20 wiring diagrams, heating ventilation and miscellaneous tables

7/29/2019 20 Wiring Diagrams, Heating Ventilation and Miscellaneous Tables

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MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETSREVISED AND RE-ARRANGED IN LIBRARY FORM

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No. 20

Wiring DiagramsHeating and VentilationMiscellaneous Tables

PRICE 25 CENTSCONTENTS

Typical Motor Wiring Diagrams 4Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Round Copper Wire 8Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Rubber Covered Cables 10Current Densities for Various Contacts and Different Materials 11Speed, Horsepower and Capacity of Centrifugal Fans 12Volume, Pressure and Horsepower of Blower Performance 15Capacities of Hot Water Mains 20Diagram for Designing Band Brakes 22Formulas for Simple and Differential Band Brakes 24Formulas for Block Brakes 25Dimensions of Wrenches 26Standard Automobile Parts 30Diameters of Blanks for Shells 32Drafting-Room Conventions 34Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch 38English and Metric Conversion Tables 40Specific Gravity, Weight per Cubic Inch, etc., of Metals 45Areas and Weights of Fillets of Steel, Cast Iron and Brass 46

The Industrial Press, 49-55 Lafayette Street. New YorkPublishers of MACHINERY

COPYRIGHT, 1910. TH3T INDUSTRIAL PRESS, NEW YORK


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MACHINERY'S DATA SHEET SERIESCOMPILED FROM MACHINERY'S MONTHLY DATASHEETS AND ARRANGED WITHEXPLANATORY NOTES

No. 20

Wiring DiagramsHeating and VentilationMiscellaneous Tables

CONTENTSTypical Motor Wiring Diagrams 4Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Round Copper Wire 8Dimensions and Carrying Capacity of Rubber Covered Cables 10Current Densities for Various Contacts and Different Materials 11Speed, Horsepower and Capacity of Centrifugal Fans 12Volume, Pressure and Horsepower of Blower Performance 15Capacities of Hot Water Mains 20Diagram for Designing Band Brakes 22Formulas for Simple and Differential Band Brakes 24Formulas for Block Brakes 25Dimensions of Wrenches 26Standard Automobile Parts 30Diameters of Blanks for Shells 32Drafting-Room Conventions 34Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch 38English and Metric Conversion Tables 40Specific Gravity, Weight per Cubic Inch, etc., of Metals' ,,.,..,. ... .. 45Areas and Weights of Fillets of Steel, Cast Iron and Braid-;. ;.'..-.'.,. .46'

Copyright, 1910, The Industrial Press, Publishers of MACHINERY,49-55 Lafayette Street, New York City


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>In the following pages are compiled a number of concise tables and

diagrams relating to electric motors, copper wire and cables, heatingand ventilation, mechanical brakes, miscellaneous machine details,drafting-room conventions, and conversion tables from the English tothe metric system, and vice versa. These tables are carefully selectedfrom MACHINERY'S monthly Data Sheets, issued as supplements to theEngineering and Railway editions of MACHINERY since September, 1898.Several additional tables are also included which are published herefor the first time.

In order to enhance the value of the tables, brief explanatory noteshave been provided wherever necessary. In some of these notes ref-erences are made to articles which have appeared in MACHINERY andto matter published in MACHINERY'S Reference Series, giving additionalinformation on the subject. These references will be of considerablevalue to readers who wish to make a more thorough study of thegubject. In a note at the foot of the tables reference is made to thepage on which the explanatory note relating to the table appears.


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WIRING DIAGRAMS, HEATING ANDVENTILATION, ETC.Motor "Wiring Diagrams

On pages 4 to 7, inclusive, are givennineteen motor wiring diagrams forboth direct current and alternating cur-rent motors. Beneath the diagrams ex-planatory notes are provided, givingthe required additional information.[MACHINERY, September, 1906, Diseasesof Dynamos and Motors; March, 1910,The Operation and Care of Small Elec-trical Machinery; MACHINERY'S Refer-ence Series No. 34, Care and Repair ofDynamos and Motors.]Dimensions and Carrying Capacityof Bound Copper WireOn pages 8 and 9 two tables are given

relating to the dimensions, carryingcapacity, weight and resistance of roundcopper wire.On page 10 a table is given of rubbercovered cables giving the actual cross-sectional area in circular mils, diam-eter, diameter of drilled holes in ter-minals, and maximum carrying ca-pacity.Page 11 gives current densities forvarious kinds of contacts for different

materials. It also gives the areas ofcross-section required per ampere.

