreement

anadian Utility BC Hydro hassigned a power purchase agree-

ment with Miller Creek Power Lim-ited (MCPL). MPCL proposes to de-velop a 25MW, run-of-river hydroproject to be built near Pemberton inBritish Columbia, Canada. As part ofits integrated electricity plan, BCHydro, a provincially owned utility,is committed to meeting up to 10%of its load growth with green energyresources over the next few years.

The MCPL project will provideapproximately 100GWh of energy

C each year, enough to meet the annualneeds of about 10,000 residential cus-tomers. The development includestwo water intakes, an undergoundwater pipeline, a small power house,a 2.5km power line and road access.The project will be located approxi-mately 5km northwest of Pemberton,and about 125km north of Vancouverin British Columbia.

The construction of the projectis planned to start in spring 2001 andshould begin generating electricityin spring 2003.

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Nepal and India may in-

crease power trading

epal and India may increase thequantity of power exchanged

between the two nations to meetshortages in bordering areas. Tech-nical paneles from the two countrieshave recommended that the powerexchange be raised from 50MW to150MW, according to BholanathChalise, chief of the state-run NepalElectricity Authority(NEA).

Under a 27-year-old arrange-ment, Nepal and India exchangepower at various points across their1580km border to compensate for

N local shortages. Nepal has been fac-ing acute power shortages as the peakhour demand of 380MW exceeds itsgeneration capacity of 300MW. Inaddition to the imported energy fromIndia, the deficit is met throughscheduled power cuts. Chalise saidthe shortage was likely to ease fur-ther when two private facilities the60MW Khimti hydro power projectand the 36MW Bhote Koshi scheme

come into operation from June2000. Officials said Nepal would be-come a net power exporter within twoyears once the 144MW Kali Gandakihydro project, being financed by theJapanese government and the AsiaDevelopment Bank, is commissioned.

Progress in Pakistan

he government of Pakistan hasannounced a new hydro power

policy which aims to meet the futureelectricity demands of the country atreasonable rated. The Ministry ofWate r Power Resources hasorganised a committee to prepare itsrecommendations for the new policy.The committee will also identify newprojects.

Meanwhile, Pakistan’s chiefsecretary of northern areas. SungMarjan, says there is great potentialfor producing electricity if naturalresources are exploited in the region.At a workshop on hydro power po-tential in northern areas, five primesites for hydro power were identified.

They are: Naltar, 22MW;Phunder, 87MW; Harcho(Astore),40MW; Basho(Skardu), 24MW; andDioan(Astore), 25MW. Feasibilitystudies are already under way for

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these projects.The Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority (WAPDA) is also echoingMarjan’s plea for new projects, ex-pressing concern about sedimentationwhich has caused a 24% reduction inthe capacity of Tarbela reservoir, andthe need to construct new dams tomeet the irrigation and power require-ments of the country.

Finally, about 50% of the workon the world’s largest run-of-riverhydro power project, Ghazi Barotha,has been completed and the first290MW unit will be commissionedon 14 August 2002, according toWAPDA sources. All five of the gen-erating units will be commissioned byJuly 2003 and it will produce1450MW of hydro power annually.

Source:International Water Power& Dam Construction

Update on Elsie DamUpdate on Elsie DamUpdate on Elsie DamUpdate on Elsie DamUpdate on Elsie Dam

C Hydro has now completedwork on stage 1 of the Elsie dam

upgrade in Vancouver Island, Canada.The dam, part of the 27MW Ash riverhydroelectric facility built in 1958, isbeing upgraded to resists major seis-mic events. Dam safety investigationshad shown that a thin layer of satu-rated loose material in the main damat approximately el 326m would liq-uefy during a major earthquake.

Stage 1 of the upgrade includedexcavation of a 100m wide slot in thespillway, to keep the reservoir levelbelow el 326m, and thereby preventthe saturation of the loose materiallayer.

The second stage of the upgradework will see the replacement of theloose layer in the main dam, as wellas placing a rock berm on the down-stream side of the dam. This work isplanned for April to October 2001.Once the second stage work is com-plete the temporary spillway channelwill be plugged with concrete to re-establish normal reservoir levels.

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PPPPPrivate power producersrivate power producersrivate power producersrivate power producersrivate power producersurged to cut rates in Nepalurged to cut rates in Nepalurged to cut rates in Nepalurged to cut rates in Nepalurged to cut rates in Nepal

he government of Nepal hasurged Norwegian and US utility

companies operating in the countryto slash the price of the electricity theysell to the state-owned powerd is t r ibu tor,Nepal E lec t r ic i tyAuthority(NEA).

NEA, the only utility autho-risedto sell electricity to consumers inNepal, has agreements with the op-erators of the Khimti and Bhote Koshihydro power plants to buy their elec-tricity at about seven US cents a unit.The Khimti plant, a joint venture withNorway’s Statkraft, is now generat-ing 60MW while the Bhote Koshiproject, a 36MW Nepali-US privateventure, is ready to come on line.

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2001 tcdc training workshop on shp small hydropower in nigeria · other practitioners in small...

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