Speed, Horsepower and Capacityof Centrifugal FansOn pages 12 and 13 tables are given

of the relation between speed, horse-power, and capacity of centrifugal fans.The two columns to the left give thedimensions of the fan, and the bodygives the required revolutions per min-ute, the horsepower, and the volume ofair discharged into free air per minuteat pressures varying from 1/4 ounce to

1 ounce. The tables given apply onlyto fans discharging into free air. Whenconnected with a series of ventilatingducts, the effect is the same as that ofpartially closing the fan outlet, andthus reducing the volume and horse-power in practically the same propor-tion. In the case of schools, churches,etc., where shallow heaters are used,and the flue velocities do not exceed800 to 1000 feet per minute, the volumeand horsepower as found in the tablesfor any given speed should be reducedabout 20 per cent. In shops and fac-tories where deep heaters are used andflue velocities run up to 1800 to 2000feet per minute, there should be a re-duction of about 40 per cent.The volume of air supplied to a build-ing is usually based on the number ofoccupants. The table below representsgood modern practice and may be usedwith satisfactory results.

Air Supply per Cubic FeetOccupant per HourHospitals 4000 to 6000High schools 3000Grammar schools 2400Theatres and halls 1500Churches 1200

[MACHINERY, October, November andDecember, 1905, Centrifugal and DiskFans; June, 1908, Calculation of Fansand Heaters; MACHINERY'S ReferenceSeries No. 39, Fans, Ventilation andHeating.]Volume, Pressure and Horsepowerof BlowersThe tables and diagrams on pages 15,

17, 18 and 19, compiled by the B. F.Sturtevant Company, Hyde Park, Mass.,

(Continued on page 14.)


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.^.^MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20


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No. 20 WIRING DIAGRAMS

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MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20

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No. 20 WIRING DIAGRAMS

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MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20ROUND COPPER WIRE.


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No. 20 ELECTRICAL TABLES

ROUND COPPER WIRE (Continued).


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10 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20


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No. 20 ELECTRICAL TABLES 11

DENSITIES FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF CONTACTSAND FOR CROSS SECTION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS.


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12 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20SPEED, HORSEPOWER, AND CAPACITY OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS I


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No. 20 CENTRIFUGAL FANS 13SPEED, HORSEPOWER, AND CAPACITY OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS II


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14 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20appertain to the measurement of vol-ume, pressure and horsepower of blow-ers at pressures from 1 to 10 poundsper square inch.The friction varies as the square ofthe velocity and inversely as the diam-eter of the pipe. Therefore, if the diam-eter of the pipe is doubled, the frictionloss is divided by 32, provided of coursethe same volume is carried. The advis-ability of using a large pipe for con-veying the air is thus clearly shown.The volume of air discharged froman orifice or pipe is theoretically equalto the product of the velocity of the airflowing and the area of the orifice.Hence for the calculation of the volume,the velocity is an important factor. Todetermine the velocity, an instrumentKnown as the Pitot tube is commonlyused.In the diagram on page 18 the four

diagonal lines drawn correspond, re-spectively, to the four formulas givenat the right-hand side of the diagram.The required horsepower per 100 cubicfeet of free air per minute is found byfirst locating the pressure in poundsper square inch on the scale at the bot-tom of the diagram, and then followingthe vertical line from the point so lo-cated until it intersects the diagonalline corresponding to the conditions inthe particular case in hand. Then fromthe point of intersection, the horizontalline is followed to the scale at the left-hand side, where the required horse-power is read off. The conditions towhich each of the four diagonal linesapply are stated in the explanatory notesat the right-hand side of the diagram.The diagram on page 19 is used forfinding the velocity in feet per minuteof air and gas for pressures varyingfrom to 12 pounds per square inch.First locate the given pressure on thevertical scale to the left, and followthe horizontal line from the point solocated until it intersects the curve forair or gas, as the case may be. Then

from the point of intersection followa vertical line downward to the bottomscale where the velocity in feet per min-ute is read off directly. [MACHINERY,-April, 1907, Volume, Pressure andHorsepower of Blower Performance.]

Capacities of Hot Water MainsOn pages 20 and 21 three sets ofcurves are given for determining thesizes of pipe mains for hot water heat-ing. Two of the diagrams are for grav-ity circulation, where the water ismoved under a low head, the motionbeing due solely to the difference intemperature between the supply andreturn. The third diagram is made upfor the usual range of velocity and heademployed in forced hot water circula-tion actuated by means of a pump. Inall cases the capacities are for pipelengths of 100 feet.The volume of water to be passed

through the supply main in a heatingsystem may be found by the followingequation : EXHa= 8.3 X (T TJin which G= gallons per hour,E= efficiency of radiating surface

(170 for direct, 400 for indirect,and 1000 for hot blast heating),

H=3 square feet of heating surface,T= initial" temperature of water

(commonly taken as 180 de-grees),

T!= final temperature of water (com-monly taken as 160 degrees).

Example. A heating system has 5000square feet of direct heating surface,and 1000 of indirect; how many gallonsof water (GJ must pass through themain per minute, assuming a drop intemperature of 20 degrees?

(170 X 5000) + (400 X 1000)0i=8.3 X 20 X 60= 125 gallons.



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No. 20 BLOWERS 15'Jo

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16 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20The head to produce flow may be

found by the equationH= D X n X 0.000365in whichH= head in feet, producing flow,D =1 difference in temperature be-tween supply and return,h= height or elevation of the heat-

ing surface above the boiler.Example. A certain quantity of heat-

ing surface is located at an elevationof 50 feet above the boiler; what is theavailable head for producing flowthrough the supply riser if the dropin temperature between the supply andreturn is 30 degrees?H= 30 X 50 X 0.000365= 0.55 foot.When the radiation is all on the same

floor, the elevation h may be taken asthe vertical distance between the centerof the radiators and the center of theboiler. If it is equally distributed onseveral floors it may be taken as thoughit were all located upon the central floor.

If unevenly distributed, the averageelevation may be found by the equation

A X fta + + G X hh=in which A, B, and C are the squarefeet of radiation upon the several floors,and 7iai 7ibj and hc the correspondingelevations of the radiators located uponthese floors.In computing the length of mains,

provision must be made for the fric-tional resistance due to bends in thepipe. In practice it is customary toconsider an elbow equivalent to increas-ing the length of the pipe 60 diameters,and a return bend equivalent to 120diameters.The size of main required to supply

a heating system or group of heatersdepends upon the square feet of radia-tion, the elevation above the boiler, thedrop in temperature of the water inpassing through the radiators, and the

length of run. Taking the examplespreviously given, and assuming thelength of the mains to be 200 feet, whatsize of pipe will be required?

Gallons per minute 125; availablehead to produce flow 0.55 foot. Asthe run of pipe is 200 feet long, the

0.55head per hundred feet is = 0.272foot. From the diagram to the left onpage 21, we find that a flow of 125 gallonsunder a head of 0.27 foot calls for apipe between 5 and 6 inches in diam-eter, in which case the larger size wouldprobably be used.

In case of forced circulation the mainsshould be of such size that the totalhead required to overcome the frictionwill not exceed 50 feet, the usual rangebeing from 30 to 50 feet. The velocityof flow is usually made from 5 feet persecond in the smaller sizes (2 to 3inches) to 10 feet per second in thelarger sizes (6 to 8 inches).

BrakesOn page 22 a diagram is presented

for the designing of band brakes. Di-rections for using the diagram are givenon page 23 together with formulas andtables for use in band brake design.On page 24 another set of formulas

for band brakes is given and on page25 a set of formulas for block brakes.Formulas for band and block brakes arenot easily obtained, because many me-chanical hand-books do not give anyinformation on this subject. In orderto supply a possible need in this direc-tion, the formulas given have been com-piled. These formulas are based on, andagree in form with, the formulas forthese classes of brakes given in "DesIngenieurs Taschenbuch," published bythe Hutte Association, Berlin, Germany.

'in any band brake, such as shownin Fig. 1, page 24, where the brakewheel rotates in a clockwise direction,



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No. 20 BLOWERS 17

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23/56

No. 20 BLOWERS 19


24/56


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No. 20 HOT WATER HEATING 21

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22 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETSDIAGRAM FOR DESIGNING BAND BRAKES I

No. 20

ARC OF CONTACT FOR/- 0.3 TENSIONS IN LOOSE END OF STRAPAND AT END OF LEVERZJF 3' 3S1'< 43' 5" 5*6 '6.5'T

Contributed by C. F. Blake, MACHINERY'S Data Sheet No. 18. Explanatory note: Page 16.


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No. 20 BAND BRAKES 23

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24 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20FORMULAS FOR SIMPLE AND DIFFERENTIAL BAND BRAKES

F - force inpounds at end of brake handle,P tangential force inpounds af rim of brake whee/,e base ofnatural logarithms - 2. 7/828,JU. - coefficient of friction between the brake band and fhe bra/re >r6ee/,9 - ang^/e of contact of fhe brake band with the brake wheel, expressed

in rodfans(one radian = ^ m S7. 296 degrees),,*>i0(I) Simple band brake (Fig./)

For clockwise rotation :

For counter c/ockwise rotation:^_ bTi P

(Z) Simple band brake ( Fig. 2)For clockw/'se rotation :r-**-%MFor counter clockwise rotation:r =*l?-Pb(e^}a a (e^-il

(31 Differen t/'a/ band brake (Fig. 3)For clockwise rotation :

b,T,_ P(bge ue-b,\a a e-tFor counfer clockwise rotation:a a\ e" -/ I

In this case, if bz is equal to, or /ess than, b/ eM9,the force F wi/l be O or negative andthe bandbrake works automafical/y.

(4) Differential band brake (Fig. 4)For clockwise rotation :

For counter clockwise rotation:

If b? - b/, both of fhe abore tormu/as reduce/ri the same force F= ^JT (*#!/)

is required forrofaf/on in either d/recf/'on. Fig. 4.


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No. 20 BLOCK BRAKESFORMULAS FOR BLOCK BRAKES

25

F " force in pounds at eqct of brake hand/e,P - tangent/a/ force inpounds atrim ofbrafteJJL -coefficient of friction between fhe brake b/ock and brafee

(1) Block brake (Fig. I)For rotation in either d/recfion :

(2) Block brake (Fig. 2)For clockwise rotation :/=- M"~^^ pb ff C\a+b ** a+b\M 2yFor counter clockwise rotation :

Pb.fl + c\

B/ock brake (Fig. 3)For c/ockwise rotation :

For counter cfoekwise rofaf/dn :a-f-b a+b\M bJ

The brake whee/ and friction b/ock of fheblock brake are often grooved as shewnby F/g. 4.. //7 this case substitute for JLL inthe abore equations fhe rcr/ue

Ffg.3.

where c\ /s one ha/f fhe angfe inc/uctect byfhe faces of fhe grooves. Fig. 4.


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O TH i-H T-< TH rH TH C? C3 03 C* .y


31/56

No. 20 WRENCHESDIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES II

27

15 1 =4 *S


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28 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20the tension in that part of the bandmarked x equals

1P .erf 1

The tension in that part marked yequals

en*P .erf 1

P= tangential force in pounds at rimof brake wheel,

e= base of natural logarithms=2.71828,

n= coefficient of friction between thebrake band and the brakewheel,

8= angle of contact of the brakeband with the brake wheel ex-pressed in radians (one radian

180 deg.= = 57.296 degrees).7T

For simplicity in the formulas pre-sented, the tensions at x and y (Fig. 1,page 24) are denoted Tt and T2 respec-tively, for clockwise rotation. Whenthe direction of the rotation is reversed,the tension in x equals T2, and the ten-sion in y equals TM which is the reverseof the tension in the clockwise direction.The value of the expression erf occur-

ing in these formulas may be most easi-ly solved by means of logarithms. Thevalue of erf is found by multiplyingthe logarithm of e by the product ofthe numerical values of /* and 6, andfinding the number whose logarithm isequal to the result of this multiplica-tion. The procedure may be best il-lustrated by an example.

In a band brake of the type in Fig.1, page 24, dimension a= 24 inches,and &= 4 inches; force P= 100pounds; coefficient /A= 0.2, and angleof contact= 240 degrees, or

2406= X ir= 4.18.

180

The rotation is clockwise. Find force Frequired. Pb / erf \F= ( ) =a \erf - I/

/ 2.71828-2X4-18 \\3771828-2X4 -18 - I/4 \2.71828-2X4

2 71828 -83624 2.71828 -836 -!

o 0116.16X = 29.4.2.31 - 1

The calculations for determining thevalue of erf are rather cumbersome,and the accompanying table is append-ed in order to save calculations.

TABLE OP VALUES OF e^.a- la


33/56

No. 20 WRENCHESDIMENSIONS OF BOX WRENCHES

29

Machinery, X.Y.

BoltDiam.


34/56

30 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETSA. L. A. M. STANDARD YOKE AND ROD ENDS

No. 20

. L. A. M. Sfavtfartf S0//& %/ce and Eye tfotf Ends

LJL/imi-f- ofAct/on ,Either D/rect/on .

EyeC F Dri//H Pit? I J0.43E %.0.495 0.4030.568 0.465

?/6 0.6f/ /jfe 0.5590.745 0.62/

A.L.A. M. Standard Pfr? and Wasfrer >//??er?s/0r?sS/ze ftorfM

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f

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MACHINERY'S Data Sheet No. 116. Explanatory note : Page 44.


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No. 20 AUTOMOBILE PARTS 31A. L. A. M. STANDARD SPARK PLUG AND YOKE AND ROD ENDS


36/56

MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20

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37/56

No. 20 ROPE SOCKETS

STANDARD SOFT STEEL ROPE SOCKETS WITH PIN.

Repe.

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Contributed by R. A. Greene, MACHINERY'S Data Sheet No. 30. Explanatory note: Page 44.


38/56


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39/56

No. 20 DRAFTING-ROOM CONVENTIONS 35


40/56


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41/56

No. 20 DRAFTING-ROOM CONVENTIONS 37


42/56

38 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20JE jo e/>+j (0 ~~

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43/56

No. 20 CONVERSION TABLES 39

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No. 20 CONVERSION TABLES 41r-.e3-r coLocMcncocMcncorocDr>.^T COLOh r* r*> co co rî^cocococoLoiALo COCMCOCD^COCMCOCD^*r^" " ^ r i CM CM CM lO IO ^^J-ÎALOCOCOCOI^r^COCOOOCneOOaCD^T^CMCMCM -2CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCDCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMcncncncococor*r< ir*.cococoLOLOLOLo^*''cricniACMcncoioc3r^^rcor^^r-coLocMcnLocMcncoroeDr^rocD' -&&o^co^&orrtt^^(3^GO- r>- r> co co en en en CD CP T* ~ t CM CM ro ro ro ^- .^r LO LO LOi ^^ Q^JJ fî fjri' ^f^ ffp gj^ i^gji f^ ^j^ ^.p


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42 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF MILLIMETERS,


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No. 20 CONVERSION TABLES 43


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44 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20Miscellaneous Tables

On 'pages 26 and 27 tables are givenfor ordinary wrenches. The table onpage 26 is made up to conform to thestandards adopted by the EngineeringStandards Committee (Great Britain).On page 29 a table is given of boxwrenches. On pages 30 and 31 aregiven tables of standard automobile de-tails according to the standards adoptedby the Association of Licensed Auto-mobile Manufacturers. These tables in-clude dimensions for standard solidyoke and eye-rod ends, standard pinand washer dimensions, standard sparkplugs and standard adjustable yoke andeye-rod ends.On page 32 a table is given of diam-eters of blanks for drawn shells from% x % to 6 x 6 inches. When the di-ameter of the shell and its height aregiven the diameter of the requiredblank may be found in the body of thetable. For example, assume that thediameter of the shell is to be 1% inchand the height of the shell 2 inches. Bylocating the diameter in the left-handcolumn, and the given height at thetop, and following the horizontal linefrom the diameter until we reach thefigure in the column headed by theheight, we find that the diameter ofthe required blank is 3.78 inches.On page 33 dimensions are given forstandard soft steel rope sockets withpin. This table will be found conven-ient by designers who may occasionallybe required to lay out a steel ropesocket.

Drafting-room ConventionsOn pages 34 to 37, inclusive, areshown a number of common drafting-room conventions. Of course, practice

differs considerably in different draft-ing-rooms, but the methods shown in-dicate average practice. Conventionalforms for cross-sectioning for indicatingmaterials and for representing breaksare shown on page 34. Conventions for

screws and screw threads of differenttypes are shown on page 35, and for pipefittings and riveting on page 36. Theconventions shown on page 37 are thestandard conventions required on theUnited States Patent Office drawings.[MACHINERY'S Reference Series No. 2,Drafting-room Practice; No. 8, WorkingDrawings and Drafting-room Kinks;No. 33, Systems and Practice of theDrafting-room.]

Conversion TablesOn page 38 tables are given of deci-

mal equivalents of fractions of an inch,and on page 39 decimal equivalents ofa foot corresponding to inches and frac-tions of inches from to 12. Assume,for example, that it is required to findthe equivalent of 6 7/32 inches in deci-mals of a foot. Locate 7/32 in the left-hand column and follow the horizontalline until the column headed "6" isreached. The figures 5182 read off inthis column are the decimals of a footcorresponding to 6 7/32, or, in otherwords, 6 7/32 inches equals 0.5182 foot.On pages 40 and 41 tables are givenfor converting inches and fractions ofinches into millimeters. Assume, forexample, that it is required to find theequivalent of 5*4 inches in millimeters.On page 40, locate 1/4 in the left-handcolumn and follow the horizontal lineuntil the column headed "5" is reached.The value 133.347 is the equivalent of5 1/4 inches in millimeters, or, in otherwords, 5 1/4 inches equals 133.347 milli-meters.On page 42 a table is given for con-

verting millimeters into inches. As-sume that it is required to convert 152millimeters into inches. Locate thetwo first figures, "15," in the left-handcolumn and follow the horizontal lineuntil the column headed "2" is reached.The value read off in this column,5.9843, is the equivalent in inches of152 millimeters, or, in other words, 152



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No. 20 PROPERTIES OF METALS 45x. per

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46 MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20AREAS AND WEIGHTS OF FILLETS OF STEEL, CAST IRON, AND BRASS I


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No. 20 WEIGHTS OF FIL&ET& :AREAS AND WEIGHTS OF FILLETSII', 47

ff.


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T ."

48 ,N ^ ;;:/: ;Y"* ^MACHINERY'S DATA SHEETS No. 20millimeters equals 5.9843 inches. If theequivalent of 6 millimeters is required,the value is read off in the top line ofthe table in the column headed "6";hence, 6 millimeters is found to equal0.2362 inches. By arranging the tablein the manner shown, it is possible tomake it more compact and to includethe values in inches corresponding toall whole numbers up to and including499 millimeters.On page 43 a metric conversion table

is given including weight, linear meas-ure, square measure, and cubic meas-ure. A miscellaneous table is also givenfor the conversion of compound units.

Specific GravityThe expression "specific gravity" in-

dicates how many times a certain vol-ume of a material is heavier than anequal volume of water. If it is found,for example, that one cubic inch ofsteel weighs 7.8 times as much as onecubic inch of pure water, the specificgravity of steel is 7.8. As the densityof water differs slightly at differenttemperatures, it is usual to make com-parisons on the basis that the waterhas a temperature of 62 degrees F. Theweight of one cubic inch of pure waterat 62 degrees F. is 0.0361 pound. Ifthe specific gravity of any material isknown, the weight of a cubic inch ofthe material can, therefore, be foundby multiplying its specific gravity by0.0361. The specific gravity of castiron, for example, is 7.2. The weightof one cubic inch of cast iron is foundby multiplying 7.2 by 0.0361. The prod-uct, 0.260, is the weight of one cubicinch of cast iron.

If the weight of a cubic inch of amaterial is known, the specific gravityis found by dividing the weight percubic inch by 0.0361. The weight of acubic inch of gold is 0.697 pound. Thespecific gravity of gold is then foundby dividing 0.697 by 0.0361. The quo-tient, 19.32, is the specific gravity ofgold.

On page 45 a table io given of specificgravity, weight per cubic inch, weightper cubic foot, etc., of metals. [MA-CHINERY'S Reference Series No. 52, Ad-vanced Shop Arithmetic for the Machin-ist, Chapter X, Specific Gravity andWeights of Bar Stock and Castings.]

Areas and Weights of FilletsIn estimating the w'eight of a casting

it is not usual to make any allowancelor fillets and round corners. Theygenerally are so small as to not makemuch difference in the final result, andare quite likely to balance each otheras well. That is to say, the weight thatwould have to be added if the fillet weretaken into account will ordinarily justabout balance that which would haveto be subtracted if the rounding of thecorners were considered. In castings,however, where rounds of large radiiare used either for corners or edges itoften becomes necessary to take theminto account.On pages 46 and 47 a table of the

areas and weights of fillets of steel, castiron and brass is given. This tablehas been computed in order to makeit easy to calculate the weight of cast-ings having large fillets. If the radiusof the fillet, for example, equals ^4 inch,then the area of the fillets is 0.0134square inch, and if made of cast iron,the weight per inch length of a fillet ofthis area is 0.0035 pound. If the filletis part of a straight piece it is onlynecessary to multiply the total lengthof the fillet by the value just obtained,in order to obtain the total weight. Ifthe fillet is part of a cylindrical piece,it is necessary to find the mean radius,or the radius of the center of gravityof the fillet section, and to calculatethe circumference of the circle passingthrough this center of gravity. Thelength of this circumference multipliedby the weight per inch or per foot thengives the total weight. [MACHINERY,July, 1906, Estimating Weights of Filletsand Round Corners.]


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,


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THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATESTAMPED BELOWAN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTSWILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURNTHIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTYWILL INCREASE TO 5O CENTS ON THE FOURTHDAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAYOVERDUE.

NOV 24 18gg

LD21-100m-7,'39(402


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YC

TJ7/tey,^

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY


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fro. 16. Machine Tool Drivesand FeedSiuffle (' !i.hSpeed Cutting Tools.No. 17. Strength of Cylinders For-mulae.No. 18. Shop Arithmetic for the Ma-chinist.

ring- for >ting Spirals; An^No. 19. Use of Formulas in Mechanics.With iNo. 20. Spirr.l Gearing*. Rules, Formu-las, and 1No. 21. Measuring- Tools. and

Tools; PPNo. 22. Calculation of Elements ofMachine Design.

-lie-joints.No. 23. Theory of Crane Design. Jib

Trolleys; Till;.No. 24. Examples of Calculating- De-Signs. Charts in

No. 25. Deep Hole Drillingrills.No. 26. Modern Punch and Diestruction

strm iNo. 27. Locomotive Design, Part I.No. 28. Locomotive Design.Step

Wal.--x-lia-.-rts ', ;-n.No. 29. Locomotive Design, Part TIT.Si!

No. 30. Locomotive Design, P.-n-t IV.SpringNo. 31. Screw Thread Tools and Gages.No. 32. Screw Thread Cutting.-Chai,No. 33. Systems and Practice of theDrafting-Boom.No. 34. Care and Repair of Dynamosand Motors.No. 35. Tables and Formulas for Shopand Drafting-Bo' -r rmu-Solution

Drills; Drill JigNo. 36. Iron and Steel. r

i Outlines: Strength and Durability,Design; Methods of Cutting Teeth.No. 38. Grinding* and Grinding* Machines.No. 39. Fans, Ventilation and Heating.Fa: illg.No. 40. Ply Wheels. T heir Purpose,Calculation and Design.No. 41. Jigs and Fixtures, Part T.Prin FixtureDrill fishings; iPoints; Clamping 1No. 42. Jigs and Fixtures, Part IT.Open andNo. 43. Jigs a-d Fixtures, Part ITT.No. 44. Machine Blacksmithing. s

I Machines used.No. 45. Drop Forging. I^ay-out ofPlant; MetNo. 46. Hardening and Tempering.

:iingNo. 47. Electric Overhead Cranes.No. 48. Filas and Piling. Tyi-No. 49. Girders for Electric OverheadCranes.No. 50. Principles and Practice of As-sembling Machine Tools, Part 1.No. 51. Principles anc< Practice of As-sembling Machine Tools, ''art 11.No. 5?. Advanced Shop Arithmetic forthe Machinist.No. 53. Use of Logarithms and Logar-ithmic Tables.No. 54. Solution of Triangle*, Part I.No. 55. Solution of Triangles, INo. 56. Ball Bearings. Prim -ip'No. 57. Met;:l Spinning. MNo. 58. Helical and Elliptic Springs.No. 59. Machines, Tools and Methodsof Automobile Manufacture.No. 60. Construction and Manufactureof Automobiles.No. 61. Blacksmith Shop Practice.

No. 62. Hardness and Durability Test-ing of Metals.No. 63. Heat Treatment of Steel.Hardening. Temp-ing.

20 wiring diagrams, heating ventilation and miscellaneous tables

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